外文翻譯---電視信號(hào)

1、<p><b>　　外文資料及譯文</b></p><p><b>　　原文：</b></p><p>　　Television Video Signals</p><p>　　Although over 50 years old , the standard television signal is sti

2、ll one of the most common way to transmit an image. Figure 8.3 shows how the television signal appears on an oscilloscope. This is called composite video, meaning that there are vertical and horizontal synchronization (s

3、ync) pulses mixed with the actual picture information. </p><p>　　These pulses are used in the television receiver to synchronize the vertical and horizontal deflection circuits to match the video being displ

4、ayed. Each second of standard video contains 30 complete images, commonly called frames , A video engineer would say that each frame contains 525 lines, the television jargon for what programmers call rows. This number i

5、s a little deceptive because only 480 to 486 of these lines contain video information; the remaining 39to 45 lines are reserved for sync p</p><p>　　Standard television uses an interlaced format to reduce fli

6、cker in the displayed image. This means that all the odd lines of each frame are transmitted first, followed by the even lines. The group of odd lines is called the odd field, and the group of even lines is called the ev

7、en field. Since each frame consists of two fields, the video signal transmits 60 fields per second. Each field starts with a complex series of vertical sync pulses lasting 1.3 milliseconds. This is followed by either the

8、 </p><p>　　The hardware used for analog-to-digital conversion of video signals is called a frame grabber. This is usually in the form of an electronics card that plugs into a computer, and connects to a came

9、ra through a coaxial cable. Upon command from software, the frame grabber waits for the beginning of the next frame, as indicated by the vertical sync pulses. During the following two fields,each line of video is sampled

10、 many times, typically 512,640 or 720 samples per line, at 8bits per sample. These s</p><p>　　This way of acquiring a digital image results in an important difference between the vertical and horizontal dire

11、ctions. Each row in the digital image corresponds to one line in the video signal, and therefore to one row of wells in the CCD. Unfortunately, the columns are not so straightforward. In the CCD, each row contains betwee

12、n about 400 and 800 wells (columns), depending on the particular device used. When a row of wells is read from the CCD, the resulting line of video is filtered into a </p><p>　　When the video signal is digit

13、ized in the frame grabber, it is converted back into columns, However, these columns in the digitized image have no relation to the columns in the CCD. The number of columns in the digital image depends solely on how man

14、y times the frame grabber samples each line of video. For example, a CCD might have 800 wells per row, while the digitized image might only have 512 pixels (i.e , columns) per row.</p><p>　　The number of col

15、umns in the digitized image is also important for another reason. The standard television image has an aspect ratio of 4 to 3, i.e. , it is slightly wider than it is high. Motion pictures have the wider aspect ratio of 2

16、5 to 9. CCDs used for scientific applications often have an aspect ratio of 1 to 1, i.e , a perfect square. In any event, the aspect ratio of a CCD is fixed by the placement of the electrodes, and cannot be altered. Howe

17、ver, the aspect ratio of the digitized imag</p><p>　　The 525 line video signal described here is called NTSC (National Television Systems Committee), a standard defined way back in 1954. This is the system u

18、sed in the United States and Japan. In Europe there are two similar standards called PAL (Phase Alternation by Line) and SECAM (Sequential Chrominance And Memory). The basic concepts are the same , just the numbers are d

19、ifferent. Both PAL and SECAM operate with 25 interlaced frames per second, with 625 lines per frame. Just as with NTSC, some o</p><p>　　The most straightforward way of transmitting color television would be

20、 to have three separate analog signals, one for each of the three colors the human eye can detect: red, green and blue. Unfortunately, the historical development of television did not allow such a simple scheme. The colo

21、r television signal was developed to allow existing black and white television sets to remain in use without modification. This was done by retaining the same signal for brightness information , but adding a s</p>

22、<p><b>　　譯文：</b></p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：核心，合成信號(hào)，電壓耦合</p><p><b>　　電視信號(hào)</b></p><p>　　盡管已經(jīng)擁有50年的歷史了,電視信號(hào)依然是常用的傳遞信息的途徑之一。圖 8.3演示了電視信號(hào)如何出現(xiàn)在一個(gè)示波器上。這叫做合成信號(hào),意謂有垂直的方向和水平的

