外文--基于溶膠—凝膠技術(shù)的棉織物的表面處理

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1、　　Surface Review and Letters, Vol. 16, No. 5 (2009) 715–721　　c World Scienti?c Publishing Company　　SURFACE TREATMENT OF ANTI-CREASE FINISHED　　COTTON

2、 FABRIC BASED ON SOL–GEL TECHNOLOGY　　Charles Q. Yang,*,? Qingliang He,? and Bojana Voncina?　　Department of Textiles, Merchandising and Interiors, The University of Georgia, Athen

3、s, Georgia 30602, United States　　Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Textiles, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia　　Abstract:<

4、p>　　The silica sol was applied onto 1, 2, 3, 4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) ?nished cotton　　fabrics with the attempt to improve the physical properties especially the tensile strength which&l

5、t;/p>　　had a big loss in the previous anti-crease ?nishing processing. The parameters including the　　dosage of the coupling agent, the concentration and pH of the sol and the processing

6、 methods　　were studied in detail. Compared to the sample ?nished with BTCA, 11.8% of the increase in　　the crease recovery angle and 18.6% of the enhancement in the tensile streng

7、th of the cotton　　fabric also treated with silica sol in the better selected conditions were obtained. The abrasion　　resistance was also improved.

8、Keywords:　　Sol–gel; cotton fabric; anti-crease ?nishing; strength loss.　　1. Introduction　　Cotton fabrics shrink and wrinkle easily due to the</p

9、>　　shift and deformation of cellulose macromolecules　　after repeated wet rubbings.1 N , N -dimethylol-　　4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) had been<p

10、>　　the most widely used crosslinking agent in tex-　　tile industry to provide cotton fabrics in the anti-　　crease ?nishing owing to the ether linkages formed<p&g

11、t;　　between DMDHEU and the cellulose molecules. The　　time desirable mechanical stability properties were　　given and the potential to release formaldehyde,　　a

12、 known human carcinogen, was also imparted.2,3　　Signi?cant decrement but not avoidance in the　　release of formaldehyde could be obtained by ether-　　ifying DM

13、DHEU or by continuing to treat the　　?nished fabric with hydrolyzed glycidyloxypropyl-　　trimethoxysilane (GPTMS) solutions.4 Another ?n-　　ishing agent, 1, 2,

14、3, 4-butanetetracarboxylic acid　　(BTCA) catalyzed with sodium hypophosphite　　(SHP) can provide an alternative possibility for　　the formaldehyde-free crease r

15、esistant ?nish.5–7　　However, the serious strength loss due to depoly-　　merizations and crosslinkings of the cellulose macro-　　molecules is one reason for its

16、 relatively small market　　penetration.8　　Sol–gel technology is a chemical processing based　　on hydrolysis and subsequent condensation of metal<

17、;p>　　or semimetal alkoxides.9 It is conducted at a low　　temperature which also enables the incorporation　　of organic compounds into the inorganic struc-

18、ture without decomposition.10 The sol–gel process　　has been recognized as an excellent technological　　approach for coating textiles to impart new and　　freque

19、ntly multifunctional properties to the sam-　　ples, such as water and oil repeling, UV radiation　　protection, antimicrobial property, self-cleaning and　　contr

20、olled release of fragrance.11–20 Applications of　　silicone coating technology can be seen in sleep-　　ing bags, paragliding, hot-air balloons and high-　　perfo

21、rmance sportswear.21 The e?ects of silica sol　　?　　Corresponding author.　　715　　716</b&g

22、t;　　treatment on the properties of the cotton fabric were　　previously reported, and it was found that sol–gel　　treatment could remarkably increase the abrasi

23、on　　resistance.22　　In this paper, BTCA ?nished cotton fabrics were　　treated with silica sol to improve the decreased ten-　　sile strength

24、 in the anti-crease ?nishing. E?ects of the　　parameters on the crease recovery angle, the tensile　　strength and the abrasion resistance were discussed　　in de

25、tail to obtain the better cotton fabric sol treat-　　ment conditions.　　2. Experimental　　2.1. Materials　　The cotton fabric (weight 141.0 g

26、/m2). BTCA　　and SHP were available from Herst International 　　Group. Tetraethoxysilane (TEOS),ethanol (EtOH), γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethox- ysilane (MPTS) and <p&

27、gt;　　the anhydrous sodium carbon- ate were supplied by　　Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. The　　hydrochloride and the ammonia were obtained from　　Sinopharm

