外文翻譯--多功能汽車底盤測(cè)功機(jī)

1、<p><b>　　附 錄A</b></p><p>　　A. multi-purpose vehicle chassis dynamometer</p><p>　　With the rapid development of the automotive industry, traffic accidents and environmental po

2、llution on the growing threat to human life, thus increasing the importance of vehicle detection technology stand out a variety of testing equipment have emerged. As a large-scale laboratory equipment, automobile chassis

3、 dynamometer can simulate vehicle road test a variety of conditions, the completion of the car's economy test, power test, evaluation and analysis of emissions performance, reliability te</p><p>　　In vie

4、w of chassis dynamometers these advantages, many domestic manufacturers have developed a series of dynamometer products, these products are mainly used to detect the following auto axle load 10 t chassis power output, th

5、e maximum absorption power of 150 kW. Test items mainly: chassis power output, the driving force, speed, acceleration, glide performance and the accuracy of the speedometer and odometer, and so on. </p><p>　

6、　But domestic dynamometer products there are many imperfections, must be resolved. For example: car in different conditions, different load and other conditions, the dynamic performance can not be achieved continuous mea

7、surement and control system, control method is relatively backward. This article is for these deficiencies, the control system, control method has been improved to achieve the different conditions and different load cond

8、itions, the car's dynamic performance for accurate and reliab</p><p>　　Multi-purpose vehicle chassis dynamometer (hereinafter referred to as dynamometer) is a new chassis dynamometer. Aircraft measuremen

9、t and control system is the key to achieve its power equipment. </p><p>　　Dynamometer testing computer control system to control the use of high performance industrial control computer, the entire control sy

10、stem including computer, monitor, keyboard, mouse, printers, input and output terminal blocks, multi-PC bus interface card, SCR and its control circuit, all components have been installed in the 1.8 m high of the standar

11、d 19-inch industrial control cabinet. Dynamometer control system coupled with the mechanical part of the (bench) constitute the entire dynamometer.</p><p>　　PC bus interface board is a multi-computer interfa

12、ces and measurement equipment, control channel, on-site analog signal amplification and analog-digital conversion, digital signal measurement done by it, the interface card can also control multiple actuator movements, o

13、ther The card also provides a counter for frequency measurement of the interface. </p><p>　　Wheel drive car in the bench rotating drum, drum rotation by the optical pulse output of the decoder, access multi-

14、function card counter, measuring speed and distance traveled. Car driving in the bench, the driving force can drum machine by the eddy current coupling the pressure sensor, the input channel signal sent to the computer,

15、combined with the speed signal measurable car's dynamic performance. In the actual measurement process, the measured speed signal and set the speed comparison, accor</p><p>　　Dynamometer applications fro

16、m the measurement control program, the login program and database service program structure, program design using advanced C / S (Client / Server) design. Measurement control program and the login program is a client app

17、lication, they exchange data with the database is a database service procedures are completed, the database structure is transparent to users, to facilitate the system and other motor vehicle testing equipment or manage

18、network connections. User login </p><p>　　Eddy current machines, also known as eddy current dynamometer, is based on the eddy current (also known physics Foucault current) work equipment. It consists of two

19、parts, the stator and rotor. The stator frame and the stator part including the exciting coil mounted on top. The stator frame around the hole, the excitation coils installed in the hole. The framework of the central par

20、t of the stator hub, with two bearing supports the rotor shaft. Including the rotor shaft and the rotor part fixed </p><p>　　Eddy current machine field winding access current, flux through the stator, eddy c

21、urrent ring, the air gap, rotor constitute a closed magnetic circuit. When the car wheel and drive roller rotates the rotor eddy current machines, due to changes in magnetic flux density of the surface of the rotor eddy

22、current, the eddy current and magnetic field interact to produce the reverse braking torque, the stator swing around the spindle axis. Pass through the leverage of the brake torque to the pressure s</p><p>　

23、　Eddy current machine has a maximum speed and load range. In addition, its small size, low cost, more suitable for control automation. AC motors (induction motors) with a minimum speed (800 ~ 1500r/min) and load range, l

