外文翻譯----機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)理論

1、<p>　　Mechanical design theory</p><p>　　The mechanical design is a application technical science through design the new product or improves the old product to meet the human need. It involves all domain

2、 of the project technology, mainly research size of the product , basic idea of the shape and the detailed structure, also research question of manufacture , sale and use of the product in all aspects.</p><p&

3、gt;　　They usually called designer or mechanical design engineer who carries on each kind of mechanical design work. The mechanical design is a creative work. Design engineer not only have the creativity in the work, but

4、 also have the deep elementary knowledge on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineering material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology. </p><p>　　As says above, the goal of mechanical desig

5、n is the production can meet the human need. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only when they are applied on the product can pr

6、oduce the benefit. Thus, we should realize whether people do need this kind of product before carry on the design in a specific product.</p><p>　　The mechanical design must regard as a good opportunity for t

7、he mechanical designer to use creative ability carries on product design, the systematic analysis and formulate manufacture technology of the product. Grasping the project elementary knowledge is more important than memo

8、rizing some data and the formula. Merely using the data and the formula is insufficient to completely decide all decision in a good design. On the other hand, they should carry on all operations precisely. For example, &

9、lt;/p><p>　　New designs can have many flaws and problems unexpected, only these flaws and the question have been solved, can new product’s superiority be manifested. Therefore, a superior product born followed

10、a higher risk at the same time. What should emphasize is that if designs itself does not request to use the brand-new method, it is not necessary to use the new method merely for the goal for transformation. </p>

11、<p>　　In the preliminary stage of design, should allow designer fully to display the creativity, not restraint to each kind of restraint. Even if have many impractical ideas in early time, they can also be corrected

12、 before plan blueprint. Only in this way can not stop the innovation. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, and then perform the comparison. It is possible that some ideas have been used in the final pl

13、an which is not accepted before. </p><p>　　The psychologist frequently discusses the causes of how could people adapt to machine which operate. A designer’s personnel's basic responsibility is diligently

14、 causes the machine to adapt the people. This certainly is not an easy work, because the most superior operating area and the operating process to all do not exist in fact. </p><p>　　Another important questi

15、on, project engineer must be able to carry on the exchange the consultation with other concerned personnel. In the initial stage, designer has to exchange with administrator on the preliminary design, and be approved. Th

16、is is generally through the oral discussion, with schematic diagram and the writing material. In order to carry on the effective exchange, needs to solve the following problem: </p><p>　　(1) Whether product

17、designed is truly needed for the people? </p><p>　　(2) Whether this product has competitive ability compare with other company’s existing similar products? </p><p>　　(3) Whether this kind of pro

18、duct is economical? </p><p>　　(4) Whether this product’s service convenient? </p><p>　　(5) Whether this product sale well? Whether can gain?</p><p>　　Only time be able to produce th

19、e correct answer to above question. But, the product design, the manufacture and the sale only can continue on foundation of the above question preliminary answered. Project engineer also should consult together with the

20、 branch of manufacture for the finally design proposal through the detail drawing and the assembly drawing.</p><p>　　Usually, can have some problem in the manufacture process. Possibly can request to some co

21、mponents size or the common difference makes some changes, causes the components the production to change easily. But, in the project change must have to pass through designs the personnel to authorize, guaranteed cannot

22、 damage the product the function. Sometimes, when in front of product assembly or in the packing foreign shipment experiment only then discovers in the design some kind of flaw. These instan</p><p>　　Recent

23、year, the engineering material choice already appeared importantly. In addition, the choice process should be to the material continuously the unceasing again appraisal process. The new material unceasingly appears, but

24、some original materials can obtain the quantity possibly can reduce. The environmental pollution, material recycling aspect and so on use, worker's health and security frequently can attach the new limiting condition

25、 to the choice of material. In order to reduce the weight</p><p>　　Makes any product the first step of work all is designs. Designs usually may divide into several explicit stages: (a) preliminary design; (b

