外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯——太陽(yáng)能在城市生活中的使用

1、<p><b>　　本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)</b></p><p><b>　　外文文獻(xiàn)及譯文</b></p><p>　　文獻(xiàn)、資料題目：Solar Urban Planning and Design</p><p>　　文獻(xiàn)、資料來(lái)源：期刊</p><p>　　文獻(xiàn)、資料發(fā)表（出版）日期：201

2、1.5.12</p><p><b>　　院 （部）： </b></p><p><b>　　專 業(yè)： </b></p><p><b>　　班 級(jí)： </b></p><p><b>　　姓 名： </b></p><

3、;p><b>　　學(xué) 號(hào)： </b></p><p><b>　　指導(dǎo)教師：</b></p><p><b>　　翻譯日期： </b></p><p><b>　　外文文獻(xiàn)：　</b></p><p>　　Solar Urban Plannin

4、g and Design</p><p><b>　　Abstract:</b></p><p>　　In recent decades, urban population growth, the acceleration of energy consumption and energy price, the increase of public concerns

5、 about environmental pollution and the demolition of nonrenewable energies, have adverted the attention of different groups to the use of sustainable, available and clean solar energy as a sustainable energy.</p&

6、gt;<p>　　Specialists like architects and engineers have considered solar energy in designing systems, buildings and equipments. Straggle success achieved in the case, cause the progress of replacing solar systems

7、 in buildings and equipments instead of systems consuming unsustainable resources like fossil fuel to be accelerated. But they have not applied coherently yet. In other words, before the enforcement of solar projects

8、in cities, it is necessary to note all the dimensions related to their exec</p><p>　　This paper guides the focus of urban and town planning and design on the application of solar energy. That urban planner

9、s should consider three aspects of environment, economy and society in three related elements of cities consisting buildings and urban spaces, urban infrastructures and urban land uses to achieve sustainable goals is dis

10、cussed in this paper. So, after the review of few experiences, the issues and guidelines whose consideration lead to the more efficient solar urban planning an</p><p>　　Key words: Solar Urban Planning- Sola

11、r Potential- Sustainable City- Solar Master Plan- Smart Infrastructure</p><p>　　1. Introduction: the increase of attention to solar energy</p><p>　　The increase of urban population, activiti

12、es and technologies using fossil fuels, energy price, energy consumption and the increase of public concerns about environmental pollution and the destroy of non-renewable energy resources, are causing different experts

13、 including specialists related to building and construction to look for alternative ways of energy provision. Building professionals have not considered the aim of good design aesthetically more and try to design the bui

14、lding’s characteri</p><p>　　In Germany, at the end of the 1960’s a group of architects, designers, engineers and sociologist, called LOG ID, were aiming at a life within a green environment. The life and wor

15、k in a greenhouse got tested and promoted. Home designs, similar energy gaining and a heat storage. The idealistic goal was the dream of the self-supply(Hagemann,2005). Then, straggle efforts have been done and various c

16、oncepts such as “ Biological design”, “Natural Design”, “AlternateBuilding Design”, “Sustainable Arc</p><p>　　“Ecological and Solar Building Design” can be described as any form of design that minimizes env

17、ironmentally destructive impacts by integrating itself with the living processes(Hagemann,2005). Some of the targets Hagman (2005) presented as the targets of ecological and solar design in its paper are lowest possi

18、ble pollutant delivery at the environment,lowest possible power consumption from fossil energy resources, maximum use of renewable energy sources including the use of active and passiv</p><p>　　Although the

19、effort, the limited information and knowledge of architects about new technologies and various designs of solar technologies and its strategies, the scarce of limitations of architectural plan, low knowledge of urban pla

20、nners on consideration of prerequisites of buildingdevelopment and urban authorities’ inadequate attention in financial and educational programs to sample projects, prohibit the vast development of using the energy an

21、d related strategies in cities. Therefore, the </p><p>　　2. The necessity of using solar energy in urban scale</p><p>　　There are three major reasons that interpret the necessity of using solar

22、energy in urban scale and the consideration of its prerequisites in urban planning and urban design scales. The first is theacceleration of urban population growth around the world and the global prediction results sho

23、wing the exhausting of none-renewable energy resources. In depend on the estimations done in Berlin, urban buildings consume 40% of urban energy mostly achieved by fossil fuel, while each building can pro</p>&l

24、t;p>　　Using the approach, some of the cities such as Berlin and New York have started some changes and reparations of the construction of residential buildings. And also through the application of some bylaws and code

25、s, they appreciate or obeyed occupants to alternate unsustainable energy resources in their houses with solar technologies.</p><p>　　In addition, without any doubt, urban authorities and local management hav

