建筑材料外文翻譯及譯文

1、<p>　　Building materials</p><p>　　Building materials must have certain structural use.it physical properties. First, they must be able to bear load or weight without permanent deformation. When the load

2、 on the structural components, components will deformation, it means rope will be stretching or beam will bend. However, when the load is removed, ropes and beams will return to its original position. This kind of materi

3、al properties is called elasticity. If material is not elastic, then on removing load deformation exist, repeat </p><p>　　Construction materials and an important characteristic is its stiffness. This feature

4、 by elastic modulus decision. Stress (per unit of area, the force) and the strain (per unit length ratio of the deformation) is elastic modulus. Elastic modulus is characterize material under load shape-shifting abilitie

5、s. For two have the same area and load of the same material. Elastic modulus big materials little deformation. Structure with steel of elastic modulus is pounds per square inch or kg per square c</p><p>　　Ma

6、sonry. Masonry from natural materials such as stone and artificial materials such as brick, concrete blocks composed. Masonry in ancient times is used. Bricks used in city of Babylon not religious buildings, stone materi

7、al used in large temples of the Nile valley. The pyramids of Egypt, high 481 feet (147m), is the most spectacular masonry structure. Masonry unit initial without using any binding materials piled up, and modern masonry s

8、tructure as binder materials. Water mud Modern structure m</p><p>　　Masonry is essentially a pressurized material, it can't sustain tension, ultimate strength concrete-block masonry depends on and mud. L

9、ast strength in 1000 to 4,000 pounds per inch (70 to 280 kg per square centimeter) range change, depends on the block and mud bonding situation.</p><p>　　Wood. Wood is a kind of the earliest building materia

10、ls and is a kind of rare tensile performance good natural material. The world find hundreds of wood, and each have different physical properties. Only some use in architectural structures as framework components. In the

11、United States, for example, in over 600 kinds of lumber, only 20 used in structure. These are generally conifers or cork, both because rich and wood easy molding. In the United States, more common in the structure of lum

12、ber sor</p><p>　　Due to the wood texture characteristics, it along the intensity of transverse texture texture is greater than the intensity. Wood tensile strength, trans-monounsaturated grain compressive st

13、rength is particularly big, and it has a lot of flexural strength. These characteristics make it very suitable for structure of the column and beam. Wood, as truss tensile component is invalid, because the truss structur

14、es tensile strength depends on component between node, although has produced many USES lum</p><p>　　Steel. Steel is an important structural materials. When compared to the other materials by such as weight,

15、it has high intensity, even if it volumetric weight is lumber ten times. Its elastic modulus is very big, the results under load deformation is small. It can be rolled into many structural forms such as work fonts beam,

16、plate. It can also cast complex style, it also can produce into ropes type used in cable suspension bridge and condole top, production into elevator rope and prestressed con</p><p>　　Add like silicon or mang

17、anese such alloying elements, you'll get tensile strength of 250,000 pounds per square inch (17500 kg/cm2) of high strength steel. These steel on the structure of key parts, such as skyscrapers pillars.</p>&l

18、t;p>　　Aluminum. When light weight, high strength and corrosion resistance has become an important factor, aluminum became a particularly useful building materials. Because pure aluminum is extremely soft and ductility

19、 of, so, the composition of the alloy, such as mn, silicon, zinc and copper must add increase structure required strength. Structural use of aluminium alloy performance of flexibility. Their elastic modulus is steel 1/3,

20、 therefore in the same loads deformation is 3 times of steel. Each un</p><p>　　Aluminum can fashioned many shapes, it can be extrusion forming strander liang, pull string and stem, rolled into foil and plate

21、. Aluminum component can like steel use the same method, riveting, bolt connection, low strength welded together. Besides being used for architectural framework and prefabrecated house, aluminum also widely used as an wi

