建筑學畢業(yè)設計外文翻譯--玻璃纖維時代的來臨

1、<p><b>　　皖 西 學 院</b></p><p>　　畢業(yè)設計----翻譯論文</p><p><b>　?。?010屆）</b></p><p>　　翻譯（論文）題目 玻璃纖維時代的來臨 </p><p>　　學院名稱 建筑與土木工程學院 </p&

2、gt;<p>　　專 業(yè) （班 級） 建 筑 學 （0801班） </p><p>　　姓 名 （學 號） 張輝映 （2008010181） </p><p>　　指 導 教 師 歐軍珺 朱珊珊 </p><p><b&g

3、t;　　玻璃纖維時代的來臨</b></p><p>　　超耐用的框架使如今的窗戶可持續(xù)發(fā)展、高能源效率及美觀</p><p>　　過去木制窗戶幾乎無處不在，但隨著技術的進步，產生了一系列有更好的替代品。在1980年代后期的開發(fā)中，為滿足更高性能和更低維護的需求，玻璃纖維窗戶逐漸成為人們關注的重點。由AAMA/WDMA 2009/2010美國工業(yè)市場研究顯示，在2005年至200

4、9年，經濟從高峰到低谷的經濟不景氣時期，對窗戶種類的需求下降了驚人的44.8%，但與此同時玻璃纖維窗戶種類增長了近一倍，市場份額從1.6%的達到3.1%。隨著全球的建筑運動帶動對可持續(xù)產品的全生命周期低消耗的需求越來越多，預計市場份額到2013年將達到4.3%。隨著越來越多的主流門窗制造商為了建筑的新建或改建，引入建筑玻璃纖維生產線，產品在一系列節(jié)能細節(jié)上越來越齊全，包括低輻射氬填充中空玻璃及各種可單扇或雙掛窗扇窗戶及到多種復雜的可選擇

5、配置的窗戶。本文將討論玻璃窗戶的未來，并且對玻璃纖維窗戶和其他材料窗戶提供了一個比較與分析。還包括將對指定相應的玻璃纖維窗戶做專門和設計考慮的總結。</p><p><b>　　玻璃纖維窗戶細節(jié)</b></p><p>　　據Greenerbuilding.org（一個非盈利網站，其唯一的使命是鼓勵用可持續(xù)材料精心打造建筑）的調查“在某些情況下，使用玻璃纖維作為窗戶結

6、構材料，比其他材料更好，諸如木材，塑料或金屬?！弊鳛橐粋€相對新生的產品，玻璃纖維窗框有很多類型。其中主要有全玻璃纖維結構，包含了傳統(tǒng)的木結構的強度、穩(wěn)定性和玻璃纖維低維護的特點。這些窗戶使用工業(yè)用的外觀顏色，使之與傳統(tǒng)涂色木窗類似。最近，制造商也引進了一種窗戶生產線，通過玻璃纖維的生產過程，其復雜輪廓的不僅滿足窗戶外觀需要的，而且與內部天然木材相結合。對家具的檔次、潔凈度、垂直紋理的道格拉斯冷杉、紅木或其他材料用釘子或短孔連接、電涂層表

7、面光潔度和內置系統(tǒng)，這一系列在細節(jié)上的把握，能提高能源效率和窗戶使用壽命。</p><p>　　玻璃纖維：它是什么及它是怎樣制作的？</p><p>　　玻璃纖維是一種強化纖維的復合結構材料，而一般玻璃，只是由樹脂基體束縛在一起組成的。不同于常見的用于水池、船只，及儲存罐的玻璃纖維，??玻璃纖維框架通過電弧拉擠，在其中玻璃層和密封墊拉著巨大的力量，通過樹脂浴和一系列所需形狀和材料的樹脂模具

