鋰電池的發(fā)展過程簡介中文+英文

1、<p><b>　　鋰電池發(fā)展簡介</b></p><p>　　鋰離子電池是一種充電電池，它主要依靠鋰離子在正極和負(fù)極之間移動(dòng)來工作。在充放電過程中，Li+ 在兩個(gè)電極之間往返嵌入和脫嵌：充電池時(shí)，Li+從正極脫嵌，經(jīng)過電解質(zhì)嵌入負(fù)極，負(fù)極處于富鋰狀態(tài)；放電時(shí)則相反。一般采用含有鋰元素的材料作為電極的電池，是現(xiàn)代高性能電池的代表。</p><p><b

2、>　　發(fā)展歷史</b></p><p><b>　　早期鋰電池</b></p><p>　　鋰離子電池(Li-ion Batteries)是鋰電池發(fā)展而來。所以在介紹Li-ion之前，先介紹鋰電池。舉例來講，以前照相機(jī)里用的扣式電池就屬于鋰電池。鋰電池的正極材料是二氧化錳或亞硫酰氯，負(fù)極是鋰。電池組裝完成后電池即有電壓不需充電。這種電池也可以充電，但

3、循環(huán)性能不好，在充放電循環(huán)過程中容易形成鋰結(jié)晶，造成電池內(nèi)部短路，所以一般情況下這種電池是禁止充電的。[2]</p><p><b>　　炭材料鋰電池</b></p><p>　　后來，日本索尼公司發(fā)明了以炭材料為負(fù)極，以含鋰的化合物作正極的鋰電池，在充放電過程中，沒有金屬鋰存在，只有鋰離子，這就是鋰離子電池。</p><p><b>

4、;　　搖椅式電池</b></p><p>　　我們通常所說的電池容量指的就是放電容量。在Li-ion的充放電過程中，鋰離子處于從正極→負(fù)極→正極的運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài)。Li-ion Batteries就像一把搖椅，搖椅的兩端為電池的兩極，而鋰離子就象運(yùn)動(dòng)員一樣在搖椅來回奔跑。所以Li-ion Batteries又叫搖椅式電池。</p><p><b>　　發(fā)展時(shí)間點(diǎn)</b&

5、gt;</p><p>　　1970年代?？松腗.S.Whittingham采用硫化鈦?zhàn)鳛檎龢O材料，金屬鋰作為負(fù)極材料，制成首個(gè)鋰電池。</p><p>　　1982年伊利諾伊理工大學(xué)(the Illinois Institute of Technology)的R.R.Agarwal和J.R.Selman發(fā)現(xiàn)鋰離子具有嵌入石墨的特性，此過程是快速的，并且可逆。與此同時(shí)，采用金屬鋰制成的鋰

6、電池，其安全隱患備受關(guān)注，因此人們嘗試?yán)娩囯x子嵌入石墨的特性制作充電電池。首個(gè)可用的鋰離子石墨電極由貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室試制成功。</p><p>　　1983年M.Thackeray、J.Goodenough等人發(fā) </p><p>　　現(xiàn)錳尖晶石是優(yōu)良的正極材料，具有低價(jià)、穩(wěn)定和優(yōu)良的導(dǎo)電、導(dǎo)鋰性能。其分解溫度高，且氧化性遠(yuǎn)低于鈷酸鋰，即使出現(xiàn)短路、過充電，也能夠避免了燃燒、爆炸的危險(xiǎn)。<

7、;/p><p>　　1989年，A.Manthiram和J.Goodenough發(fā)現(xiàn)采用聚合陰離子的正極將產(chǎn)生更高的電壓。</p><p>　　1992年索尼公司發(fā)布首個(gè)商用鋰離子電池。隨后，鋰離子電池革新了消費(fèi)電子產(chǎn)品的面貌。此類以鈷酸鋰作為正極材料的電池，至今仍是便攜電子器件的主要電源。</p><p>　　1996年P(guān)adhi和Goodenough發(fā)現(xiàn)具有橄欖石結(jié)