24、ess stable, with a little hard to load features. DC Braking device with high performance, easy operation, stable working conditions, the transition easy and smooth, but its test-bed high cost, low-speed braking torque is

25、 small, thus limiting the application. </p><p>　　This system was chosen as the eddy current unit load device, because of its external features and cost, reliability, accuracy decision. </p><p>　

26、　Currently, the majority of domestic water vortex machine dynamometer, eddy current machine has a small amount of several major water-cooled, easy-to leakage, resulting in corrosion of the bearing parts, easy to magnetic

27、 flux leakage, constant speed control accuracy, and the volume weight, need a water cooling system and lubrication system inside the vortex, very easy to use, in northern China, especially in winter does not apply. More

28、importantly, domestic water eddy current machine for almost a</p><p>　　As the dynamometer torque and power measurement of the speed and load requirements to a large extent, considering cost, reliability, acc

29、uracy in the case we have chosen FRENELSA's F16-160-type air-cooled eddy current machine group 16, the absorption maximum torque speed of 750 r / min, vortex machine voltage is DC96V, current is 35A, the maximum abso

30、rption torque of 160 kg. The vortex machine constant high precision, volume weight, simple structure, easy to operate, do not need cooling water, an</p><p>　　Eddy current machine is a constant speed control

31、accuracy of the dynamometer test one of the key factors, most of the domestic dynamometer does not really solve the problem. According to standard, constant accuracy should reach ± ??2 km / h (such as China GB86-94)

32、, but because of large mechanical movement of the system inertia, and inertia of different models is different from the same time, there are dead out of control, non-linear, lag reaction speed feedback in the difficulty

33、of making the de</p><p>　　Currently, we are to be addressed in several ways, one direct drive as far as possible, reducing the dead zone and hysteresis control response, and digital speed control and adaptiv

34、e control to solve the different moment of inertia effects. In addition, two large closed-loop speed and current use of different sampling frequency in order to effectively control the vortex dynamics and the feedback cu

35、rrent machine. Test proved to be stable to ± 0.5 km / h, is a standard 1 / 4. </p><p>　　Control process is as follows: the car began to accelerate, due to the speed difference between running speed and

36、a larger set, using the experience of the control algorithm that is according to certain rules and gradually increase the resistance; Once the vehicle speed close to the set speed, adaptive control work. Because in the s

37、tart-up phase, the running speed as soon as possible close to the set speed is the primary goal, and the last way in which speed is not stable in the set under consid</p><p>　　Car in idle state, the differen

38、t load conditions, different speeds and different road conditions in the case of the emissions are different, the measured data for vehicle maintenance is important, but more important is to determine whether emissions f

39、rom vehicles qualified to provide a basis for the environmental protection departments to provide accurate detection and rich data material. The dynamometer with the exhaust gas analyzer can be in different working condi

40、tions under the conditions of</p><p>　　The following chassis dynamometer at constant speed, for example, analysis of measurement results. </p><p>　　Experimental conditions: the initial speed of

41、60 km / h, the termination rate of 80 km / h, speed step of 5 km, constant and stable point 5. Test vehicle for the Santana sedan. </p><p>　　In constant speed mode with exhaust gas analyzer, we carried out t

42、he engine output power, wheel torque and power output, transmission loss of power, CO, CO2, HC, O2, eight parameters were measured, and the speed, power, torque for real-time monitoring. </p><p>　　In this ex

43、periment, the wheel and experience the power output values ??match, the engine output power wheel power output of power and transmission losses and. Maximum power output of the corresponding wheel speed of 75 km / h. Tra

44、nsmission loss of power to test the vehicle drive power is an important parameter passing, it is directly related to the car's dynamic performance. </p><p>　　Multi-function chassis dynamometer is a motor

45、 transport and maintenance industry, comprehensive performance inspection stations, environmental protection, transportation (cars scrapped in the future will be according to their dynamic performance and emissions perfo

46、rmance may be) and other necessary test equipment industry, with broad market prospects. By computer-controlled eddy current dynamometer load to achieve resistance simulation, different conditions can be measured vehicle

