土木工程外文資料翻譯--醫(yī)院建筑給水排水

1、<p><b>　　中文3167字</b></p><p>　　畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文資料翻譯</p><p>　　附件：1.外文資料翻譯譯文；2.外文原文</p><p>　　1.外文資料翻譯譯文</p><p><b>　　醫(yī)院建筑給水排水</b></p><p>

2、;　　隨著現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)的迅速發(fā)展,新技術(shù)、新醫(yī)療設(shè)備層出不窮,從而與之相符的現(xiàn)代化醫(yī)療建筑———醫(yī)院,也面臨著新的設(shè)計(jì)理念和新技術(shù)的運(yùn)用。無論從醫(yī)院建筑物功能、其所處的環(huán)境,還是醫(yī)院建筑設(shè)備及裝備系統(tǒng),要求均愈來愈高。因?yàn)樗粌H是保障日常工作生活的需要,而且與救治病人、促進(jìn)康復(fù)、避免致殘、挽救生命緊密相關(guān)。作為給排水專業(yè)的設(shè)計(jì)不僅需要滿足醫(yī)院建筑中設(shè)備上不同功能的要求,而且必須安全可靠。下面根據(jù)醫(yī)院建筑中有關(guān)給水、排水各系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì),從社會(huì)

3、不斷發(fā)展和超前的理念方面談幾點(diǎn)體會(huì)</p><p>　　1. 醫(yī)院給排水系統(tǒng)</p><p>　　1) 現(xiàn)代化醫(yī)院的設(shè)備及裝備系統(tǒng)內(nèi)容繁多,功能特殊,要求很高。除了要求保證持續(xù)供給充分符合質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的用水外,更需要根據(jù)不同的醫(yī)療儀器以及不同科室對(duì)水質(zhì)、水壓、水溫的要求,分門別類設(shè)置水處理系統(tǒng)和對(duì)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行增減壓。 </p><p>　　2) 醫(yī)院的手術(shù)室、產(chǎn)房的手術(shù)洗手

4、水、衛(wèi)生通過淋浴水、牙科的牙科椅的口水宜采用凈化消毒水。國內(nèi)一些大型的、級(jí)別高的醫(yī)院中心供應(yīng)室,消毒中心也采用了凈化消毒水,既保證無塵、無菌,消除致病源,避免感染,又減少設(shè)備微細(xì)管道的阻塞。</p><p>　　3) 醫(yī)院制劑室的制劑用水采用蒸餾水,并在制蒸餾水系統(tǒng)中設(shè)有局部增壓設(shè)施。具體制蒸餾水工藝應(yīng)根據(jù)不同醫(yī)院制劑工藝而定,給排水專業(yè)應(yīng)密切配合制劑工藝預(yù)留給排水管和配置相應(yīng)的冷卻水循環(huán)系統(tǒng),滿足其工藝對(duì)水質(zhì)、

5、水量、水壓的要求。</p><p>　　4) 醫(yī)院手術(shù)室、產(chǎn)房、嬰兒室、供應(yīng)室、皮膚科的醫(yī)療病房,門急診、醫(yī)技各科室和職工后勤部門對(duì)熱水供應(yīng)的要求差異較大,需要分別設(shè)置熱水供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)。一般情況門急診、醫(yī)技科室、中心供應(yīng)室、職工后勤部門供應(yīng)熱水為定時(shí)供水,供應(yīng)時(shí)間比較一致。大部分醫(yī)院根據(jù)目前的財(cái)力,病房樓的熱水供應(yīng)基本為定時(shí),而從長遠(yuǎn)角度來看,應(yīng)該是24 h 供應(yīng)熱水。手術(shù)室、產(chǎn)房的手術(shù)洗手,衛(wèi)生通過的淋浴器應(yīng)該為2