26、e a key role on empowerment and persuasion of using solar energy among individual parts and different groups of the society by introducing some local policies and an appropriate legal framework. As a result, the developm

27、ent and expansion of solar technologies in urban buildings could not be easily occurred without the consideration of necessary measures in urban scale. Berlin could be mentioned as asuccessful city in the a</p>&l

28、t;p>　　Hagemann (2005) says that today, in some countries, such as Switzerland and Germany, approaches that were seen as “ecological” or “solar” in the past, are considered as a “state of the technology” and are appli

29、ed for predominantly economic and technical reason.In this respect, some standards are set for the serious application of solar technologies in Germany. Also, as Guedi et al (2006) say many cities like New York, San Fr

30、ancisco, Tel Aviv and Toronto have defined regulations to keep sola</p><p>　　3. Methods of using solar energy in cities</p><p>　　In recent years, solar energy is applied by different systems

31、and for different aims. The first method is using solar thermal energy in two ways: in the first method, the energy is used in house equipments and other daily necessity tools such as solar heating, ventilation and ai

32、rconditioning system and Solar water disinfection system.The second method of using solar energy is solar cells or a kind of installation named Photovoltaic (PV). Photovoltaic is perhaps the most promising active sola<

33、;/p><p>　　4. Solar Urban Planning</p><p>　　The aim of solar building, which is similar to solar building design and ecological design, is the reduction of using fossil fuel, efficient use of energ

34、y, providing environmentally friendly, healthy and economical style of life and use the solar energy actively and inactively through the complete and accurate understanding of ecological condition. Solar urban planning

35、means integration of energy efficiency and solar energy in town planning via urban renewal, urban removal and new developm</p><p>　　Determining a correct vision and practical goals are important steps o

36、f solar planning like every planning programs. Considering the importance of using solar energy and determining appropriate goals in this direct are essential. For example, the visions of the strategic program of solar

37、 city GÖteborg until 2050 are the development of sustainable energy systems for a sustainable community, smart and efficient use of energy, renewable energy supply, changing life-styles and shifts in values, </p

38、><p>　　Therefore, urban planners should reflect the aspects in three important elements of cities include:</p><p>　　- Buildings and urban spaces</p><p>　　- Urban land uses</p>&

39、lt;p>　　- Infrastructures ( the provision and transformation grid of energy)\</p><p>　　5. Conclusion and proposed guidelines:</p><p>　　According to the different cities’ experiments throughout

40、 the world on applying solar energy, three issues including comprehensive study, appropriate and integrated management and legal context in order to efficient solar urban planning are outlined:</p><p>　　5.1

41、.Comprehensive Study: according to the issue, the preparation of solar master plans in order to coordinate different sectors of a city, the correct presentation of visions, goals and objectives for the plan and the reali

42、stic definition of administrative procedures, the purposeful survey of local and traditional architecture in order to the discovery of efficient construction methods to decrease energy consumption of buildings, the prep

43、aration of priority plans for investment on solar plans i</p><p>　　5.2.Appropriateand integrated management: integrated, purposeful, intellectual and creative management is necessary in the efficiency of eve

44、ry new plan. Therefore, the managers should hold training and informative programs related to the necessity of applying solar energy to various groups of a community and provide the opportunities of more and better coop

45、eration of engineers, architects, urban designers and planners during the urban planning process in order to the increase of solar technolog</p><p>　　Because the urban managers are the authorities of public

46、financial resources, the funding programs, orienting public and private investments and inventive programs should be prepared by them too.</p><p>　　5.3.Legal context: Therefore, the preparation of a guide bo

47、ok for designing solar volumes and the determination of radiation hours, the procurement of a legal framework to encourage developers to use solar plans are recommended. In addition, the important role of urban designer

48、s in determining and proposing solar volumes must be considered and the urban by-laws of master and detailed urban plans should be designated more flexible to let designers and architects decide more freely and creativel

49、y</p><p><b>　　中文譯文：</b></p><p>　　太陽(yáng)能在城市使用的規(guī)劃</p><p><b>　　摘要：</b></p><p>　　近幾十年來(lái)，城市人口增長(zhǎng)，能源消耗和能源價(jià)格的增長(zhǎng)，公眾對(duì)環(huán)境污染以及不可再生能源的破壞的關(guān)注，引起了不同群體對(duì)現(xiàn)在可持續(xù)發(fā)展的清潔太陽(yáng)能的