8、構(gòu)的磷酸鹽，如磷酸鐵鋰(LiFePO4)，比傳統(tǒng)的正極材料更具安全性，尤其耐高溫，耐過充電性能遠(yuǎn)超過傳統(tǒng)鋰離子電池材料。因此已成為當(dāng)前主流的大電流放電的動(dòng)力鋰電池的正極材料。</p><p>　　綜觀電池發(fā)展的歷史，可以看出當(dāng)前世界電池工業(yè)發(fā)展的三個(gè)特點(diǎn)，一是綠色環(huán)保電池迅猛發(fā)展，包括鋰離子蓄電池、氫鎳電池等；二是一次電池向蓄電池轉(zhuǎn)化，這符合可持續(xù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略；三是電池進(jìn)一步向小、輕、薄方向發(fā)展。在商品化的可充電池中

9、，鋰離子電池的比能量最高，特別是聚合物鋰離子電池，可以實(shí)現(xiàn)可充電池的薄形化。正因?yàn)殇囯x子電池的體積比能量和質(zhì)量比能量高，可充且無污染，具備當(dāng)前電池工業(yè)發(fā)展的三大特點(diǎn)，因此在發(fā)達(dá)國家中有較快的增長。電信、信息市場的發(fā)展，特別是移動(dòng)電話和筆記本電腦的大量使用，給鋰離子電池帶來了市場機(jī)遇。而聚合物鋰離子電池以其在加工性能、質(zhì)量、材料價(jià)格等方面的獨(dú)特優(yōu)勢，將逐步取代液體電解質(zhì)鋰離子電池，而成為鋰離子電池的主流。聚合物鋰離子電池被譽(yù)為 “21世紀(jì)

10、的電池”，將開辟蓄電池的新時(shí)代，發(fā)展前景十分樂觀。[3]</p><p><b>　　組成部分</b></p><p>　　鋼殼/鋁殼/圓柱/軟包裝系列：</p><p>　?。?）正極——活性物質(zhì)一般為錳酸鋰或者鈷酸鋰，鎳鈷錳酸鋰材料，電動(dòng)自行車則普遍用鎳鈷錳酸鋰（俗稱三元）或者三元+少量錳酸鋰，純的錳酸鋰和磷酸鐵鋰則由于體積大、性能不好或成

11、本高而逐漸淡出。導(dǎo)電集流體使用厚度10--20微米的電解鋁箔。</p><p>　　（2）隔膜——一種經(jīng)特殊成型的高分子薄膜，薄膜有微孔結(jié)構(gòu)，可以讓鋰離子自由通過，而電子不能通過。</p><p>　?。?）負(fù)極——活性物質(zhì)為石墨，或近似石墨結(jié)構(gòu)的碳，導(dǎo)電集流體使用厚度7-15微米的電解銅箔。</p><p>　?。?）有機(jī)電解液——溶解有六氟磷酸鋰的碳酸酯類溶劑，

12、聚合物的則使用凝膠狀電解液。</p><p>　?。?）電池外殼——分為鋼殼（方型很少使用）、鋁殼、鍍鎳鐵殼（圓柱電池使用）、鋁塑膜（軟包裝）等，還有電池的蓋帽，也是電池的正負(fù)極引出端。</p><p>　　根據(jù)鋰離子電池所用電解質(zhì)材料的不同，鋰離子電池分為液態(tài)鋰離子電池(Liquified Lithium-Ion Battery，簡稱為LIB)和聚合物鋰離子電池(Polymer Lith

13、ium-Ion Battery，簡稱為PLB)。</p><p>　　鋰離子電池(Li--ion)</p><p>　　可充電鋰離子電池是目前手機(jī)、筆記本電腦等現(xiàn)代數(shù)碼產(chǎn)品中應(yīng)用最廣泛的電池，但它較為“嬌氣”，在使用中不可過充、過放(會(huì)損壞電池或使之報(bào)廢)。因此，在電池上有保護(hù)元器件或保護(hù)電路以防止昂貴的電池?fù)p壞。鋰離子電池充電要求很高，要保證終止電壓精度在±1%之內(nèi)，各大半導(dǎo)體