26、) functional design; (c) production design. In the preliminary design stage, the designer emphatically considered the product should have function. Usually must conceive and consider several plans, then decided this kind

27、 of thought is whether feasible; If is feasible, then should makes the further improvement to or several plans. In this stage, the question </p><p>　　In the functional design and the engineering design stage

28、, needs to make a practical feasible design. Must draw up the quite complete blueprint in this stage, chooses and determines each kind of components the material. Usually must make the prototype or the working model, and

29、 carries on the experiment to it, the appraisal product function, the reliability, the outward appearance and the service maintenance and so on. Although this kind of experiment possibly can indicate, enters in the produ

30、ct </p><p>　　In the production design stage, is should completely determine with the material related main question the material, causes them to adapt with the existing equipment, can use the existing equipm

31、ent economically to carry on the processing, moreover the material quantity can quite be easy to guarantee the supply. </p><p>　　In the manufacture process, inevitably can appear to uses the material to make

32、 some changes the situation. The experience indicated that, may use certain cheap materials to take the substitute. However, in the majority situation, in will carry on the production later to change the material to have

33、 in to start before the production to change the price which the material will spend to have to be higher than. Completes the choice of material work in the design stage, may avoid the most such situati</p><p&

34、gt;　　The product responsibility lawsuit forces designs the personnel and the company when the choice material, uses the best procedure. In the material process, five most common questions are: (a) did not understand or c

35、annot use about the material application aspect most newly the best information paper; (b) has not been able to foresee and to consider the dusk year possible reasonable use (for example to have the possibility, designs

36、the personnel also to be supposed further to forecast and the con</p><p>　　Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclu

37、sion. May for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility

38、 lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsu</p><p>　　May see from the above discussion, when choose ma

39、terial, people should have comprehensive and basic understanding of the material nature, the characteristic and its processing method.</p><p><b>　　機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)理論</b></p><p>　　機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)是一門通過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)新產(chǎn)品或

40、者改進(jìn)老產(chǎn)品來(lái)滿足人類需求的應(yīng)用技術(shù)科學(xué)。它涉及工程技術(shù)的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域，主要研究產(chǎn)品的尺寸、形狀和詳細(xì)結(jié)構(gòu)的基本構(gòu)思，還要研究產(chǎn)品在制造、銷售和使用等方面的問(wèn)題。</p><p>　　進(jìn)行各種機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)工作的人員通常被稱為設(shè)計(jì)人員或者機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)工程師。機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)是一項(xiàng)創(chuàng)造性的工作。設(shè)計(jì)工程師不僅在工作上要有創(chuàng)造性，還必須在機(jī)械制圖、運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)、工程材料、材料力學(xué)和機(jī)械制造工藝學(xué)等方面具有深厚的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)。 </p>

41、<p>　　如前所訴，機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)的目的是生產(chǎn)能夠滿足人類需求的產(chǎn)品。發(fā)明、發(fā)現(xiàn)和科技知識(shí)本身并不一定能給人類帶來(lái)好處，只有當(dāng)它們被應(yīng)用在產(chǎn)品上才能產(chǎn)生效益。因而，應(yīng)該認(rèn)識(shí)到在一個(gè)特定的產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)之前，必須先確定人們是否需要這種產(chǎn)品。</p><p>　　應(yīng)當(dāng)把機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)看成是機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)人員運(yùn)用創(chuàng)造性的才能進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)、系統(tǒng)分析和制定產(chǎn)品的制造工藝學(xué)的一個(gè)良機(jī)。掌握工程基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)要比熟記一些數(shù)據(jù)和公式更為重要