50、注意。</p><p>　　建筑師和工程師等專家在設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)、建筑以及設(shè)備的時(shí)候，就將太陽(yáng)能考慮在內(nèi)了。在這些案例中的點(diǎn)滴成功，加速了太陽(yáng)能系統(tǒng)在建筑物和設(shè)備中取代化石燃料等不可持續(xù)的資源的步伐。但他們并沒(méi)有得到連貫應(yīng)用。換言之，在城市的太陽(yáng)能項(xiàng)目實(shí)施之前，有必要注意到所有與執(zhí)行有關(guān)的事宜，以達(dá)到其最佳的效率。這一目標(biāo)可以通過(guò)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間、多維度的規(guī)劃實(shí)現(xiàn)。</p><p>　　本文重點(diǎn)在于引導(dǎo)城

51、鎮(zhèn)有關(guān)太陽(yáng)能的規(guī)劃和設(shè)計(jì)。城市規(guī)劃者應(yīng)該考慮環(huán)境，經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)三個(gè)方面，從三個(gè)相互關(guān)聯(lián)的要素：城市建筑和城市空間、城市基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)和城市土地使用加以考慮，以實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的目標(biāo)。所以，在總結(jié)幾年的經(jīng)驗(yàn)后，我們給出了該問(wèn)題有關(guān)的信息和指導(dǎo)，以達(dá)到更高效的規(guī)劃利用太陽(yáng)能的目的。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：城市太陽(yáng)能規(guī)劃，太陽(yáng)能潛力，可持續(xù)發(fā)展的城市，太陽(yáng)能工程計(jì)劃，智能基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施</p><p>

52、;　　1、簡(jiǎn)介：對(duì)太陽(yáng)能關(guān)注的增加</p><p>　　城鎮(zhèn)人口的增加，化石燃料的使用，能源價(jià)格，能源消耗和公眾對(duì)環(huán)境的污染破壞、不可再生的能源資源的關(guān)注，導(dǎo)致不同的專家，包括樓宇及建造有關(guān)的專家尋求能源供應(yīng)的替代方法。建筑專業(yè)人士不再單純的追求設(shè)計(jì)的美觀而是嘗試在設(shè)計(jì)建筑時(shí)，更注重減少使用化石燃料和避免能源浪費(fèi)?；舾衤?005）說(shuō)，自20年前在建筑物上使用太陽(yáng)能技術(shù)就有使用效率方面的突破。他說(shuō)，有遠(yuǎn)見(jiàn)的客戶以

53、及雖然人數(shù)不多，但非?；钴S，有創(chuàng)新意識(shí)的建筑師、設(shè)計(jì)師和工程師已經(jīng)開(kāi)始在城市規(guī)劃和建筑中使用和發(fā)展太陽(yáng)能技術(shù)和戰(zhàn)略（霍格曼，2005年）。他還引用Bernhard Rudofsky在20世紀(jì)60年代中期，于紐約現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)博物館舉辦展覽的“沒(méi)有建筑師的建筑”文化運(yùn)動(dòng)。在展覽呈現(xiàn)的有關(guān)建筑的例子有效地吸引了建筑師的注意力到多樣的設(shè)計(jì)和結(jié)構(gòu)的解決方案上，這些方案融入當(dāng)?shù)鼐坝^，獨(dú)家使用當(dāng)?shù)刈匀坏慕ㄖ牧?，達(dá)到了建筑結(jié)構(gòu)的一致性，很好的使用傳統(tǒng)的和

54、經(jīng)得起時(shí)間檢驗(yàn)的建筑技術(shù)。</p><p>　　20世紀(jì)60年代末的德國(guó)，一組被稱為L(zhǎng)OGID的建筑師，設(shè)計(jì)師，工程師和社會(huì)學(xué)家一起進(jìn)行了一個(gè)旨在生活在一個(gè)綠色的環(huán)境中的項(xiàng)目。在溫室中生活和工作得到了測(cè)試和推廣。項(xiàng)目的理想化目標(biāo)是能源自給自足（哈格曼，2005年）。然后，經(jīng)過(guò)一些努力，各種概念，如“生物設(shè)計(jì)”，“自然的設(shè)計(jì)”，“交替式的房屋設(shè)計(jì)”，“可持續(xù)建筑”，“生態(tài)建筑”，“太陽(yáng)能建筑”，“有機(jī)建筑”，“民居