22、ndow frame and structure curtain box.</p><p>　　Concrete. Concrete is water, sand, stone and ordinary Portland cement mixture. Gravel, artificial light stone, and shells were used in natural ShiLiaoChang. Ord

23、inary silicate cement is contains calcium and clay mixtures. In the heating furnace, and then to a fine powder. Concrete strength comes from mixing water farinaceous ordinary Portland cement, then atherosclerosis. In an

24、ideal mixture, concrete by 3/4 volume of sand and stone and 1/4 volume of water mud. The physical characteristics of con</p><p>　　Concrete under load is elastic deformation. Although its elastic modulus is s

25、teel one-tenth, but distortion is same, because its strength also only steel 10. Concrete is essentially a compressive material, its tensile strength can be neglected.</p><p>　　Reinforced concrete. Reinforce

26、d concrete by placed to undertake in reinforced concrete pulling force. These reinforced in 1/4 inch in diameter (0.64 cm) and 225 inches (5.7 cm) between, the surface has Nick to ensure binding live concrete. Although r

27、einforced concrete in many countries have development, but its discovery should be attributed to a French gardeners, Joseph in 1868 reinforcement strengthening concrete with a cone. The operation is possible, because whe

28、n a change in temperature, rei</p><p>　　Plastic. Because of many varieties, high strength, endurance and lightweight, plastic quickly become important structural materials. Plastics are synthetic materials o

29、r resin, can be configured to expect any shape and use organic matter for cementing agent. Organic plastic into two categories: thermoset and thermoplastic. Thermosetting plastic when heated through chemical change is st

30、rong, once forming, these plastic can no longer be cast. Thermoplastic in high temperature is weak, strong coolin</p><p><b>　　建筑材料</b></p><p>　　建筑材料必須有一定結(jié)構(gòu)上的使用性的物理特性。首先，它們必須能夠承擔(dān)荷載或重量

31、而沒有永久性的變形。當(dāng)荷載作用在結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件上時(shí)，構(gòu)件將變形，那就是說繩索將被拉伸或梁將彎曲。然而，當(dāng)荷載被移去時(shí)，繩索和梁將回到原始位置。這種材料特性就叫做彈性。如果材料不是彈性的，那么在移去荷載后變形存在，重復(fù)加載和卸載最終增加變形到結(jié)構(gòu)失去作用。所有用在建筑結(jié)構(gòu)里的材料如石材，磚，木材，鋁材，鋼筋混凝土和塑料在一定范圍內(nèi)的荷載作用下表現(xiàn)彈性。如果加載超出了范圍，兩種情況會(huì)發(fā)生：脆性和塑性。如果是前者，材料將突然破壞；如果是后者，在一定

32、荷載（屈服強(qiáng)度）材料開始屈服流動(dòng)，最后導(dǎo)致破壞。例如，鋼材呈現(xiàn)塑性，石材是脆性。材料最終強(qiáng)度由破壞發(fā)生時(shí)的應(yīng)力決定。</p><p>　　建筑材料的又一個(gè)重要特性是它的剛度。這個(gè)特性由彈性模量決定。應(yīng)力（每單位面積上的力）與應(yīng)變（每單位長度上的變形）的比率就是彈性模量。彈性模量就是描述材料在荷載作用下的變形能力。對(duì)于兩種有相同面積且荷載相同的材料。彈性模量大的材料變形小。結(jié)構(gòu)用鋼的彈性模量是  

33、0;      磅每平方英寸或 千克每平方厘米，是鋁的3倍，混凝土的10倍，木材的15倍。</p><p>　　砌體。砌體由天然材料如石材和人造材料如磚，混凝土塊組成。砌體在古代就被使用了。磚用在巴比倫城市非宗教的建筑物，石材用在尼羅河谷的大寺廟。埃及金字塔，高481英尺（147米），是最壯觀的砌體結(jié)構(gòu)。砌體單元最初沒有用任何粘結(jié)材料堆起來，而現(xiàn)代砌體結(jié)構(gòu)用水泥漿