6、4 h 供應(yīng)熱水,而且不能有任何間斷,熱水供應(yīng)安全可靠,水溫基本控制在人的正常體溫37 ℃左右,故一般熱水供應(yīng)宜單獨(dú)成為一個(gè)系統(tǒng),以確保供應(yīng)熱水系統(tǒng)萬無一失。</p><p>　　5) 考慮到環(huán)境的美化,不宜采用蒸汽開水爐,從而杜絕蒸汽泄漏或疏水器排氣所引起病房樓的備餐間內(nèi)地面的潮濕,避免內(nèi)墻發(fā)霉現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生。醫(yī)院不管大小,開水供應(yīng)都應(yīng)采用自動(dòng)容積或電開水爐,一般一個(gè)病區(qū)考慮一臺(tái),容積根據(jù)使用情況確定。一是便于護(hù)工

7、管理;二是保證對(duì)病員的供應(yīng),同時(shí)改善病房內(nèi)部的環(huán)境。</p><p>　　6) 各門急診科室,尤其是傳染科病房各診室、治療室、洗滌盆應(yīng)設(shè)非手動(dòng)水咀,可采用肘式、膝式或腳踏式開關(guān)。如使用腳踏式開關(guān)一定要使用防滲漏的產(chǎn)品,以免使用處地面經(jīng)常潮濕,使病員、醫(yī)務(wù)人員滑倒,發(fā)生事故。手術(shù)室、產(chǎn)房手術(shù)等洗手應(yīng)采用恒溫混水閥,恒溫出水,以紅外線感應(yīng)電磁閥控制方式為好。醫(yī)技科室的部分化驗(yàn)室、實(shí)驗(yàn)室有特殊要求,水咀應(yīng)根據(jù)各科室功能

8、的要求來確定其水咀的形式。</p><p>　　7) 醫(yī)院的許多科室,尤其是檢驗(yàn)室、化驗(yàn)室、放射科等科室中的酸洗池、消毒池、洗片池等下水管道應(yīng)采用耐腐的PVC2U 排水塑料管。</p><p>　　8) 對(duì)各類污、廢水必須嚴(yán)格按國家有關(guān)排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分門別類,用不同的處理工藝進(jìn)行針對(duì)性地處置和處理。</p><p>　　9) 由于現(xiàn)代醫(yī)院不僅要滿足使用功能需要,同時(shí)還要考

9、慮室內(nèi)外環(huán)境美觀。尤其是門急診、醫(yī)技樓往往由于醫(yī)療功能需要,給排水橫、立管布置較為散亂,較多的明露在室內(nèi),有時(shí)加之暖通專業(yè)的管道,使房間內(nèi)明露的管道過多,既不雅觀,又影響衛(wèi)生。這就要求在工程設(shè)計(jì)過程中,應(yīng)充分利用不同的結(jié)構(gòu)形式進(jìn)行合理布置,根據(jù)功能需要盡量使各種管道隱蔽布置,在不影響使用的前提下,注意美觀得體。當(dāng)然,這些需要建筑結(jié)構(gòu)專業(yè)密切配合和結(jié)構(gòu)形式的合理。另外,隨著醫(yī)院建筑中設(shè)備及裝備系統(tǒng)增多,管道的數(shù)量大大增加,合理、綜合布置各

10、系統(tǒng)在平面吊頂內(nèi)的管道則能降低建筑層高,減少投資。如在病房樓設(shè)計(jì)中,往往首層吊頂和地下室頂部為各專業(yè)管道的集合地,各專業(yè)有各專業(yè)的規(guī)范和要求,往往各自布置,其結(jié)果要么增加建筑層高,要么顧此失彼。為了克服這一弊端,一般應(yīng)考慮將較大的風(fēng)管布置在最上方,其下方為幾個(gè)專業(yè)布置支管的公用空間,再下方是布置給排水、動(dòng)力、強(qiáng)、弱電各系統(tǒng)干管。這樣布置比其他形式布置較為經(jīng)濟(jì)、實(shí)用。</p><p>　　10) 熱交換器形式的選擇

11、。傳統(tǒng)的醫(yī)院熱水供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)中,人們基本上采用容積式熱交換器。主要是考慮所提供蒸汽量與熱水供應(yīng)最大值之間差值的調(diào)節(jié)量,減小了蒸汽鍋爐設(shè)計(jì)量,減少了鍋爐房占地面積,節(jié)約了一次性投資。然而現(xiàn)在人們對(duì)水質(zhì)要求愈來愈高,尤其是生活熱水中發(fā)現(xiàn)軍團(tuán)菌致病的實(shí)例,引起人們的高度重視。主要是因?yàn)樵?0 ℃～55 ℃水中最容易繁殖軍團(tuán)菌,為此世界衛(wèi)生組織(WHO) 推薦:“熱水應(yīng)在60 ℃以上儲(chǔ)存,并至少在50 ℃以上循環(huán)。如某些使用者,需要將水龍頭水溫降至