55、建筑”，“氣候建筑”，“綠色建筑”和“自然建筑”已經(jīng)建立，以創(chuàng)造一個(gè)健康環(huán)保的環(huán)境。今天，這些方法的各個(gè)方向都在“生態(tài)和太陽(yáng)能建筑設(shè)計(jì)”的保護(hù)傘下，而這一規(guī)范的目的在于走向設(shè)計(jì)的整體性（哈格曼，2005年）。</p><p>　　“生態(tài)和太陽(yáng)能建筑設(shè)計(jì)”是以任何形式最大限度地減少對(duì)自然的破壞，將自己與周身環(huán)境有機(jī)的融合的設(shè)計(jì)。（Hagemann的，2005年）。在其文件中有幾項(xiàng)目標(biāo)：盡可能低的環(huán)境污染物輸送，化石

56、能源資源盡可能低的消耗，最大程度地利用可再生能源，包括使用主動(dòng)和被動(dòng)式太陽(yáng)能系統(tǒng)，獨(dú)家使用可再生，可回收，環(huán)保無(wú)害的建筑材料，摒棄所有會(huì)排放不健康氣體的建筑材料，特別是當(dāng)他們使用在建筑物內(nèi)部時(shí)，盡可能低的環(huán)境干擾，包括土地使用方面，為當(dāng)?shù)氐膭?dòng)物和植物而改善自然環(huán)境，盡可能低的消耗飲用水，減少和避免結(jié)算廢物沉積，創(chuàng)造有最佳衛(wèi)生條件和生活條件，對(duì)社會(huì)有益的，具有成本效益和長(zhǎng)期使用價(jià)值的建筑，即建筑物必須很容易地可調(diào)、可變和可修復(fù)。</

57、p><p>　　雖然付出很多努力，但是由于設(shè)計(jì)師關(guān)于太陽(yáng)能的新技術(shù)及戰(zhàn)略的信息和知識(shí)的有限性、建筑設(shè)計(jì)限制的不足、城市規(guī)劃者有關(guān)建筑發(fā)展的欠考慮、市政當(dāng)局的不夠重視、樣例缺乏資金和教育項(xiàng)目的支持等等，在市區(qū)大規(guī)模的使用新能源還是受限制的。因此，太陽(yáng)能技術(shù)的常規(guī)使用只是在少部分建筑中使用。而不能有效地將太陽(yáng)能轉(zhuǎn)化成其他能源是非常不經(jīng)濟(jì)的。</p><p>　　2、在城市利用太陽(yáng)能的必要性<

58、/p><p>　　主要有三個(gè)原因解釋在城市使用和規(guī)劃太陽(yáng)能的必要性。首先是世界各地城市人口增長(zhǎng)和全球預(yù)測(cè)的可再生能源資源的枯竭。據(jù)在柏林的調(diào)查顯示，城市建筑消耗的能源40%來(lái)自化石燃料，然而，每棟樓其實(shí)可以通過(guò)不同方式的太陽(yáng)能光伏系統(tǒng)來(lái)使用便宜、可持續(xù)的、清潔和健康的太陽(yáng)能，通過(guò)這種方式達(dá)到自己供給必要能源的目的。第三個(gè)原因是與城市設(shè)計(jì)和城市基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施相比，城市結(jié)構(gòu)的長(zhǎng)期性。改變城市基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施以最大可能的利用太陽(yáng)能和建筑

59、物上的光伏設(shè)備，是有價(jià)值的和緊迫的，因?yàn)槊總€(gè)在今天完成的對(duì)城市建筑和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的改動(dòng)都會(huì)對(duì)城市結(jié)構(gòu)有長(zhǎng)期的影響。</p><p>　　使用這一方法，一些城市例如柏林和紐約已經(jīng)開(kāi)始了部分住宅建筑的變動(dòng)。并且因?yàn)橐恍┮?guī)章制度和規(guī)范的應(yīng)用，他們欣賞或服從在他們的房子里用太陽(yáng)能技術(shù)替代不可持續(xù)的能源。</p><p>　　此外，毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，市政當(dāng)局和當(dāng)?shù)氐墓芾砣藛T在勸說(shuō)利用太陽(yáng)能方面也有不容推卸的責(zé)任

60、，他們可以通過(guò)頒布地方的政策和適當(dāng)?shù)姆蓙?lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目的。因此，在城市建筑中的太陽(yáng)能技術(shù)的發(fā)展和擴(kuò)大，在沒(méi)有全城規(guī)模政策措施的實(shí)施的情況下不會(huì)輕易發(fā)生。柏林可以作為使用太陽(yáng)能技術(shù)的成功典范。1996年，在柏林，通過(guò)了“有關(guān)建筑與城市規(guī)劃中的太陽(yáng)能的歐洲憲章”。憲章提到了一些指令、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、法規(guī)和法律來(lái)指導(dǎo)設(shè)計(jì)，通過(guò)這種方法，自然資源將被保存，可再生能源特別是太陽(yáng)能將得到廣泛的使用。</p><p>　　3、在城市中利用