42、。僅僅使用數(shù)據(jù)和公式是不足以在一個(gè)好的設(shè)計(jì)中做出所需的全部決定的。另一方面，應(yīng)該認(rèn)真精確的進(jìn)行所有運(yùn)算。例如，即使將一個(gè)小數(shù)點(diǎn)的位置放錯(cuò)，也會(huì)使正確的設(shè)計(jì)變成錯(cuò)誤的。</p><p>　　新設(shè)計(jì)本身會(huì)有許多缺陷和未能預(yù)料的問(wèn)題發(fā)生，只有當(dāng)這些缺陷和問(wèn)題被解決之后，才能體現(xiàn)出新產(chǎn)品的優(yōu)越性。因此，一個(gè)性能優(yōu)越的產(chǎn)品誕生的同時(shí)，也伴隨著較高的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。應(yīng)該強(qiáng)調(diào)的是，如果設(shè)計(jì)本身不要求采用全新的方法，就沒有必要僅僅為了變革

43、的目的而采用新方法。</p><p>　　在設(shè)計(jì)的初始階段，應(yīng)該允許設(shè)計(jì)人員充分發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造性，不受各種約束。即使產(chǎn)生了許多不切實(shí)際的想法，也會(huì)在設(shè)計(jì)的早期，即繪制圖紙之前被改正掉。只有這樣，才不至于堵塞創(chuàng)新的思路。通常，要提出幾套設(shè)計(jì)方案，然后加以比較。很有可能在最后選定的方案中，采用了某些未被接受的方案中的一些想法。 </p><p>　　心理學(xué)家經(jīng)常談?wù)撊绾问谷藗冞m應(yīng)他們所操作的機(jī)器。設(shè)

44、計(jì)人員的基本職責(zé)是努力使機(jī)器來(lái)適應(yīng)人們。這并不是一項(xiàng)容易的工作，因?yàn)閷?shí)際上并不存在著一個(gè)對(duì)所有人來(lái)說(shuō)都是最優(yōu)的操作范圍和操作過(guò)程。</p><p>　　另一個(gè)重要問(wèn)題，設(shè)計(jì)工程師必須能夠同其他有關(guān)人員進(jìn)行交流和磋商。在開始階段，設(shè)計(jì)人員必須就初步設(shè)計(jì)同管理人員進(jìn)行交流和磋商，并得到批準(zhǔn)。這一般是通過(guò)口頭討論，草圖和文字材料進(jìn)行的。為了進(jìn)行有效的交流 ，需要解決下列問(wèn)題：</p><p>　

45、　（1） 所設(shè)計(jì)的這個(gè)產(chǎn)品是否真正為人們所需要？</p><p>　　（2） 此產(chǎn)品與其他公司的現(xiàn)有同類產(chǎn)品相比有無(wú)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力？</p><p>　　（3） 生產(chǎn)這種產(chǎn)品是否經(jīng)濟(jì)？</p><p>　?。?） 產(chǎn)品的維修是否方便？</p><p>　?。?） 產(chǎn)品有無(wú)銷路？是否可以盈利？ </p><p>　　只有時(shí)間能

46、對(duì)上述問(wèn)題給出正確答案。但是， 產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)、制造和銷售只能在對(duì)上述問(wèn)題的初步肯定答案的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行。設(shè)計(jì)工程師還應(yīng)該通過(guò)零件圖和裝配圖，與制造部門一起對(duì)最終設(shè)計(jì)方案進(jìn)行磋商。</p><p>　　通常 ，在制造過(guò)程中會(huì)出現(xiàn)某個(gè)問(wèn)題?？赡軙?huì)要求對(duì)某個(gè)零件尺寸或公差作一些更改，使零件的生產(chǎn)變得容易。但是，工程上的更改必須要經(jīng)過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)人員批準(zhǔn)，以保證不會(huì)損傷產(chǎn)品的功能。有時(shí)，在產(chǎn)品的裝配時(shí)或者裝箱外運(yùn)前的試驗(yàn)中才發(fā)現(xiàn)設(shè)計(jì)中