8、相結合和促進的過程，提供了高強度和抗扭強度。然后用這些尺寸穩(wěn)定的玻璃纖維系列組裝成窗框，可以用絕緣泡沫和高性能低輻射中空玻璃釉面填充以獲得更高的性能。玻璃纖維窗框產生類似于乙烯基，但其中玻璃纖維是拉擠、或拉，乙烯則是擠壓或推通過模具創(chuàng)建一個類似的形狀。 </p><p><b>　　框架材料特性</b></p><p>　　窗戶框架，差不多占了總窗戶面積的百分之二十

9、，是一個窗戶的整體性能的重要因素。</p><p><b>　　木</b></p><p>　　木材是一個現(xiàn)成的框架材料。滿足房屋的強度要求，并且易加工，是一種最常見的選擇，木材是一種天然的絕緣體，滿足許多傳統(tǒng)的家庭結構形式。它可以直接漆上純色，或者通過染色和包漿顯現(xiàn)的木紋。</p><p>　　因為實木門窗的一些重大的缺點，其逐漸被替換為其他

10、的框架材料。木結構外部需要大量的維護，經常涂刷和定期整修。需要打磨和油漆新表皮。實木門窗也容易出現(xiàn)腐爛，完整性則易受到破壞，使其容易剝落掉色。雖然某些木窗的制造商將提供包殼。然而，一些包殼材料容易傳導熱量，同時提供的色彩選擇有限，并且不能涂色。除了由兩種不同的材料擴張速度引起的固有問題，所有的包殼木的下方易受到滲水損害，而水是背后的包殼材料和腐爛木頭滲漏的。</p><p><b>　　木材的特性包括

11、：</b></p><p>　　?可自定義的顏色和設計?提供良好的絕緣能力?傳統(tǒng)的外觀風格適合許多家庭風格?易腐爛，受水害?常需要維護</p><p>　　乙烯乙烯基窗戶價格低廉，耐用和節(jié)能，正確的設計可適當地減少熱傳遞。雖然</p><p>　　早期乙烯基窗戶（因為與玻璃的熱漲率不同，乙烯窗框會發(fā)生變形，并造成泄漏熱量），在炎熱的環(huán)境中存

12、在穩(wěn)定與熱膨脹問題，現(xiàn)在的乙烯基窗戶更耐用，尺寸穩(wěn)定。乙烯窗框熱焊接比機械連接更嚴密，從而提供更好的抗溫度應力。內部的拉筋加強了框架并提高其熱性能。</p><p>　　乙烯窗戶主要材料是聚氯乙烯（PVC），這是幾乎不需要維護的材料。乙烯框架不容易上色，往往以白色和各種中性色調，補充現(xiàn)有的許多設計方案。因為是顏料易滲透的材料，劃痕和釘痕是幾乎不可能看到的。新技術使一些乙烯窗戶廠家生產出乙烯涂料，但是，他們只能選擇

13、有限的顏色和正確的涂料配方，以防止熱量累積導致乙烯變形。</p><p>　　各不相同的制造商和乙烯基化合物，使得乙烯基窗戶質量參差不齊，這只得用時間來鑒定它的性能。乙烯基添加劑配方有助于決定最終產品的特色，如它所承受的天氣環(huán)境，耐沖擊性能等；??例如，添加二氧化鈦使得產品更好適應于天氣，防止其變黃了。乙烯基配方的差異，以及如何利用乙烯基結構，將決定其結構強度和絕緣性能。</p><p>

14、<b>　　乙烯的特性包括：</b></p><p>　　?節(jié)能?耐用?非腐蝕?免維護?提供廣泛的風格和形態(tài)?成本效益?易于安裝</p><p>　　表1一比較框架材料的物理性質</p><p>　　*基于雙低輻射（太陽低增益）窗戶玻璃大小類似的窗戶比較**最高幾乎達到的性能的值的變化與纖維體積分數呈線性關系</p>

15、<p>　　資料1：Residential Windows: A Guide to New Technology and Energy Performance, Second Edition, J. Carmody, s. Selkowitz,& L. Heschong, Oct 2000.</p><p>　　來源2：Principles of Polymer Engineering, M