14、器件廠已開發(fā)出多種鋰離子電池充電的IC，以保證安全、可靠、快速地充電。</p><p>　　手機(jī)基本上都是使用鋰離子電池。正確地使用鋰離子電池對延長電池壽命是十分重要的。它根據(jù)不同的電子產(chǎn)品的要求可以做成扁平長方形、圓柱形、長方形及扣式，并且有由幾個(gè)電池串聯(lián)并聯(lián)在一起組成的電池組。鋰離子電池的額定電壓，因?yàn)椴牧系淖兓?，一般?.7V，磷酸鐵鋰（以下稱磷鐵）正極的則為3.2V。充滿電時(shí)的終止充電電壓一般是4.2V，

15、磷鐵3.65V。鋰離子電池的終止放電電壓為2.75V～3.0V(電池廠給出工作電壓范圍或給出終止放電電壓，各參數(shù)略有不同，一般為3.0V，磷鐵為2.5V)。低于2.5V（磷鐵2.0V）繼續(xù)放電稱為過放，過放對電池會(huì)有損害。</p><p>　　鈷酸鋰類型材料為正極的鋰離子電池不適合用作大電流放電，過大電流放電時(shí)會(huì)降低放電時(shí)間(內(nèi)部會(huì)產(chǎn)生較高的溫度而損耗能量)，并可能發(fā)生危險(xiǎn)；但磷酸鐵鋰正極材料鋰電池，可以以20C

16、甚至更大（C是電池的容量，如C=800mAh，1C充電率即充電電流為800mA）的大電流進(jìn)行充放電，特別適合電動(dòng)車使用。因此電池生產(chǎn)工廠給出最大放電電流，在使用中應(yīng)小于最大放電電流。鋰離子電池對溫度有一定要求，工廠給出了充電溫度范圍、放電溫度范圍及保存溫度范圍，過壓充電會(huì)造成鋰離子電池永久性損壞。鋰離子電池充電電流應(yīng)根據(jù)電池生產(chǎn)廠的建議，并要求有限流電路以免發(fā)生過流(過熱)。一般常用的充電倍率為0.25C～1C。在大電流充電時(shí)往往要檢測

17、電池溫度，以防止過熱損壞電池或產(chǎn)生爆炸。</p><p>　　鋰離子電池充電分為兩個(gè)階段：先恒流充電，到接近終止電壓時(shí)改為恒壓充電。例一種800mAh容量的電池，其終止充電電壓為4.2V。電池以800mA(充電率為1C)恒流充電，開始時(shí)電池電壓以較大的斜率升壓，當(dāng)電池電壓接近4.2V時(shí)，改成4.2V恒壓充電，電流漸降，電壓變化不大，到充電電流降為1/10-50C(各廠設(shè)定值不一，不影響使用)時(shí)，認(rèn)為接近充滿，可以

18、終止充電(有的充電器到1/10C后啟動(dòng)定時(shí)器，過一定時(shí)間后結(jié)束充電)。</p><p><b>　　工作狀態(tài)和效率</b></p><p>　　鋰離子電池能量密度大，平均輸出電壓高。自放電小，好的電池，每月在2%以下（可恢復(fù)）。沒有記憶效應(yīng)。工作溫度范圍寬為-20℃～60℃。循環(huán)性能優(yōu)越、可快速充放電、充電效率高達(dá)100%，而且輸出功率大。使用壽命長。不含有毒有害物質(zhì)

19、，被稱為綠色電池。</p><p><b>　　工作原理</b></p><p>　　當(dāng)對電池進(jìn)行充電時(shí)，電池的正極上有鋰離子生成，生成的鋰離子經(jīng)過電解液運(yùn)動(dòng)到負(fù)極。而作為負(fù)極的碳呈層狀結(jié)構(gòu)，它有很多微孔，達(dá)到負(fù)極的鋰離子就嵌入到碳層的微孔中，嵌入的鋰離子越多，充電容量越高。同樣，當(dāng)對電池進(jìn)行放電時(shí)（即我們使用電池的過程），嵌在負(fù)極碳層中的鋰離子脫出，又運(yùn)動(dòng)回正極?；?/p>