47、 dynamic perfor</p><p><b>　　附 錄B</b></p><p>　　多功能汽車底盤測(cè)功機(jī)</p><p>　　隨著汽車工業(yè)的迅猛發(fā)展，交通事故及環(huán)境污染對(duì)人類生命的威脅越來(lái)越大，因而汽車檢測(cè)技術(shù)的重要性日益突出出來(lái)，各種檢測(cè)設(shè)備也應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。作為大型實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)備，汽車底盤測(cè)功機(jī)可以模擬汽車道路試驗(yàn)的各種工況，完成汽

48、車的經(jīng)濟(jì)性試驗(yàn)、動(dòng)力性試驗(yàn)、排放性能評(píng)價(jià)與分析、可靠性試驗(yàn)以及與汽車傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)有關(guān)的專項(xiàng)試驗(yàn)。它在汽車試驗(yàn)研究、產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)和新車及在用車質(zhì)量檢測(cè)中是不可或缺的。使用汽車底盤測(cè)功機(jī)完成汽車試驗(yàn)及各類型的質(zhì)量檢測(cè)與通常的道路試驗(yàn)相比具有試驗(yàn)速度快、精度高、費(fèi)用低、數(shù)據(jù)穩(wěn)定、可比性好等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。</p><p>　　鑒于汽車底盤測(cè)功機(jī)的以上優(yōu)點(diǎn)，國(guó)內(nèi)許多廠家先后研制開(kāi)發(fā)了一系列測(cè)功機(jī)產(chǎn)品，這些產(chǎn)品主要用于檢測(cè)軸重10 t以下的

49、汽車底盤輸出功率，最大吸收功率為150 kW。檢測(cè)項(xiàng)目主要是：汽車底盤的輸出功率、驅(qū)動(dòng)力、車速、加速性能、滑行性能、以及車速表和里程表的準(zhǔn)確性等等。</p><p>　　但是國(guó)內(nèi)測(cè)功機(jī)產(chǎn)品還有許多不完善的地方，亟待解決。例如：汽車在不同工況、不同負(fù)載等狀態(tài)下，其動(dòng)力性能不能實(shí)現(xiàn)連續(xù)測(cè)量，控制系統(tǒng)、控制方法比較落后。本文正是針對(duì)這些不足，在控制系統(tǒng)、控制方法上進(jìn)行了改進(jìn)，實(shí)現(xiàn)了不同工況、不同負(fù)載的狀態(tài)下，對(duì)汽車動(dòng)力

50、性能進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確可靠的連續(xù)測(cè)量，并且增加了排放的連續(xù)測(cè)量功能。此外，參照國(guó)外先進(jìn)技術(shù)及經(jīng)驗(yàn)，利用計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)對(duì)汽車有關(guān)傳動(dòng)損耗、滾動(dòng)阻力、海拔高度、氣溫等參數(shù)進(jìn)行模擬和修正。</p><p>　　多功能汽車底盤測(cè)功機(jī)（以下簡(jiǎn)稱測(cè)功機(jī)）是一種新型底盤測(cè)功機(jī)。該機(jī)的測(cè)量和控制系統(tǒng)是實(shí)現(xiàn)其強(qiáng)大功能的關(guān)鍵設(shè)備。</p><p>　　測(cè)功機(jī)檢測(cè)控制系統(tǒng)中的控制微機(jī)采用高性能的工業(yè)控制計(jì)算機(jī)，整個(gè)測(cè)控系統(tǒng)包

51、括計(jì)算機(jī)、顯示器、鍵盤、鼠標(biāo)、打印機(jī)，輸入輸出端子板，多功能PC總線接口卡、可控硅及其控制電路，所有部件全部安裝在1．8 m高的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)19寸工業(yè)控制柜中。測(cè)控系統(tǒng)加上測(cè)功機(jī)的機(jī)械部分（臺(tái)架）構(gòu)成了整個(gè)測(cè)功機(jī)。測(cè)控系統(tǒng)通過(guò)臺(tái)架上的壓力傳感器、速度傳感器、氣動(dòng)舉升機(jī)和電渦流機(jī)等裝置，完成對(duì)測(cè)功機(jī)的測(cè)量和控制。</p><p>　　多功能PC總線接口板是計(jì)算機(jī)和測(cè)量控制通道的接口設(shè)備，現(xiàn)場(chǎng)模擬信號(hào)的放大和模數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換、開(kāi)關(guān)量