12、40 ℃或50 ℃左右,這時(shí)可以使用調(diào)溫混合閥來實(shí)現(xiàn)。為保證蓄水溫度不利于肺炎雙球菌的生長,該調(diào)節(jié)閥應(yīng)設(shè)定在靠近關(guān)停點(diǎn)的地方”。這點(diǎn)對(duì)醫(yī)院尤為重要。因?yàn)樽≡旱氖怯胁〉娜跽?如在醫(yī)院內(nèi)發(fā)生軍團(tuán)菌則不利于病員治療與康復(fù),醫(yī)院責(zé)任重大。目前醫(yī)院內(nèi)尤其是一些條件較差的小醫(yī)院,包括部分區(qū)級(jí)醫(yī)院,不能24 h 供應(yīng)熱水,并且容積式交換器內(nèi)水溫是以梯形狀態(tài)分布,在熱交換器內(nèi)部很難使水溫保持在60 ℃左右。從而導(dǎo)致容積式熱交換器內(nèi)供應(yīng)熱水系統(tǒng)管道中產(chǎn)生

13、軍團(tuán)菌,改變醫(yī)院使用熱交換器形式應(yīng)是當(dāng)務(wù)之急。采用半即熱式或即熱式熱交換器,使其熱水供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)水</p><p><b>　　2. 多層給水系統(tǒng)</b></p><p>　　目前，國內(nèi)大多數(shù)城市的市政管網(wǎng)壓力可以維持在2公斤以上，個(gè)別小城鎮(zhèn)的出水壓力甚至可以達(dá)到4公斤。因此，對(duì)于一般的多層建筑市政管網(wǎng)的壓力已經(jīng)足夠了，但是由于市政管網(wǎng)的供水水量、水壓波動(dòng)較大，尤其在小城

14、鎮(zhèn)。為了克服這些缺點(diǎn)，多層給水系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)主要有以下幾種類型。</p><p>　　1）直接供水型 就是直接利用市政管網(wǎng)的壓力，直接供水，一般適用于市政管網(wǎng)壓</p><p>　　力稍高的地區(qū)或水廠附近壓力較高的范圍內(nèi)。缺點(diǎn)就是水量、水壓不能保證。但是，對(duì)于規(guī)模較小的管網(wǎng)這種供水方案的經(jīng)濟(jì)性能很好，不需要任何其他設(shè)備或措施。</p><p>　　2）水箱供水型 將市政

15、管網(wǎng)的水引至屋頂水箱，然后靠水箱與用水器具的高差，重力供水，克服了水壓水量的不穩(wěn)定性。但是，由于水箱可能存在的二次污染，而且，水箱體積較大，因此這種方式不提倡。</p><p>　　3）水箱、管網(wǎng)聯(lián)合型 平時(shí)水量水壓足夠時(shí)，直接由市政網(wǎng)供水，超壓時(shí)，多余水進(jìn)入屋頂水箱，當(dāng)壓力或水量不足時(shí)，水箱靠重力自動(dòng)向用戶供水。物理結(jié)構(gòu)上就是正常的直接供水的主干管伸頂接入水箱，并由水箱設(shè)一出水管。該方案減小了水箱的體積，并使水

16、不需要都進(jìn)入水箱停留這一步驟，衛(wèi)生可靠性增加。但是問題就是如果長時(shí)間的穩(wěn)壓供水（現(xiàn)在的市政管網(wǎng)可以辦到的），水箱中的水的停留時(shí)間反而大大增加，更容易受污染。而且，所有使用水箱的系統(tǒng)中水箱都必須放在建筑的最高處，在某些場合會(huì)影響建筑的美觀，甚至建筑的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)。</p><p>　　4）氣壓罐供水 由于水箱的不安全因素，所以用密封可靠的氣壓罐代替，而且，氣壓罐不需要高位擺放，不影響建筑美觀與結(jié)構(gòu)承重，近幾年很受歡迎。