16、cCrum, Buckley & Bucknail, Oxford University Press, Oxnard 1990</p><p>　　Source3：Perry's Chemical Engineers Handbook, Sixth Edition, D .Green, McGraw-Hill, New York</p><p>　　鋁由于其硬度，耐用性和

17、精巧的框架，鋁窗可以配置成豐富組合，最大限度滿足各種要求。鋁窗只需低成本維護，不會生銹或腐爛。它們可以氧化或烤漆。在過去的鋁窗的缺點是缺乏能源效率。鋁容易傳導熱與冷。在寒冷的天氣，建筑物的熱通過窗扇和框架滲出?，F(xiàn)在有了質量更好的鋁窗，使內部和外表面隔離的斷橋處理，提高了能源效率。</p><p><b>　　鋁的特性包括：</b></p><p>　　?持久，可靠運

18、行?堅固耐用?抗老化?寬視域?斯利姆框架補充現(xiàn)代建筑風格?耐用的工廠用的顏色</p><p>　　玻璃纖維玻璃纖維曾在航海業(yè)和工業(yè)應用多年，只是在最近，制造商才按窗戶設計的</p><p>　　要求生產復雜配置的零件。作為一個窗框材料，玻璃纖維因其強度、耐用性和性能而聞名。它具有天然的耐化學性和防滲水、冷、熱、蟲、含鹽空氣和污染物腐蝕，具有很好的抗紫外線的侵蝕、防潮、防腐、抗氧

19、化、防銹，解決了所有的窗戶和門的傳統(tǒng)問題。而木材，則一定程度上弱一些，乙烯和鋁合金窗，可因翹曲、軋制、開裂、彎曲和收縮導致問題，玻璃纖維不具有脆性、易保持表面光潔度和最高的抗變形和扭曲的能力?？v觀任何氣候環(huán)境中，玻璃纖維保持剛性、穩(wěn)定、幾乎免維護。不同于木材，玻璃纖維不會干燥、腫脹、剝離或變形。</p><p>　　強度 玻璃纖維是最結實的窗戶材料，在專門的維護下它三倍強于鋁及九倍強于乙烯。據美國建筑制造商協(xié)會

20、（AAMA），玻璃纖維型材與鋼有大致相同的強度（抗張強度計算）。它的強度使玻璃纖維可以按大尺寸制造，可安裝無需另添支撐或加固的大面積玻璃，使得大型觀景窗成為可能并且能源效率高，</p><p>　　高強重比 重量輕的玻璃纖維提供了一個高強重比，增加其對大型、復雜的輪廓采光適宜性的同時最大限度地提高效益和在恢復項目，加強修復項目的歷史準確性。</p><p>　　罐頭廠街酒店獲得玻璃纖維窗

21、簾</p><p>　　在加州的蒙特利克萊門特洲際酒店，開業(yè)于2008年5月，玻璃纖維窗戶產生了各種各樣的好處。由兩個四層建筑組成，它們之間用封閉的橋相連。而橋跨越繁忙的旅游目的地——罐頭廠街上，酒店設有208間客房和用天然木材，大理石和玻璃裝飾的豪華套房。許多房間直接提供了海景，部分客房更是可以直接看到蒙特利海灣全景。天井得推拉玻璃門，單懸和圖片窗戶在多年使用中，承受侵蝕和充滿水分的空氣。它的目的是重新創(chuàng)建罐頭

22、廠街地區(qū)的老式木頭窗戶復古流行的審美習慣。</p><p>　　剛度 高彈性模量是指在玻璃窗戶可承受負荷造成的彎曲或變形，從而在長期使用壽命中運行平穩(wěn)。因為它是強大的和堅韌，玻璃纖維易于安裝。玻璃纖維窗戶在安裝過程中，保持方正及水平并且抵御變形和扭曲，這是其他類型的窗戶安裝則存在一個常見問題。它非常結實，因此耐劃傷、凹痕和耐沖擊，其強度是不受時間和溫影響。適度熱膨脹 由于玻璃鋼框架基本上是玻璃纖維和樹脂，