52、信號(hào)的測(cè)量都由它完成，該接口卡還能控制多個(gè)執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)的動(dòng)作，另外該卡還提供了用于頻率測(cè)量的計(jì)數(shù)器接口。</p><p>　　在臺(tái)架上汽車驅(qū)動(dòng)輪帶動(dòng)滾筒轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，滾筒轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)經(jīng)光電解碼器產(chǎn)生脈沖輸出，接入多功能卡的計(jì)數(shù)器，測(cè)量速度和行駛距離。汽車在臺(tái)架上行駛時(shí)，其驅(qū)動(dòng)能對(duì)滾筒的作用力經(jīng)電渦流機(jī)耦合在壓力傳感器上，由輸入通道將信號(hào)送入計(jì)算機(jī)，與速度信號(hào)結(jié)合可測(cè)量汽車的動(dòng)力性能。在實(shí)際測(cè)量過(guò)程中，實(shí)測(cè)的速度信號(hào)與設(shè)定速度比較，根

53、據(jù)偏差按一定的算法調(diào)整阻力（電渦流機(jī)勵(lì)磁電流），使車速能穩(wěn)定在給定值，完成恒速條件下各種數(shù)據(jù)的測(cè)量。</p><p>　　測(cè)功機(jī)的應(yīng)用軟件由測(cè)量控制程序、登錄程序和數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)服務(wù)程序構(gòu)成，程序設(shè)計(jì)采用先進(jìn)的C/S（客戶/服務(wù)器）設(shè)計(jì)方法。測(cè)量控制程序和登錄程序是客戶端程序，它們與數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的數(shù)據(jù)交換是通過(guò)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)服務(wù)程序完成，數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)用戶是透明的，方便本系統(tǒng)與其他機(jī)動(dòng)車檢測(cè)設(shè)備或管理網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接。登錄程序完成用戶對(duì)車輛的基

54、本信息、檢測(cè)項(xiàng)目的初始設(shè)定；測(cè)量控制程序是該系統(tǒng)的核心程序，其主要功能是完成對(duì)硬件信號(hào)的測(cè)量和控制、按登錄程序設(shè)定的檢測(cè)要求完成各項(xiàng)檢測(cè)任務(wù)，另外該程序還提供參數(shù)設(shè)定、檢測(cè)結(jié)果查詢、打印等輔助功能。</p><p>　　電渦流機(jī)又稱電渦流測(cè)功器，是基于渦流電流（物理學(xué)上也稱傅科電流）進(jìn)行工作的設(shè)備。它由定子和轉(zhuǎn)子兩部分組成。定子部分包括定子架和裝在上面的勵(lì)磁線圈。定子框架周圍有孔，勵(lì)磁線圈裝在孔內(nèi)。定子框架中心部

55、分輪轂，借助兩個(gè)滾動(dòng)軸承支撐在轉(zhuǎn)子軸上。轉(zhuǎn)子部分包括轉(zhuǎn)子軸和固定在該軸上的兩個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)子，兩個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)子分別位于定子部分的兩端，轉(zhuǎn)子軸可以被外力帶動(dòng)而自由轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。轉(zhuǎn)子的內(nèi)側(cè)端面與定子的端面保持很小的間隙，該間隙電磁學(xué)上稱為氣隙。該轉(zhuǎn)子的內(nèi)側(cè)面是十分光滑的平面，渦流電流就產(chǎn)生在這個(gè)光滑平面上。</p><p>　　電渦流機(jī)的勵(lì)磁繞組通入電流時(shí)，磁通經(jīng)定子、渦流環(huán)、氣隙、轉(zhuǎn)子構(gòu)成閉合磁路。當(dāng)汽車驅(qū)動(dòng)輪帶動(dòng)滾筒及電渦流機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)子旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)，