28、 Shanghai Chemical Reagent Co.　　2.2. Preparation of silica sol　　Certain amounts of TEOS were added to the mixture　　of EtOH and di?erent amounts of MPTS, foll

29、owed by　　adding deionized water and catalyst. The molar ratio　　of TEOS, EtOH and H2O was 1:6:5. The mixtures　　were stirred with a magnetic stirring apparatus

30、 and　　kept in a concussing water bath kettle for 6 h for　　su?cient reactions.　　2.3. Anti-crease ?nishing　　BTCA (100 g/L) and SHP (50 g/L

31、) were added to　　a given amount of deionized water and the result-　　2.4. Silica sol treatment　　Anti-crease ?nished cotton fabrics were impregnated

32、　　with the prepared silica sol for 2 min, followed by　　padding twice to a wet pickup of about 80%. The　　treated fabrics were then predried at 80?C for 4 min

33、　　and cured at 160?C for 3 min.　　2.5. Crease recovery angle　　measurement　　The cotton fabrics were conditioned at 20?C and 65%

34、R.H. for 24 h and tested on the machine YG(B)541D　　according to ISO 2313:1972. Fabrics were creased and compressed under controlled conditions of time and load. 　　After removal o

35、f the creasing loads, the angles formed 　　between the limbs were measured.5 Five samples were　　measured in the warp direction and ?ve in the ?ll direction.

36、　The values presented were the sums of each average warp 　　and ?ll values.　　2.6. Tensile strength measurement　　According to ISO 13934-1:1999, the cotton fabr

37、ics　　were conditioned at 20?C and 65% R.H. for 24 h　　prior to testing on the machine YG(B). The tensile 　　strengths were averages of each three mea-surements

38、 　　in the warp direction.　　2.7. Abrasion resistance　　measurement　　The abrasion resistance was measured according to

39、　　ISO 5470. The samples were mounted in a speci-　　men holder, subjected to a de?ned load, and rubbed　　against a standard fabric in a translational move-　　men

40、t on the machine YG522. The abrasion resistance 　　property was denoted by the Wloss value,　　ing mixture was stirred until complete dissolution　　occurred. The

41、 cotton fabrics were impregnated with　　Wloss = W0 ? W1/S　　(1)　　the mixture for 2 min at room temperature and　　then pa

42、dded twice to a wet pickup of about 80%　　with a laboratory pad mangle obtained from Labor-　　tex Co., Ltd., Taiwan. The treated fabrics were　　predried at 80?C

43、 for 4 min and cured at 160?C for　　3 min.　　where Wloss was the weight loss per square meter　　(g/m2), W0 was the weight before the experime

44、nt,　　W1 was the weight after the experiment and S was　　the abrasive area of the sample (20 cm2). The Wloss　　values were inversely proportional to the abrasio

45、n　　resistance.　　Surface Treatment of Anti-Crease Finished Cotton Fabric Based on Sol–Gel Technology　　717　　No

46、.　　Table 1.　　Di?erent processing Methods.　　Processing Method　　1<

47、b>　　2　　3　　4　　5　　6

48、　　Padded　　Padded　　Padded　　Padded　　Padded

49、　　Padded　　the　　the　　the　　the&l

50、t;/p>　　the　　the　　anti-crease ?nishing bath → Dried → Cured → Padded the silica sol bath → Dried → Cured

51、silica sol bath → Dried → Cured → Padded the anti-crease ?nishing bath → Dried → Cured　　anti-crease ?nishing bath → Dried → Padded the silica sol bath → Dried → Cured　　silica sol

52、 bath → Dried → Padded the anti-crease ?nishing bath → Dried → Cured　　anti-crease ?nishing bath → Padded the silica sol bath → Dried → Cured　　silica sol bath → Padded the anti-cr

53、ease ?nishing bath → Dried → Cured　　2.8. Treatment methods　　In order to investigate the e?ect of the processing　　methods of the two times of ?nishing on the

54、physical　　properties of the cotton fabrics, samples were treated　　with di?erent methods illustrated in Table 1.　　3. Results and Discussion<p&g

55、t;　　3.1. Dosage of MPTS　　MPTS in the reaction system might play the roles of　　promoting the hydrolyzed TEOS to polycondensate,　　crosslinking the polycondensa