17、但是氣壓罐系統(tǒng)需要水泵和自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)得配合，使得成本有所增加。不過，近年其市場價(jià)格已經(jīng)讓很多用戶能夠選擇。氣壓罐系統(tǒng)的原理就是利用水泵將水加壓送進(jìn)建筑內(nèi)部管網(wǎng)，當(dāng)壓力過大時(shí)，水進(jìn)入氣壓罐，達(dá)到一定壓力時(shí)，水泵停車或減速；當(dāng)壓力小于規(guī)定值時(shí)，氣壓罐向外輸水并同時(shí)啟動(dòng)水泵或加速（變頻水泵）。</p><p>　　5）二次加壓型 對(duì)于，小規(guī)模的用戶，如單幢建筑，氣壓罐系統(tǒng)可以應(yīng)付。但是，目前住宅向小區(qū)化的方向發(fā)展，主要

18、表現(xiàn)為多層建筑的集群布置，集中穩(wěn)壓。以氣壓罐的容積能力不能滿足要求，所以出現(xiàn)了水泵集中加壓為主，氣壓罐穩(wěn)壓(消除系統(tǒng)水錘)為輔的方式。只是經(jīng)濟(jì)成本上升，也需要專人維護(hù)。另外，管網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)由于層數(shù)不多，屬于低壓管道，均分層直接接入用戶即可，較為簡單?！」艿啦牧弦缘蛪轰摴芎偷蛪篜PR塑料管為主。</p><p><b>　　2.外文原文</b></p><p>　　Suppl

19、ying and draining waterin hospital construction </p><p>　　With the fact that modern medicine science promptness develops,new technique , the new armamentarium are continuing without end , modernized medical

20、treatment thereby consonant with that is building a hospital , are also are confronted with new design idea and new technology applying. Disregarding secondary hospital building function , what whose gets along environme

21、nt, still , finclause the hospital builds equipment and is equipped with system, the request is without exception higher and higher</p><p>　　1. hospital gives a sewerage</p><p>　　1) Modernized h

22、ospital equipment and equipment system content is numerous , the function is peculiar , the request is very high. Except demanding to swear to continue supplying with the use water according with quality level sufficient

23、ly, need more according to demand of different medical treatment instrument and different administrative or tehcnical office to water quality , water pressure , the water temperature, classify setting up water treatment

24、system and be in progress to system to increa</p><p>　　2) The hospital operating rooms , the delivery room operation the water hygiene, saliva washing hands by shower bath water , the dentistry dentistry cha

25、ir ought to adopt the water purifying degassing. In the homeland few are large-scale , the high rank hospital centre supplies a room, the centre disinfecting has also adopted to purify the water disinfecting, now that sw

26、ear to there be no dust , the sterility , to remove the pathopoiesia source , to avoid the blockage infecting , cutting down equ</p><p>　　3) Hospital preparation rooms preparation uses water to adopt distill

27、ed water, and sets up in making distilled water system to have part pressure boost facilities. The handicraft responds to according to different hospital preparation handicraft but fixes concrete system distilled water,

28、should satisfy demand of whose handicraft to water quality , water yield , water pressure act in close coordination that the preparation handicraft reserves corresponding to drain-pipe and allocation chilled wat</p>

29、;<p>　　4) Hospital operating rooms , delivery rooms , baby rooms , supply rooms , medical treatment of the dermatological department wards, door emergency call, cures skill every administrative or tehcnical office

30、 and the request difference that the staff and worker logistics branch supplies to hot water need to set up hot water respectively supplying system more. Ordinary circumstances door emergency call, cures skill administra

31、tive or tehcnical office , centre supply a room , the staff and worker log</p><p>　　5) Considers beautification to the environment , is inadvisable to adopt the steam boiled water stove , completely eradicat

32、es occurrence aroused the ward building pantry inner floor moistness , avoided interior wall mustiness phenomenon by leak or sparse steam water implement aerofluxus thereby. The hospital disregards size , boiled water su