56、由于磁通密度發(fā)生變化使轉(zhuǎn)子表面產(chǎn)生渦流電流，該渦流電流與磁場(chǎng)相互作用，產(chǎn)生反向制動(dòng)力矩，使定子繞主軸軸線擺動(dòng)。該制動(dòng)力矩通過(guò)杠桿傳遞給壓力傳感器，由壓力傳感器給出相應(yīng)的電信號(hào)，經(jīng)計(jì)算處理后，可得出汽車瞬時(shí)的動(dòng)力參數(shù)。調(diào)節(jié)勵(lì)磁電流大小，即可改變電渦流機(jī)的制動(dòng)力矩，同時(shí)相應(yīng)改變汽車車速，不斷變化的勵(lì)磁電流與車速形成閉合環(huán)，并最終實(shí)現(xiàn)恒速或恒力下的功率測(cè)量。</p><p>　　電渦流機(jī)具有最大的速度和載荷范圍。此外它

57、體積小，造價(jià)低，更適合于操縱自動(dòng)化。交流電機(jī)（異步電機(jī)）具有最小的速度（800～1500r/min）和載荷范圍，穩(wěn)定性較差，小負(fù)荷具有很硬的特性。直流電機(jī)制動(dòng)裝置具有很高的使用性能，操作方便，工況穩(wěn)定，過(guò)渡簡(jiǎn)易且平穩(wěn)，但它的試驗(yàn)臺(tái)造價(jià)高，低速制動(dòng)扭矩小，因而限制了應(yīng)用。</p><p>　　本系統(tǒng)之所以選擇電渦流機(jī)作為加載裝置，是由于它的外特性及造價(jià)、可靠性、測(cè)量精度決定的。</p><p&g

58、t;　　目前，國(guó)產(chǎn)渦流機(jī)大部分為水力測(cè)功機(jī)，少量幾種電渦流機(jī)也主要為水冷式的，易漏水，導(dǎo)致軸承機(jī)件銹蝕，容易漏磁，恒速控制精度差，且體積重量大，需要一套供水冷卻循環(huán)系統(tǒng)及渦流機(jī)內(nèi)部潤(rùn)滑系統(tǒng)，使用很不方便，在我國(guó)北方，冬季尤為不適用。更為重要的是，國(guó)產(chǎn)水力電渦流機(jī)幾乎全部用于發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)功率測(cè)量的高轉(zhuǎn)速功率吸收裝置（最大功率吸收范圍1500～4000 r/min），不適用于汽車底盤測(cè)功，后者最大功率吸收范圍為500～1000 r/min。國(guó)際上

59、專門生產(chǎn)這種低轉(zhuǎn)速，大扭矩電渦流機(jī)只有西班牙的FRENELSA公司和法國(guó)的TELMA公司，他們的產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)為風(fēng)冷式。</p><p>　　由于測(cè)功機(jī)的扭矩和功率測(cè)量對(duì)速度和載荷范圍要求要大，在考慮造價(jià)、可靠性、測(cè)量精度的情況下我們選擇了FRENELSA公司的F16—160型風(fēng)冷16組電渦流機(jī)，其最大扭矩吸收轉(zhuǎn)速為750 r/min，渦流機(jī)電壓為DC96V，電流為35A，最大吸收扭矩為160 kg。該渦流機(jī)恒速精度高

60、，體積重量小，結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，操作方便，勿需冷卻水，且內(nèi)置160℃熱電偶，可在過(guò)熱時(shí)自動(dòng)斷電，避免渦流機(jī)被燒壞。</p><p>　　電渦流機(jī)的恒速控制是測(cè)功機(jī)測(cè)試精度的關(guān)鍵因素之一，國(guó)內(nèi)大部分測(cè)功機(jī)未真正解決好這一問(wèn)題。按標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定，恒速精度應(yīng)達(dá)到±2 km/h（如中國(guó)GB86—94），但由于機(jī)械系統(tǒng)運(yùn)動(dòng)慣量較大，且不同車型慣量不同，同時(shí)，存在失控死區(qū)、非線性、滯后反應(yīng)等調(diào)速反饋方面的難度，使得恒速控制成為設(shè)