34、作為粘結(jié)材料。現(xiàn)代結(jié)構(gòu)用材包括石，紅燒粘土磚或瓦，混凝土塊。</p><p>　　砌體本質(zhì)上是一種受壓材料，它不能承受拉力，砌體最終強(qiáng)度取決于砌塊和泥漿。最后強(qiáng)度在1000至4000磅每英寸（70至280千克每平方厘米）范圍內(nèi)變化，取決于砌塊和泥漿粘結(jié)情況。</p><p>　　木材。木材是一種最早的建筑材料而且是一種少有的抗拉性能好的天然材料。世界發(fā)現(xiàn)了好幾百種木材，并且每種都存在不同的

35、物理特性。只有一些用在建筑結(jié)構(gòu)中作框架構(gòu)件。在美國，例如，在超過600種木材里，只有20種用在結(jié)構(gòu)中。這些一般是針葉樹或是軟木，兩者都是因?yàn)樨S富和木材容易成型。在美國，更多普通用在結(jié)構(gòu)中的木材種類是美國松，云杉和紅木。這些木材的抗拉強(qiáng)度在5000至8000磅每平方英寸（350至560千克每平米）范圍內(nèi)。硬木最初用作細(xì)木家具和內(nèi)部裝飾如地板。</p><p>　　由于木材紋理特性，它沿著紋理的強(qiáng)度大于橫向紋理的強(qiáng)度

36、。木材抗拉強(qiáng)度和順紋抗壓強(qiáng)度特別大，并且它有很大的抗彎強(qiáng)度。這些特性使它很適合作結(jié)構(gòu)中的柱和梁。木材作為桁架的抗拉構(gòu)件是無效的，因?yàn)殍旒軜?gòu)件的抗拉強(qiáng)度取決于構(gòu)件間的結(jié)點(diǎn)，雖然生產(chǎn)出了很多利用木材抗拉強(qiáng)度的金屬連接件，但是很難設(shè)計(jì)出順紋方向的抗剪強(qiáng)度或抗拉強(qiáng)度關(guān)系不大的構(gòu)件。</p><p>　　鋼材。鋼材是一種重要的結(jié)構(gòu)材料。當(dāng)對(duì)比起其它材料受等重量時(shí)，它有很高的強(qiáng)度，即使它等體積的重量是木材的十倍。它的彈性模量

37、很大，結(jié)果在荷載作用下變形很小。它能軋制成很多結(jié)構(gòu)形式如工字型梁，板。它也能鑄成復(fù)雜樣式，它也能生產(chǎn)成繩索型式用作懸索橋和吊頂里的纜繩，生產(chǎn)成電梯繩和預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土里的拉桿。鋼構(gòu)件可以通過很多方式連結(jié)在一起，如螺栓連接，鉚接和焊接。碳素鋼易遭受氧化銹蝕因此必須靠噴漆或插入到混凝土中來避免與空氣接觸。超過 鋼材很快失去了強(qiáng)度，因此必須套一個(gè)耐火材料（通常是混凝土）以便增加其耐火能力。</p><p>　　添加像硅或錳

38、這樣的合金元素，會(huì)得到抗拉強(qiáng)度達(dá)250000磅/平方英寸（17500千克/平方厘米）的高強(qiáng)鋼筋。這些鋼用在結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)鍵部位，如摩天大樓的柱子。</p><p>　　鋁。當(dāng)輕質(zhì)，高強(qiáng)和抗銹蝕都成為重要因素時(shí)，鋁就成了一種特別有用的建筑材料。因?yàn)榧冧X是極其軟和延性的，所以，合金成分，如錳，硅，鋅和銅必須加進(jìn)去增加結(jié)構(gòu)所需強(qiáng)度。結(jié)構(gòu)用的鋁合金表現(xiàn)彈性。它們的彈性模量是鋼材的1/3，因此在同樣荷載作用下變形是鋼材的3倍。每單