20、正極的鋰離子越多，放電容量越高。 </p><p>　　一般鋰電池充電電流設(shè)定在0.2C至1C之間，電流越大，充電越快，同時(shí)電池發(fā)熱也越大。而且，過大的電流充電，容量不夠滿，因?yàn)殡姵貎?nèi)部的電化學(xué)反應(yīng)需要時(shí)間。就跟倒啤酒一樣，倒太快的話會(huì)產(chǎn)生泡沫，反而不滿。</p><p>　　對電池來說，正常使用就是放電的過程。鋰電池放電需要注意幾點(diǎn)：</p><p>　　第一，放

21、電電流不能過大，過大的電流導(dǎo)致電池內(nèi)部發(fā)熱，有可能會(huì)造成永久性的損害。在手機(jī)上，這個(gè)倒是沒有問題的，可以不考慮。</p><p>　　第二，絕對不能過放電！鋰電池最怕過放電，一旦放電電壓低于2.7V，將可能導(dǎo)致電池報(bào)廢。好在手機(jī)電池內(nèi)部都已經(jīng)裝了保護(hù)電路，電壓還沒低到損壞電池的程度，保護(hù)電路就會(huì)起作用，停止放電。從圖上可以看出，電池放電電流越大，放電容量越小，電壓下降更快。</p><p>

22、;<b>　　作用機(jī)理</b></p><p>　　鋰離子電池以碳素材料為負(fù)極，以含鋰的化合物作正極，沒有金屬鋰存在，只有鋰離子，這就是鋰離子電池。鋰離子電池是指以鋰離子嵌入化合物為正極材料電池的總稱。鋰離子電池的充放電過程，就是鋰離子的嵌入和脫嵌過程。在鋰離子的嵌入和脫嵌過程中，同時(shí)伴隨著與鋰離子等當(dāng)量電子的嵌入和脫嵌（習(xí)慣上正極用嵌入或脫嵌表示，而負(fù)極用插入或脫插表示）。在充放電過程中，

23、鋰離子在正、負(fù)極之間往返嵌入/脫嵌和插入/脫插，被形象地稱為“搖椅電池”。</p><p>　　Lithium battery development</p><p>　　Lithium ion battery is a rechargeable battery, it mainly rely on lithium ion moves between the positive and ne

24、gative to work. In the process of charging and discharging, Li + embedded back and forth between the two electrodes and embedded off: when the rechargeable battery, Li + embedded from the anode, after anode, electrolyte

25、embedded in the cathode in the rich lithium state; Discharge is the opposite. Commonly used as electrode materials containing lithium batteries, is the representative of </p><p>　　The development history<

26、/p><p>　　Early lithium battery</p><p>　　Lithium ion Batteries (Li - ion Batteries) is lithium battery. So before the introduction of Li - ion, introduces the first lithium battery. For example, in

27、the camera before use it belong to lithium button cell battery. Lithium battery cathode material is manganese dioxide or thionyl chloride, lithium anode is. Battery assembly after the completion of the battery with volta

28、ge without charge. The battery can charge, but the loop performance is not good, easy to form the crystallization of lithiu</p><p>　　Carbon materials lithium battery</p><p>　　Later, SONY of Japa

29、n invented the carbon materials as anode, with lithium compounds as the anode of lithium battery, in the process of charging and discharging, no metal lithium exists, only lithium ion, that is the lithium ion battery.<

30、;/p><p>　　A rocking-chair batteries</p><p>　　We usually mean by battery capacity is the discharge capacity. In Li - ion of the charge and discharge process, the lithium ions in motion from the posi

31、tive and negative to the anode. Li - ion Batteries is like a rocking chair, rocking chair at both ends of the poles for the battery, and lithium ion like athletes running back and forth in a rocking chair. So Li - ion Ba