47、的某種缺陷。這些事例恰好說(shuō)明了設(shè)計(jì)是一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)過(guò)程。總是存在著更好的方法來(lái)完成設(shè)計(jì)工作，設(shè)計(jì)人員應(yīng)該不斷努力，尋找這些更好的方法。</p><p>　　近些年來(lái)，工程材料的選擇已經(jīng)顯得重要。此外，選擇過(guò)程應(yīng)該是一個(gè)對(duì)材料的連續(xù)不斷的重新評(píng)價(jià)過(guò)程。新材料不斷出現(xiàn)，而一些原有的材料的能夠獲得的數(shù)量可能會(huì)減少。環(huán)境污染、材料的回收利用、工人的健康及安全等方面經(jīng)常會(huì)對(duì)材料選擇附加新的限制條件。為了減輕重量或者節(jié)約能源，可能

48、會(huì)要求使用不同的材料。來(lái)自國(guó)內(nèi)和國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)、對(duì)產(chǎn)品維修保養(yǎng)方便性要求的提高和顧客的反饋等方面的壓力，都會(huì)促使人們對(duì)材料進(jìn)行重新評(píng)價(jià)。由于材料選用不當(dāng)造成的產(chǎn)品責(zé)任訴訟，已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生了深刻的影響。此外，材料與材料加工之間的相互依賴關(guān)系已經(jīng)被人們認(rèn)識(shí)得更清楚。因此，為了能在合理的成本和確保質(zhì)量的前提下獲得滿意的結(jié)果，設(shè)計(jì)工程師的制造工程師都必須認(rèn)真仔細(xì)地選擇、確定和使用材料。</p><p>　　制造任何產(chǎn)品的第一步工作都

49、是設(shè)計(jì)。設(shè)計(jì)通常可以分為幾個(gè)明確的階段：（a）初步設(shè)計(jì)；（b）功能設(shè)計(jì)；（c）生產(chǎn)設(shè)計(jì)。在初步設(shè)計(jì)階段，設(shè)計(jì)者著重考慮產(chǎn)品應(yīng)該具有的功能。通常要設(shè)想和考慮幾個(gè)方案，然后決定這種思想是否可行；如果可行，則應(yīng)該對(duì)其中一個(gè)或幾個(gè)方案作進(jìn)一步的改進(jìn)。在此階段，關(guān)于材料選擇唯一要考慮的問(wèn)題是：是否有性能符合要求的材料可供選擇；如果沒有的話，是否有較大的把握在成本和時(shí)間都允許的限度內(nèi)研制出一種新材料。</p><p>　　在

50、功能設(shè)計(jì)和工程設(shè)計(jì)階段，要做出一個(gè)切實(shí)可行的設(shè)計(jì)。在這個(gè)階段要繪制出相當(dāng)完整的圖紙，選擇并確定各種零件的材料。通常要制造出樣機(jī)或者實(shí)物模型，并對(duì)其進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)，評(píng)價(jià)產(chǎn)品的功能、可靠性、外觀和維修保養(yǎng)性等。雖然這種試驗(yàn)可能會(huì)表明，在產(chǎn)品進(jìn)入到生產(chǎn)階段之前，應(yīng)該更換某些材料，但是，絕對(duì)不能將這一點(diǎn)作為不認(rèn)真選擇材料的借口。應(yīng)該結(jié)合產(chǎn)品的功能，認(rèn)真仔細(xì)地考慮產(chǎn)品的外觀、成本和可靠性。一個(gè)很有成就的公司在制造所有的樣機(jī)時(shí)，所選用的材料應(yīng)該和其生產(chǎn)中

51、使用的材料相同，并盡可能使用同樣的制造技術(shù)。這樣對(duì)公司是很有好處的。功能完備的樣機(jī)如果不能根據(jù)預(yù)期的銷售量經(jīng)濟(jì)地制造出來(lái)，或者是樣機(jī)與正式生產(chǎn)的裝置在質(zhì)量和可靠性方面有很大不同，則這種樣機(jī)就沒有多大的價(jià)值。設(shè)計(jì)工程師最好能在這一階段完全完成材料的分析、選擇和確定工作，而不是將其留到生產(chǎn)設(shè)計(jì)階段去做。因?yàn)椋谏a(chǎn)設(shè)計(jì)階段材料的更換是由其他人進(jìn)行的，這些人對(duì)產(chǎn)品的所有功能的了解不如設(shè)計(jì)工程師。 </p><p>　　