23、框架的擴張和收縮很小，和玻璃本身伸縮比率差不多。如果有任何擴張和收縮，各組件如同一個統(tǒng)一單位，不像大多數窗口和門的框架，會有一個不同的材料界面：玻璃和木材，玻璃和鋁材或玻璃和乙烯基。鋁材的擴張和收縮率是玻璃纖維的三倍之多，超過乙烯基七倍。玻璃纖維最小擴張和收縮，給封條和密封連接更小的壓力，保持期間全天和季節(jié)溫度的變化，從而減少了可能的空氣滲透，這是一個建筑的能源效率損失主要原因。</p><p>　　玻璃纖維窗戶

24、的歷史性的革新</p><p>　　在波特蘭，俄勒岡州，里德學院以都鐸式的哥特式建筑和以森林峽谷荒野保護為中心的面貌為特色。當學校的行政大樓進行了常規(guī)的升級與恢復時，第一期包括200個窗戶的更換。用雙懸拉擠玻璃纖維框架進行改造安裝。因為需求超過窗戶平常的高度線的限制，需要進行單位定制設計，以符合歷史的承襲。磚和花崗巖筋膜必須橫跨中，頂層窗口的中心進行分割。在內飾方面，清晰的垂直杉木紋理很容易與現(xiàn)有的進行匹配。玻璃

25、纖維窗戶，也因為高能源效率和低環(huán)境影響的選擇，取代單窗格雙懸窗，因為它幾乎沒有隔熱效果。伴隨窗戶是一個為期十年的商業(yè)保險。 “這是一個理想的產品，是窗戶行業(yè)中向下一代產品的自然過渡。這是一個值得期待的、有許多不同的配置窗戶。”總承包商格倫謝潑德指出。</p><p>　　天然絕緣 玻璃纖維是一種高級的絕緣體，因為它是從一個簡單的用玻璃基與拉鋼筋束制成的聚合物.。空氣是被包裹在里面，也不會傳導熱或冷。因此，它的溫

26、度應保持恒定。由于玻璃纖維絕緣材料是如此有效，因為外面的溫度不會影響的玻璃纖維窗戶本身，不會形成凝結水。玻璃纖維抗結露，有助于保持一個合適的濕度范圍，限制了霉菌及霉菌的生長低的熱傳導 玻璃纖維具有低U值，對能源效率的最終決定因素，有助于降低建設運行成本，增加人員舒適度。用絕緣泡沫填充玻璃纖維框架和用高效率的中空玻璃窗戶大大增加了門窗性能和高效節(jié)能策略，包括被動加熱及冷卻，高透光率大幅削減能源負荷，增加乘客的舒適度。裝飾細節(jié)

27、玻璃纖維是可繪畫的，油漆對玻璃纖維具有優(yōu)異的附著力，如可容納水和溶劑型丙烯酸漆和聚氨酯以及干粉或液體涂料。此外，可以使用添加色素的樹脂。低熱量傳導，以及玻璃纖維穩(wěn)定的性能，也可以漆涂各種深顏色。成本 玻璃纖維窗戶的缺點一直是成本，價格比一般乙烯基窗高百分之二十至百分之三十。其中一個關鍵的因素是復雜的拉擠成型過程，沒有制造乙烯基框或鋁框過程快。然而，隨著玻璃纖維制造商采用拉擠、模具設計、制造和裝配的進步工藝，</p>

28、<p>　　Fiberglass Fenestration Comes into its Own</p><p>　　Ultra-durable frames bring sustainability, energy efficiency and beauty to today'swindows.</p><p>　　Provided by Milgard Windows