56、ted polymer ?lm with　　the cotton fabric or conglutinating the macromolec-　　ular chains of cotton ?bers or all.　　Figure 1 demonstrated that the crease recover

57、y　　angle was dependent on the dosage of MPTS. It　　was clear that the value increased severely when　　the increase in the MPTS dosage was from 0.005 to</p&g

58、t;　　0.02 mol/L. This enhancement could be interpreted　　in terms of all roles of MPTS. Firstly, hydrolyzed　　TEOS polycondensated rapidly and formed high<

59、p>　　degree polymers in the presence of MPTS. Secondly,　　formed polymers were crosslinked to the fabrics also　　255　　250</b&g

60、t;　　245　　240　　235　　with MPTS. Thirdly, the macromolecular chains<

61、;p>　　of cotton ?bers were conglutinated by MPTS too.　　The higher the dosage of MPTS added, the higher　　the degree of the polymerization; more polymers　　we

62、re anchored to the fabric and more macromolec-　　ular chains were conglutinated. The polymers cross-　　linked to the fabrics formed a transparent ?exible　　thre

63、e-dimensional silicon oxide ?lm. The fabric was　　bended for the excuse of external forces. When the　　applied force was withdrawn, the internal stresses　　betw

64、een the macromolecular chains trend the fab-　　ric to restore its original shape. The conglutinating　　improves the forces between the macromolecular　　chains.

65、The anchored ?lm also improved the forces　　due to its ?exibility and its crosslinking with the　　fabric. So increasing the dosage of MPTS could　　improve the a

66、bility of restoring from deformation,　　thus enhancing the crease recovery angle. There　　might be another explanation: the capacity of outer　　force resistance

67、 could be improved by the bending　　rigidity which corresponded to the diameter of ?ber.　　MPTS worked as a bridge which made hydrolyzed　　TEOS aggregate mutual

68、ly. The higher the dosage of　　MPTS added, the greater the amount of the poly-　　mer anchored on the fabric, the thicker the diame-　　ter of ?ber. This results

69、in stronger bending rigidity,　　stronger capacity of outer force resistance and higher　　crease recovery angle. When the MPTS dosage was　　increased further, th

70、e enhancement in the crease　　recovery angle was very small. It had likely reached a　　saturated value. The dosage of 0.02 mol/L was prob-　　ably enough to aggr

71、egate hydrolyzed TEOS, anchor　　the ?lm onto the ?bers and conglutinate the macro-　　0　　0.01

72、;　　0.02　　0.03　　0.04　　0.05　　molecular chains of ?bers. Dosage in exces

73、s would　　Dosage of MPTS/mol/L　　Fig. 1. E?ect of dosages of MPTS on the crease recovery　　angles of fabrics treated with concentration of the sol&l

74、t;p>　　100% and pH of the sol.　　not make signi?cant e?ect on the crease recovery　　angle.　　Figure 2 showed that the tensile strength</

75、p>　　decreased with increasing dosage of MPTS. For　　718　　660　　640&

76、lt;b>　　260　　250　　620　　240　　600<p

77、>　　580　　0　　0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04　　0.05　　230&

78、lt;p>　　40　　60　　80　　100　　120

79、　　Dosage of MPTS/mol/L　　Fig. 2. E?ect of dosages of MPTS on the tensile stre-　　ngths of fabrics treated with concentration of the sol　　100% and pH

80、of the sol 8.　　the existence of many hydroxyl groups, the forces　　between the macromolecular chains of cotton ?bers　　such as the hydrogen bonds are very stro

81、ng. When　　there is an external force, the breaking could ?rst　　occur in the bonds in the internal of the molecular　　chains of amorphous areas but not the bon

82、ds between　　the macromolecular chains. That means that cotton　　Concentration of the sol/%　　Fig. 3. E?ect of concentrations on the crease recovery

83、　　angle of fabrics treated with MPTS 0.02 mol/L and pH　　of the sol 8.　　640　　620

84、　600　　580　　560　　fabric is broken for the breaking but not the slip-　　40</b&g

85、t;　　60　　80　　100　　120　　page of molecular

86、 chains. Furthermore, the formed　　transparent ?exible three-dimensional silicon oxide　　?lm on the fabric and the conglutination between the　　?bers enhanced t

87、he forces between the macromolec-　　ular chains. Thus, the movements of macromolecu-　　lar chains conglutinated were restricted and uneven　　distribution of int