32、tteries, also called a rocking-chair Batteries.</p><p>　　Development time</p><p>　　In the 1970 s, M.S.W exxon hittingham using titanium sulfide as the anode material, metallic lithium as negativ

33、e material, made the first lithium battery.</p><p>　　University of Illinois Institute of Technology, 1982 (the Illinois Institute of Technology) of R.R.A garwal and J.R.S elman found embedded lithium ion has

34、 the properties of the graphite, the process is quick, and reversible. At the same time, made of metallic lithium lithium batteries, much attention has been paid to its safety problems, so people try to take advantage of

35、 the characteristics of lithium ion embedded graphite production of rechargeable batteries. The first available lithium-ion gr</p><p>　　In 1983 m. hackeray, J.G oodenough people such as hair < http://baik

36、e.baidu.com/picview/10022/10022/0/fab3ac11c0474d22ca80c496.html ></p><p>　　Galaxite now is a good positive materials, with low price, stable and good conductive lithium, guide performance. Its decompositi

37、on temperature is high, and oxidation is far lower than the cobalt acid lithium, even if a short circuit, over charge, also can avoid the risk of combustion and explosion.</p><p>　　In 1989, arjun anthiram an

38、d J.G oodenough anionic polymerization is found that the positive will generate higher voltage.</p><p>　　SONY in 1992 published the first commercial lithium-ion batteries. Subsequently, lithium ion batteries

39、 have revolutionized the face of consumer electronics products. Such as cobalt acid lithium as the anode material of battery, is still the main power supply of portable electronic devices.</p><p>　　Padhi and

40、 Goodenough found 1996 has olivine structure of phosphate, such as lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4), more security than traditional positive electrode materials, especially high temperature resistance, resistance to over

41、charge performance than traditional lithium-ion battery materials. Therefore has become the current mainstream of large current discharge power lithium battery cathode material.</p><p>　　Throughout the histo

42、ry of the development of battery, we can see that the three characteristics on the development of battery industry in the world, and one is the rapid development of green environmental protection battery, including lithi

43、um ion batteries, nickel-metal hydride batteries, etc.; Two is a battery to battery, it conforms to the sustainable development strategy; 3 it is battery further development in the direction of small, light and thin. In

44、the commercialization of rechargeable ba</p><p>　　Part of the</p><p>　　The steel/aluminum shell/cylindrical/flexible packaging series:</p><p>　　- (1) the positive active material is

45、 commonly or cobalt acid lithium manganese acid lithium nickel manganese cobalt acid lithium materials, electric bicycle is common to use lithium cobalt nickel manganese acid (commonly known as the three yuan) or three y

46、uan plus a small amount of manganese acid lithium, pure manganese acid lithium and lithium iron phosphate is due to the large size, high performance is bad or cost gradually fade out. Conductive set fluid using electroly

47、tic aluminum foil thick</p><p>　　(2) - a specially shaped diaphragm of polymer thin films, the film has a microporous structure, can let the lithium ions through freely, and electronic cannot pass.</p>

48、<p>　　(3) negative - active substances for graphite, or approximate graphite carbon structure, fluid using conductive set of electrolytic copper foil thickness 7 to 15 microns.</p><p>　　(4) dissolved

49、organic electrolyte - six fluoride phosphate lithium carbonate solvent type, use the gel polymer electrolyte.</p><p>　　(5) battery shell, divided into steel shell (square) is rarely used, aluminum, nickel pl

50、ated iron shell (cylindrical battery), aluminum-plastic film (flexible packaging) and so on, and the battery cap, and is negative terminal of the battery.</p><p>　　According to the electrolyte materials that

51、 are used in Lithium Ion batteries, Lithium Ion batteries are divided into liquid Lithium Ion Battery (Liquified Lithium - Ion ', referred to as the LIB) and Polymer Lithium Ion batteries, Polymer Lithium - Ion '

52、, for PLB).</p><p>　　Lithium ion batteries (Li - ion)</p><p>　　Rechargeable lithium ion batteries is the modern digital products, such as mobile phones, laptops, the most widely used in battery,