29、 & Doors </p><p>　　It used to be that wood windows werevirtually ubiquitous,but technological advances have generatedalternatives with added benefits. Developed in the late 1980s to meet demand for lower

30、 maintenance and higher performance,fiber glass windows are now gaining traction nationwide. The AAMA/WDMA 2009/2010 U.S. Industry Market Studies show that while demand for all types of window units dropped a staggering

31、44.8 percent during the 2005 to 2009 peak-to-trough economic downturn, market share for fibergla</p><p>　　FIBERGLASS WINDOW OPTIONS</p><p>　　According to Greenerbuilding.org, a non profit websit

32、e whose sole mission is to encourage the creation of well-built buildings made with sustainable materials, "using fiberglass for a window frame material is, in some cases, preferable to other window frame materials

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34、e strength, </p><p>　　FIBERGLASS: WHAT IS IT AND HOW IS IT MADE? </p><p>　　Fiberglass is a composite structural material that consists of fiber reinforcements, typically glass, that are bound to

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36、a resin bath and a series of dies where the resin sets to the desired shape and the materials combine and catalyze to provide high tensile and torsional strength</p><p>　　ATTRIBUTES OF FRAMING MATERIALS</

37、p><p>　　The window frame which makes up some 20 percent of the total window area,is an important factor in window's total performance.</p><p><b>　　Wood</b></p><p>　　

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41、it difficult for the frames to hold paint. Some manufacturers of wood windows will offer cladding. However some cladding materials can conduct heat and cold w</p><p>　　Wood's characteristics include</

42、p><p>　　·Available in custom colors and designs</p><p>　　·Providesexcellentinsulation</p><p>　　·Traditional look fits many home styles</p><p>　　·Suscep

43、tible to rot and water damage</p><p><b>　　Vinyl</b></p><p>　　A vinyl window can be inexpensive, durable and energy-efficient when</p><p>　　designed properly to minimize

44、thermal transfer. While early vinylwindows had problems with thermal expansion (the vinyl sash would expand or contract at a different rate from the glass and cause leaks) and stability in very hot environments, modern v

45、inyl windows are much more durable and dimensionally stable. Vinyl window frames with heat-welded joints are stiffer than mechanically joined vinyl frames and thus provide better resistance to temperature stresses. Inter

46、ior webs also strengthen the f</p><p>　　Vinyl windows are made primarily from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) which is virtually maintenance-free. Vinyl frames can't easily be painted, but are often available i

47、n white and various neutral colors that complement many design schemes. Because the color permeates the material, scratches and dings are nearly impossible to see. New technologies have enabled some vinyl window manufact

48、urers to paint vinyl, however, they must choose from a limited color palette and have the correct paint formulation i</p><p>　　Quality varies by manufacturer and composition of the vinyl compound, which will

49、 dictate its performance over time. Each additive to a vinyl recipe helps determine the long-term characteristics of the final product, such as its weather and impact resistance; for example, titanium dioxide allows the

50、product to weather better, thus preventing it from yellowing. Differences in the vinyl recipe used and how vinyl parts are formed will determine the structural strength and insulation performance.</p><p>　　V

51、inyl's characteristics include</p><p>　　·Energy-efficient</p><p><b>　　·Durable</b></p><p>　　·Non-corroding</p><p>　　·Maintenance-fre

52、e</p><p>　　·Available in a wide range of styles and shapes</p><p>　　·Cost-effective</p><p>　　.Easy-to-install</p><p>　　·Requires maintenance</p>&

53、lt;p>　　Strength. Fiberglass provides the strongest window material, with experts maintaining it is some threetimes stronger than aluminum and nine times strongerthan vinyl. According to the American ArchitecturalManuf

54、acturers Association (AAMA), fiberglass profiles have roughly the same strength as steel (based on tensile strength). Its strength enables fiberglass to be fabricated in large sizes, accommodating large expanses of gl

55、ass without requiring added support or reinforcement, making large pic</p><p>　　High strength-to-weight ratio. lts light weight gives fiberglass a high strength-to-weight ratio, adding to its suitability for