61、計(jì)中的重點(diǎn)之一。</p><p>　　目前，我們通過(guò)幾種途徑予以解決，一是盡量采用直接傳動(dòng)，減小失控死區(qū)及滯后反應(yīng)，同時(shí)采用數(shù)字調(diào)速和自適應(yīng)控制等解決不同轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量的影響。此外，大轉(zhuǎn)速及電流兩個(gè)閉環(huán)中采用不同的采樣頻率以便有效的控制渦流機(jī)動(dòng)態(tài)及反饋電流。測(cè)試證明可以穩(wěn)定達(dá)到±0．5 km/h，是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的1/4。</p><p>　　控制過(guò)程如下：汽車在開(kāi)始加速時(shí)，由于運(yùn)行速度與設(shè)定速

62、度相差較大，采用經(jīng)驗(yàn)控制算法即按一定的規(guī)律逐步增加阻力；一旦汽車運(yùn)行速度接近設(shè)定速度，自適應(yīng)控制開(kāi)始工作。因?yàn)樵趩?dòng)階段，使運(yùn)行速度盡快接近設(shè)定速度是首要目的，而最后以何種方式穩(wěn)定在設(shè)定速度則不在考慮之內(nèi)，經(jīng)驗(yàn)控制是簡(jiǎn)單易行且效果很好的控制方式。在運(yùn)行速度接近設(shè)定速度之后，速度的穩(wěn)定成為唯一目的，此時(shí)經(jīng)驗(yàn)控制就無(wú)能為力了。汽車的實(shí)際運(yùn)行工況十分復(fù)雜，其速度變化規(guī)律難以預(yù)測(cè)，因而任何預(yù)先設(shè)定參數(shù)的控制形式都不可能一直發(fā)揮最佳控制作用，其效

63、果的優(yōu)劣隨運(yùn)行工況而不斷變化。自適應(yīng)控制正是為適應(yīng)類似的工況而發(fā)展起來(lái)的，它能夠根據(jù)工況而調(diào)整控制參數(shù)，以實(shí)現(xiàn)實(shí)時(shí)最佳控制。</p><p>　　汽車在怠速狀態(tài)下，不同負(fù)載狀態(tài)下，不同車速狀態(tài)下以及不同路況的情況下的排放都是不同的，測(cè)量到這些數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)于汽車維修保養(yǎng)很重要，但更為重要的是為判斷汽車排放是否合格提供依據(jù)，為環(huán)保檢測(cè)部門提供精確而豐富的數(shù)據(jù)材料。本測(cè)功機(jī)可以配合尾氣分析儀在不同工況的條件下進(jìn)行汽車排放的檢

64、測(cè)，檢測(cè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)完全符合新出臺(tái)的國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（GB14761—1999）。</p><p>　　下面以恒速底盤測(cè)功為例，分析一下測(cè)量結(jié)果。</p><p>　　實(shí)驗(yàn)條件：起始速度60 km/h，終止速度80 km/h，速度步長(zhǎng)5 km，恒速穩(wěn)定點(diǎn)為5個(gè)。試驗(yàn)車為桑塔那轎車。</p><p>　　在恒速狀態(tài)下配合尾氣分析儀，我們進(jìn)行了發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)輸出功率、輪輸出扭矩及功率、傳動(dòng)損耗

65、功率、CO、CO2、HC、O2等8個(gè)參數(shù)的測(cè)量，并對(duì)速度、功率、扭矩進(jìn)行了實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)控。</p><p>　　在本試驗(yàn)中，輪輸出功率與經(jīng)驗(yàn)數(shù)值相符，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)輸出功率為輪輸出功率與傳動(dòng)損耗功率之和。輪輸出最大功率對(duì)應(yīng)的速度為75 km/h。傳動(dòng)損耗功率是檢驗(yàn)汽車驅(qū)動(dòng)功率是否合格的重要參數(shù)，它直接關(guān)系到汽車的動(dòng)力性能。</p><p>　　多功能汽車底盤測(cè)功機(jī)是汽車運(yùn)輸維修業(yè)、綜合性能檢測(cè)站、環(huán)境保