23、方向的合成(同步)和真實(shí)的圖片數(shù)據(jù)混合的脈沖信號(hào)。 </p><p>　　這些脈沖被電視接收器同垂直與水平線(xiàn)以及其他歪斜線(xiàn)路配和成信號(hào)并被電視顯示出來(lái)。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的信號(hào)每秒包含30個(gè)完整的圖像,一般被做成了體格,電視工程師會(huì)把每個(gè)體格編制成包含525條行（電視專(zhuān)門(mén)術(shù)語(yǔ)）。因?yàn)樵谶@些線(xiàn)中的只有80到486條包含了電視信號(hào)的數(shù)據(jù)；剩余39到45條行被同步脈沖保留用以維持電視能與信號(hào)一起同時(shí)被使用,所以這一個(gè)數(shù)字稍微具有一定

24、的迷惑性。</p><p>　　標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的電視信號(hào)使用了一個(gè)被交織的格式以便減少顯示時(shí)圖像的閃爍。這就意謂著每個(gè)體格中的所有奇數(shù)的線(xiàn)首先被傳輸,而那些平坦的線(xiàn)然后跟隨著被傳輸。那群奇數(shù)的線(xiàn)被叫做奇數(shù)領(lǐng)域, 和另外一群線(xiàn)叫做平坦領(lǐng)域。由于每個(gè)體格都是由二個(gè)領(lǐng)域組成,并且每秒以60個(gè)領(lǐng)域的速度進(jìn)行信號(hào)傳送。由一個(gè)復(fù)雜的連續(xù)垂直的同步脈沖長(zhǎng)1.3個(gè)毫秒領(lǐng)域開(kāi)始。這與跟隨線(xiàn)或電視的平坦或奇數(shù)的線(xiàn)相結(jié)合。每條線(xiàn)的速度為63.5

25、個(gè)微秒,包括一個(gè)10.2微秒的水平線(xiàn)以同步脈沖持續(xù),分開(kāi)并從下一個(gè)階段排成一行。在每條線(xiàn)里面,類(lèi)比電壓符合圖像的灰色刻度,由較明亮的線(xiàn)在水平方向中遠(yuǎn)離同步脈沖。在超過(guò)黑色的范圍這一個(gè)地方同步。在電視的專(zhuān)門(mén)術(shù)語(yǔ)中，同步脈沖被說(shuō)成是比黑色的線(xiàn)更具有黑色性。</p><p>　　作為電視的信號(hào)類(lèi)比到轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)閭魉托盘?hào)的硬件叫做一個(gè)體系的核心。通常是以一張的形式插入到一部計(jì)算機(jī)中,而且經(jīng)由一個(gè)同橋電纜線(xiàn)連接到一個(gè)攝像機(jī)的電子

26、學(xué)卡片的形式。由來(lái)自軟件的指令之下，核心等候下一個(gè)體格的開(kāi)始,如垂直的同步脈沖所指出。在下列各項(xiàng)領(lǐng)域的出現(xiàn)的時(shí)候，電視的每條線(xiàn)許多次被抽取樣品,典型地以每線(xiàn)512,640或720個(gè)三種樣品,每樣品8B。這些樣品被儲(chǔ)存就像傳送圖像一樣被記憶.</p><p>　　這樣獲得的傳送圖像造成在垂直和水平線(xiàn)之間的一種明顯的不同方向。每個(gè)在數(shù)傳圖像中符合電視的信號(hào)排成一行,并因此在電壓耦合元件中輸出。然而，信號(hào)并不是如此垂直