39、位鋁合金重量是鋼的1/3。因此相同強(qiáng)度下，鋁合金構(gòu)件比鋼構(gòu)件重量輕。鋁合金的極限抗拉強(qiáng)度變化幅度在20000至60000磅/平方英寸（1400到4200千克/平方厘米）之間。</p><p>　　鋁能塑成很多形狀，它能被擠壓形成工字梁，拉成繩和桿，軋制成箔和板。鋁構(gòu)件能像鋼用同樣的方法：鉚接，螺栓連接，低強(qiáng)度的焊接連接起來。除了用作建筑框架和預(yù)制房，鋁也廣泛用作窗框和結(jié)構(gòu)幕墻框。</p><p

40、>　　混凝土?；炷潦撬?，石料和普通硅酸鹽水泥的混合物。碎石，人造輕質(zhì)石，和貝殼被用在天然石料場(chǎng)。普通硅酸水泥是包含鈣和粘土的混合物。在窯里加熱，然后研磨成粉。混凝土強(qiáng)度來源于混合了水的粉狀的普通硅酸鹽水泥，然后硬化。在一個(gè)理想的混合物里，混凝土由3/4體積的砂和石料和1/4體積的水泥漿?；炷恋奈锢硖匦詫?duì)混合物成分的變化很敏感，因此必須根據(jù)強(qiáng)度或收縮設(shè)計(jì)成分的配合比以達(dá)到特別的結(jié)果。當(dāng)混凝土傾倒在模板里時(shí)，它包含自由水，不再

41、需要水化作用的水會(huì)蒸發(fā)掉。隨著混凝土的硬化，它在一定時(shí)期內(nèi)釋放出多余的水，并且收縮。由于收縮，細(xì)裂縫產(chǎn)生了。為了把收縮裂縫減少到最小，混凝土硬化時(shí)必須保濕至少5天?；炷翉?qiáng)度隨時(shí)間增長，因?yàn)樗^程會(huì)持續(xù)幾年；實(shí)際上，28天強(qiáng)度就被認(rèn)為是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的。</p><p>　　混凝土在荷載作用下是彈性變形。雖然它的彈性模量是鋼的1/10，但是變形卻一樣，因?yàn)樗膹?qiáng)度也只有鋼的1/10。混凝土本質(zhì)上是一種抗壓材料，它的抗拉強(qiáng)

42、度可以忽略不計(jì)。</p><p>　　鋼筋混凝土。鋼筋混凝土由置于到混凝土中的鋼筋承擔(dān)拉力。這些鋼筋直徑在0.25英寸（0.64厘米）和2.25英寸（5.7厘米）之間，表面有刻痕以確保粘結(jié)住混凝土。雖然鋼筋混凝土在很多國家有所發(fā)展，但是它的發(fā)現(xiàn)要?dú)w功于一個(gè)法國園藝師,Joseph Monnier在1868年用一個(gè)鋼筋網(wǎng)加強(qiáng)混凝土筒。這個(gè)操作是可行的，因?yàn)楫?dāng)溫度變化時(shí)，鋼筋和混凝土同等的膨脹和收縮。如果不是這樣的話

43、，溫度改變時(shí)，鋼筋和混凝土之間的連接被破壞，因?yàn)閮煞N材料的反應(yīng)不同。鋼筋混凝土可被澆筑成各種形狀，例如梁，柱，板和拱。因此，它易適用于建筑的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)。雖然大部分商品混凝土強(qiáng)度在6000磅/平方英寸（420千克/平方厘米），但是鋼筋混凝土的極限抗拉強(qiáng)度超過10000磅/平方英寸（700千克/平方厘米）是有可能的。</p><p>　　塑料。由于品種多，強(qiáng)度高，耐久性和輕質(zhì),塑料迅速成為重要的結(jié)構(gòu)材料。塑料是合成材料