53、 but it is relatively "temperamental", in use do not overcharge, discharge (can damage the battery or scrap). As a result, have protection components or protection circuit on the battery to prevent damage of ex

54、pensive battery. High demand for lithium ion batteries, to ensure the termination voltage accuracy within + / - 1%, the semiconductor device factory has develo</p><p>　　Mobile phones are basically use lithiu

55、m ion batteries. Proper use of lithium ion battery is very important to extend battery life. It according to the requirements of different electronic products can be made flat rectangular, cylindrical, rectangular and bu

56、tton, and there are composed of several parallel in series with the battery pack. Rated voltage of the lithium ion battery, because the change of the material, generally 3.7 V, (hereinafter referred to as phosphorus iron

57、) lithium iron phospha</p><p>　　Cobalt acid lithium type material for the anode of lithium ion battery is not suitable for used as large current discharge, large current discharge will reduce the discharge t

58、ime (internal will produce high temperature and energy losses), and may be dangerous; But lithium batteries, lithium iron phosphate battery anode materials with 20 C can even bigger (C is the capacity of the battery, suc

59、h as C = 800 mah, 1 C charge rate the charging current is 800 ma) of large current charge and discharge, </p><p>　　Lithium ion batteries are divided into two stages: the first constant current charging, to a

60、bout the termination voltage to constant voltage charging. Example a 800 mah battery, the capacity of its termination of charging voltage of 4.2 V. Battery at 800 ma (charge rate for 1 c) constant current charging, batte

61、ry voltage with a larger slope booster at the beginning, when the battery voltage close to 4.2 V to 4.2 V constant voltage charging, gradual decline current, voltage change is not big, the</p><p>　　Working s

62、tatus and efficiency</p><p>　　Lithium ion battery has a large energy density, the average output voltage. Uniformity, good batteries, under 2% (recoverable) a month. No memory effect. Wide working temperatur

63、e range for - 20 ℃ ~ 60 ℃. Loop performance is superior, can fast charge and discharge, charging efficiency is as high as 100%, and the output power. Long service life. Does not contain toxic and harmful substances, know

64、n as the green cells.</p><p>　　The working principle of</p><p>　　When charging the battery, the battery has lithium ions generated in the anode, lithium ions generated through the electrolyte to

65、 the negative movement. As a cathode carbon layer structure, it has many pores, reach the cathode of lithium ion is embedded into the microporous carbon layer, the embedded lithium ion, the more the higher the charge cap

66、acity. Similarly, when to discharge the battery (i.e., we use the battery process), embedded in the cathode carbon layer of emergence, lithium ions and</p><p>　　General lithium battery charging current Setti

67、ngs between 0.2 C and 1 C, the greater the current, the faster the charging, also the bigger the battery heating. Moreover, large current charging, capacity is not full, because inside the battery electrochemistry reacti

68、on takes time. Just like beer, fall too fast will produce bubbles, instead.</p><p>　　Normal use is for battery discharge process. Lithium battery discharge points to note:</p><p>　　First, the di

69、scharge current can't too much, too much current in battery internal fever, may cause permanent damage. On the phone, this is no problem, can not consider.</p><p>　　Second, absolutely can't discharge

70、. Once the lithium battery is the most afraid of discharge, discharge voltage is lower than 2.7 V, could lead to battery scrap. In the mobile phone inside the battery has been installed protection circuit, didn't low

71、 to the extent of the damage to the battery voltage, protection circuit can work, stop discharge. As can be seen from the figure, the bigger the battery discharge current, the smaller the discharge capacity, voltage drop

72、 quickly.</p><p>　　Mechanism of action</p><p>　　Lithium ion battery cathode of carbon materials, with lithium compounds as positive, no metal lithium exists, only lithium ion, that is the lithiu

73、m ion battery. Lithium ion battery refers to the floorboard of the lithium ion embedded compounds as the anode material of batteries. Lithium ion battery charge and discharge process, is the embedded lithium ion and embe