56、 large, complex profiles-benefits in both maximizing daylighting and enhancing historical accuracy m restoration projects.</p><p><b>　　Aluminum</b></p><p>　　Because of their rigidity

57、, durability and narrow frames, aluminum windows can be configured into a wide variety of combinations that maximize views. Aluminum windows are low-maintenance options, and will not rust or rot. They are available with

58、tough anodized or baked-on finishes. The downside of aluminum windows in the past was the lack of energy efficiency. Aluminum readily conducts heat and cold. In cold weather, a building's heat seeps out through the s

59、ash and frame. Better quality aluminum </p><p>　　Aluminum's characteristics include</p><p>　　·Long-lasting, reliable operation</p><p>　　·Strong and durable</p>

60、<p>　　·Resists deterioration</p><p>　　·Narrow sight lines maximize view</p><p>　　·Slim frames complement modern architectural styles</p><p>　　·Durable facto

61、ry-applied color options</p><p>　　Fiberglass</p><p>　　Used in marine and industrial applications for years, it is only recently that manufacturers have been able to produce the complex profi

62、les required for window designs. As a window frame material, fiberglass is known for its strength, durability and performance. It is inherently chemical-resistant and impervious to water, cold, heat, insects, the c

63、orrosive effectives of salt air and pollutants and deterioration due to ultraviolet rays, moisture, rot, oxidation, rust-all the traditional</p><p>　　Compatible thermal expansion. Because fiberglass frames a

64、re essentially glass fibers and resin, the frames expand and contract very little and at approximately the same rate as glass itself. If there is any expansion and contraction, the components expand and contract as a uni

65、t, unlike most window and door frames which have an interface of different materials: glass on wood, glass on aluminum or glass on vinyl. Aluminum is said to expand and contract three times as much as fiberglass and viny

66、l o</p><p>　　Natural insulation. Fiberglass is a superior insulator as it is made from a simple polymer reinforced with thin strands of pulled glass Air is trapped inside, and it will not conduct heat or col

67、d, so that its temperature should be neutral to the touch. Because the insulation of fiberglass is so effective, and because the temperature outside will not warm or cool the actual fiberglass in the window itsel excess

68、condensation will not form. Fiberglass' high condensation resistance helps keep humidi</p><p>　　Low thermal transmittance. Fiberglass' low U-factor, the ultimate determinant of energy efficiency, hel

69、ps lower building operating costs and increase occupant comfort. Filling the fiberglass frames with foam insulation and glazing the windows with high-efficiency insulating glass adds substantially to window performance a

70、nd to energy-efficient window strategies including passive heating and cooling and maximum daylighting to dramatically cut energy load and increase occupant comfort.</p><p>　　Decorative options. Fiberglass i

71、s eminently paintable, and takes paint easily with excellent adhesion. Fiberglass can accommodate liquid coatings such as water- and solvent-based acrylic enamels and polyurethanes as well as dry powder coatings; alterna

72、tively, pigment can be added to the resin. With low conduction of heat, and the stability in fiberglass, it can also be painted in a variety of dark colors </p><p>　　Cost. One downside of fiberglass windows

73、has been the cost, with prices running 20 percent to 30 percent more than the average vinyl window A key factor here is the complicated pultrusion process, which is not as fast as the extrusion process used to fabricate

74、vinyl or aluminum frames However, with fiberglass manufacturers incorporating advancements in pultrusion, die design, fabrication, and assembly, larger quantities of fiberglass are being produced faster, with a correspon

75、ding drop in prices</p><p>　　Reed College in Portland, Oregon, features Tudor-Gothic architecture and a forested canyon wilderness preserve at its center. When the school's Administration Building

76、underwent a general upgrade and restoration, phase 1 included replacement of 200 windows. Pultruded fiberglass double-hung retrofit frames were installed. Because the requirements exceeded the usual height limitation for