61、太陽(yáng)能的方法</p><p>　　近年來(lái)，太陽(yáng)能得到了不同方式的應(yīng)用。第一種方法是通過(guò)兩種方式使用太陽(yáng)熱能：第一種方法，太陽(yáng)能在房屋設(shè)施和其他一些日常必需品中得到使用，如太陽(yáng)能采暖，通風(fēng)和空調(diào)系統(tǒng)以及太陽(yáng)能水消毒系統(tǒng)。第二種方法，是使用太陽(yáng)能電池或光伏設(shè)備。光伏也許是在建筑上使用的最有前途的主動(dòng)式太陽(yáng)能技術(shù)。不同于其他太陽(yáng)能技術(shù)，它已經(jīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)了普及并提供了建筑物上的各種應(yīng)用程序的解決方案（哈格曼，2005年）。光伏

62、具有其他能源不可比擬的潛在優(yōu)勢(shì)。</p><p><b>　　4、太陽(yáng)能城市規(guī)劃</b></p><p>　　太陽(yáng)能建筑設(shè)計(jì)的目的在于減少使用化石燃料，有效地利用能源，促進(jìn)環(huán)保、健康的生活作風(fēng)，更好的利用太陽(yáng)能。太陽(yáng)能城市規(guī)劃是指通過(guò)舊城改造，城市拆除和新發(fā)展的方式達(dá)到的高效太陽(yáng)能利用。在太陽(yáng)能城市規(guī)劃和太陽(yáng)能建設(shè)項(xiàng)目上選擇使用什么樣的方式依賴于每個(gè)項(xiàng)目的具體特點(diǎn)，如

63、地形，氣候，消費(fèi)者的需求和項(xiàng)目的財(cái)務(wù)資源等。</p><p>　　有正確的眼光和實(shí)際的目標(biāo)是太陽(yáng)能規(guī)劃中的重要步驟?？紤]太陽(yáng)能利用的重要性和制定合適的目標(biāo)是非常重要的。例如，到2050年太陽(yáng)能城市哥德堡的愿景戰(zhàn)略計(jì)劃就旨在形成一個(gè)擁有可持續(xù)的能源系統(tǒng)，改變生活方式和價(jià)值觀念，智能和高效的利用能源的社會(huì)。</p><p>　　因此，城市規(guī)劃者需要考慮三個(gè)方面的重要元素：</p>

64、<p><b>　　- 建筑和城市空間</b></p><p><b>　　- 城鎮(zhèn)土地使用</b></p><p>　　- 基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施（能源提供和改造電網(wǎng)）</p><p>　　5、結(jié)論和建議的指引：</p><p>　　根據(jù)世界各地不同城市有關(guān)太陽(yáng)能應(yīng)用的實(shí)驗(yàn)，包括全面的研究，適當(dāng)綜合

65、性的管理和法律環(huán)境這三個(gè)方面需要注意：</p><p>　　5.1.全面的研究：由上面的研究得出，要進(jìn)行有關(guān)太陽(yáng)能計(jì)劃的準(zhǔn)備，以便協(xié)調(diào)一個(gè)城市的不同部分，不同的目標(biāo)的選擇與展示以及不同的行政管理手段；對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)貍鹘y(tǒng)的建筑有目的的調(diào)查，以便采取有利于能源節(jié)省的建筑結(jié)構(gòu)；進(jìn)行有關(guān)能源利用的優(yōu)先方案的準(zhǔn)備。除了這些方面的準(zhǔn)備研究之外，還要鼓勵(lì)居民在建筑上應(yīng)用太陽(yáng)能技術(shù)，用各種預(yù)報(bào)和建模的方法來(lái)考慮各個(gè)方面，通過(guò)太陽(yáng)能城市“

66、精明增長(zhǎng)”的指引，減少能源消耗。</p><p>　　5.2.適當(dāng)綜合性的管理：綜合的，有目的，理智的和有創(chuàng)造性的管理對(duì)每一個(gè)新的計(jì)劃來(lái)說(shuō)都是必要的。因此，管理者要高效的管理，并在城市規(guī)劃過(guò)程中，讓工程師，建筑師，城市設(shè)計(jì)師和規(guī)劃者有更多和更好的合作機(jī)會(huì)。</p><p>　　由于城市管理者當(dāng)局是公共財(cái)政資源的管理者，因此，相關(guān)的資金計(jì)劃，定向公共及私人投資和創(chuàng)造性的方案的提出也應(yīng)該由他們