27、。在電壓耦合元件中，每排包含在約400和800之間輸出,依賴(lài)一種被用的特別裝置。當(dāng)從電壓耦合元件讀出來(lái)時(shí),電視的產(chǎn)生線(xiàn)進(jìn)入平滑的類(lèi)比信號(hào)之內(nèi)然后被過(guò)濾, 如此就如在圖 8.3 中所顯示的那樣. 換句話(huà)說(shuō)，電視信號(hào)并不依賴(lài)信號(hào)在電壓耦合元件中存在的多少。水平的方向被限制類(lèi)比信號(hào)有多快的速度決定了其是否允許被改變。這通常是以 3.2個(gè)百萬(wàn)赫茲為彩色電視放置,造成上升時(shí)間大約 100個(gè)十億分之一秒,i.e,約 1/53.2 微秒中的第 500

28、個(gè)電視信號(hào)線(xiàn)。</p><p>　　當(dāng)電視的信號(hào)在核心中被數(shù)字化的時(shí)候,然而,它被轉(zhuǎn)換返回專(zhuān)欄,被數(shù)字化了的圖像專(zhuān)欄沒(méi)有關(guān)系到電壓耦合元件的專(zhuān)欄。數(shù)傳圖像的專(zhuān)欄數(shù)字獨(dú)自地依賴(lài)核心抽取樣品許多次電視信號(hào)的每條線(xiàn)。舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，一個(gè)電壓耦合元件可能每一排有800得好,當(dāng)被數(shù)字化的圖像只可能有每排 512個(gè)圖素 ( i.e,專(zhuān)欄) 的時(shí)候。</p><p>　　被數(shù)字化的圖像專(zhuān)欄的數(shù)字也對(duì)另外的一個(gè)

29、非常重要的理由。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)電視圖像要占3/4,也就是,有些稍微寬有些稍微高一些。體育照片就有9/25的寬度比。作為科學(xué)的申請(qǐng)電壓耦合元件時(shí)常用1：1的寬度比，i.e ，就是一個(gè)完美的正方形。無(wú)論如何，電壓耦合元件的方向比被電極的安置調(diào)整,而且不能夠再被改變。然而，被數(shù)字化的圖像方向比依賴(lài)每條樣品線(xiàn)的數(shù)字。當(dāng)圖像在電視監(jiān)視器上或在顯示器中被顯示的時(shí)候,這就變成了一個(gè)問(wèn)題。如果這方面不能被適當(dāng)?shù)卣{(diào)整,圖像容貌就會(huì)水平方向或垂直方向壓扁。</

30、p><p>　　信號(hào)在這里描述的525行電視信號(hào)被稱(chēng)為國(guó)際電視系統(tǒng)委員會(huì)(國(guó)家的電視系統(tǒng)委員會(huì)),一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)一直到1954定義了其方法。這是沿用于美國(guó)和日本的系統(tǒng)。在歐洲有二個(gè)被稱(chēng)為可程序化行列邏輯(時(shí)期交互線(xiàn))和SECAM 的相似標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。(繼續(xù)影象和記憶)他們基本的觀念是相同的,只是數(shù)字不同而已?？沙绦蚧辛羞壿婼ECAM 操作由于25使其交織成了一秒體格,由每體格 625條行。 正如國(guó)際電視系統(tǒng)委員會(huì)所說(shuō)，一些線(xiàn)在垂

31、直的同步期間發(fā)生,大約造成進(jìn)位畫(huà)數(shù)據(jù)的576條行。其他的較敏感的方面不同例如如何把顏色和聲音增加到信號(hào)之中。</p><p>　　傳輸彩色電視的最直接的要求要有三個(gè)分開(kāi)的類(lèi)比信號(hào),一為人類(lèi)的眼睛能發(fā)現(xiàn)的三種顏色:紅色,綠色和藍(lán)色。然而，電視的歷史發(fā)展并不是一個(gè)如此簡(jiǎn)單的方案。彩色電視信號(hào)被發(fā)展并允許存在于黑白的電視，其設(shè)定在沒(méi)有修正的使用當(dāng)中保存。這被稱(chēng)為光亮數(shù)據(jù)并保有相同的信號(hào),是增加一個(gè)分開(kāi)信號(hào)為彩色數(shù)據(jù)。在