52、在生產(chǎn)設(shè)計(jì)階段中，與材料有關(guān)的主要問(wèn)題是應(yīng)該把材料完全確定下來(lái)，使它們與現(xiàn)有的設(shè)備相適應(yīng)，能夠利用現(xiàn)有設(shè)備經(jīng)濟(jì)地進(jìn)行加工，而且材料的數(shù)量能夠比較容易保證供應(yīng)。</p><p>　　在制造過(guò)程中，不可避免地會(huì)出現(xiàn)對(duì)使用中的材料做一些更改的情況。經(jīng)驗(yàn)表明，可采用某些便宜材料作為替代品。然而，在大多數(shù)情況下，在進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)以后改換材料要比在開始生產(chǎn)前改換材料所花費(fèi)的代價(jià)要高。在設(shè)計(jì)階段做好材料選擇工作，可以避免多數(shù)這樣的情

53、況。在生產(chǎn)制造開始后出現(xiàn)了可供使用的新材料是更換材料的最常見的原因。當(dāng)然，這些新材料可能降低成本、改進(jìn)產(chǎn)品的性能。但是，必須對(duì)新材料進(jìn)行認(rèn)真的評(píng)價(jià)，以確保其所有性能都滿足要求。應(yīng)當(dāng)記住，新材料的性能和可靠性很少像現(xiàn)有材料那樣為人們所了解。大部分的產(chǎn)品失效和產(chǎn)品責(zé)任事故案件是由于在選用新材料作為替代材料之前，沒有真正了解它們的長(zhǎng)期使用性能而引起的。</p><p>　　產(chǎn)品的責(zé)任訴訟迫使設(shè)計(jì)人員和公司在選擇材料時(shí)，

54、采用最好的程序。在材料過(guò)程中，五個(gè)最常見的問(wèn)題為：（a）不了解或者不會(huì)使用關(guān)于材料應(yīng)用方面的最新最好的信息資料；(b)未能預(yù)見和考慮擦黑年品可能的合理用途（如有可能，設(shè)計(jì)人員還應(yīng)進(jìn)一步預(yù)測(cè)和考慮由于產(chǎn)品使用方法不當(dāng)造成的后果。在近年來(lái)的許多產(chǎn)品責(zé)任訴訟案件中，由于錯(cuò)誤地使用產(chǎn)品而受到傷害的原告控告生產(chǎn)廠家，并且贏得判決）；(c)所使用的材料的數(shù)據(jù)不全或是有些數(shù)據(jù)不確定，尤其是當(dāng)其長(zhǎng)期性能數(shù)據(jù)是如此的時(shí)候；(d)質(zhì)量控制方法不適當(dāng)和未經(jīng)驗(yàn)

55、證；(e)由一些完全不稱職的人員選擇材料。</p><p>　　通過(guò)對(duì)上述五個(gè)問(wèn)題的分析，可以得出這些問(wèn)題是沒有充分理由存在的結(jié)論。對(duì)這些問(wèn)題的研究分析可以為避免這些問(wèn)題的出現(xiàn)指明方向。盡管采用最好的材料選擇方法也不能避免發(fā)生產(chǎn)品責(zé)任訴訟，設(shè)計(jì)人員和工業(yè)界按照適當(dāng)?shù)某绦蜻M(jìn)行材料選擇，可以大大減少訴訟的數(shù)量。</p><p>　　從以上的討論可以看出，選擇材料的人們應(yīng)該對(duì)材料的性質(zhì)，特點(diǎn)和加