33、pplies to should adopt automation volume or the electricity boiled water stove, a general disease area considers one , volume ascertains that according to us</p><p>　　6)Especially infecting the section ward

34、every door emergency call administrative or tehcnical office, every consulting room , the hand movement water curing a room , washing a basin should set up mistake chew , may adopt elbow style , knee style or dyadic swit

35、ch of pedal. If using the dyadic switch of pedal to must use the product guarding against leakage, the floor is to avoid using a place often damp , makes the patient , the medical personnel slip down , an accident happen

36、ed. Operation waits </p><p>　　7)Many administrative or tehcnical office, especially downstream pipelines such as pickling bath , the pool disinfecting , develop pool in administrative or tehcnical office suc

37、h as checking the room , the control laboratory , emitting section responds to of hospitals are adopt to be able to bear the rotten PVC2U draining off silent stock tube. </p><p>　　8) Pair of filth , waste wa

38、ter of all kinds must classify strictly according to the country in connection with the effluent standard , the field carrying out a pertinency with different treatment handicraft deals with and handles.</p><p

39、>　　9) Uses a function to need since the modern hospital needs to be satisfied with not only , wants to think that the interior outside environment is beautiful too at the same time. The building needs especially door

40、emergency call, cures skill sometimes because of medical treatment function , give the horizontal stroke draining away water , erect a tube arrange to lie scattered comparatively, more bright dew is in interior, warm the

41、 pipeline exchanging special field up in addition sometimes , make</p><p>　　10) Exchangers forms choice. In the system the tradition hospital hot water is supplied, people adopt volume mainly dyadic exchange

42、r. Have been to think that what be provided steam amounts and hot water supplies the adjustment amounts dispatching value between maximum value mainly , have diminished a steam boiler designing amounts , have decreased b

43、y boiler room Zhan field area , have saved one time investment. People demands but more highly, and more highly, especially the example discovering a</p><p>　　2. multilayer water supply system </p>&l

44、t;p>　　At present, great majority cities municipal administration pipe network pressure can maintain above 2 kilograms in the homeland , take place individual small town water pressure can reach 4 kilograms even. The p

45、ressure therefore, building the municipal administration pipe network's to the same multilayer has been already sufficient , has been in a small town especially since but municipal administration pipe network water y

46、ield supplying water , water pressure fluctuation are bigger. Have severa</p><p>　　1) Direct water supply type is that pressure , direct water supply , sort making use of municipal administration pipe networ

47、k directly apply to slightly high area of municipal administration pipe network pressure or higher range of water works vicinity pressure inner. The shortcoming it is water yield , water pressure to be able to not ensure

48、 that. This water supply scheme economy function is very good but, to less pipe network of scale , does not need any other equipment or measure.</p><p>　　2) Water box water supply types have led municipal ad

49、ministration pipe network water to roof water box , discrepancy in elevation , gravity depending on a water box and using the water appliance have supplied water , have overcome water pressure water yield block of wood s

50、tability and then. Since but, secondary pollution, moreover, water box volume that the water box there exists in possibility is bigger,this way does not encourage therefore.</p><p>　　3) Water boxes , pipe ne

51、tworks ally self with a type when the ordinary time water yield water pressure is sufficient , unnecessary water enters the roof water box when covering water supply , overpressure as with a net directly from municipal a

52、dministration, think that the water box supplies water to the consumer by gravity automation when pressure or the water yield is insufficient. The main force who is that regular directness supplies water on physics struc

53、ture stretches the top cut-over wate</p><p>　　4) Pressure jars supply water since insecure water box factor , reason why use the jar sealing off reliable pressure to replace, and the pressure jar does not ne

54、ed, high position lay down, attractive looks and structure not affecting a building bearing , go down well very much over the past few years. Pressure jar system requires that the water pump and autocontrol system have t

55、o fit but , feasible cost increases by to some extent. However, in the late years whose market price already lets many </p><p>　　5) Two time of compression types can make do for to small-scale consumer ,if t

56、he building , the pressure jar are only systematic. The direction that the dwelling house spends at present to housing estate develops but, shows for the cluster arrangement that multilayer builds , concentrates stabiliv