88、ernal stress which mostly concen-　　trated to the molecular chains of the amorphous　　areas occurred. This resulted in a decline in strength.　　When the externa

89、l force was strong enough, the　　bond in the internal of the molecular chains of amor-　　phous areas was broken and the fabric destroyed.　　The more MPTS added,

90、 the more polymers were　　anchored to the fabric and the more the cellulose　　molecular chains were conglutinated. As a result,　　the tensile strength decreases

91、 sharply. Compared to　　the sample only treated with BTCA, the increase of　　20.5% in the tensile strength of the silica sol treated　　fabric could be obtained

92、when the MPTS dosage was　　0.02 mol/L.　　3.2. Concentration of the sol　　Figures 3 and 4 demonstrated the e?ects of concen-　　tration of the

93、 sol on the crease recovery angle and　　the tensile strength of the cotton fabric. The crease　　recovery angle increased from 238.8 to 252.4? and　　the tensile

94、strength increased from 578.2 to 635 N　　Concentration of the sol/%　　Fig. 4. E?ect of concentrations on the tensile strength　　of fabrics treated with MPTS 0.0

95、2 mol/L and pH of the　　sol 8.　　by increasing the sol concentration from 50 to 100%.　　These enhancements were acceptable, since increas-<

96、;/p>　　ing the sol concentration would increase the availabil-　　ity of the sol, enhance the amount of the hydrolyzed　　TEOS, improve the degree of the polymerization

97、and　　consequently increase the thickness of the ?exible　　?lm anchored onto the cotton fabric. The higher　　the concentration of the sol, the thicker the ?exib

98、le　　?lm. When the fabric was bended for outer forces,　　the thick ?lm anchored onto the surface by MPTS　　could trend the fabric to restore its original shape&

99、lt;/p>　　for its ?exibility. The thicker the ?lm, the stronger　　the capacity of restoring its shape and the higher　　the crease recovery angle. The ?lm also had some&

100、lt;/p>　　intensity for the silicon–oxygen–silicon bond formed　　by polycondensating the hydrolyzed TEOS. When　　the outer force was imparted, the silicon–oxygen–</p

101、>　　silicon bond of the ?lm could partly bear the internal　　stress and less external stress would be applied to the　　macromolecular chains of the cotton fabric, thus

102、 the　　treated fabric could sustain greater external forces.　　So the ?lm formed onto the surface of the ?ber could　　Surface Treatment of Anti-Crease Finished

103、Cotton Fabric Based on Sol–Gel Technology　　719　　Table 2. E?ect of concentrations of the sol on the abra-　　sion resistances of fabrics trea

104、ted with MPTS 0.02 mol/L　　and pH of the sol 8.　　Wloss/g/m2 (×10?4 )　　280　　260<

105、p>　　240　　Cycles　　40　　1　　4.10

106、　　2　　1.50　　3　　1.35　　4

107、;　　1.00　　5　　0.50　　6　　0.50</

108、p>　　7　　0.50　　220　　200　　80&l

109、t;/p>　　4.92　　2.60　　2.30　　2.45　　2.32&l

110、t;/b>　　2.27　　2.19　　3　　4　　5&

111、lt;/b>　　6　　7　　8　　9　　10 11&l

112、t;/b>　　120　　200　　5.34　　Destroy<b&

113、gt;　　3.10　　9.10　　3.11　　8.70　　3.20<p

114、>　　7.90　　3.07　　8.01　　2.89　　7.10</p&

115、gt;　　2.88　　6.90　　pH　　Fig. 5. E?ect of pH values on the crease recovery angles

116、　　1: Virgin (Anti-crease ?nished cotton fabric);　　2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7: Treated with sol concentrations 50, 60,　　of fabrics with MPTS 0.02 mol/L and concentration of</p&g

117、t;　　the sol 100%.　　70, 80, 90, 100% respectively.　　the value decreased. In the sol solution, the hydroly-　　also improve the tensile strength of th

118、e cotton fab-　　ric and the higher the concentration of the sol, the　　greater the increase in the tensile strength. In other　　words, improving the sol concent

119、ration was bene?cial　　to enhance the crease recovery angle and the tensile　　strength.　　The abrasion resistance experiment results are</

120、p>　　presented in Table 2. The silica sol-treated sam-　　ples did not show serious damages after frictions　　in 200 cycles in comparison with the destruction of</p&

121、gt;　　the sample only treated with BTCA in 127 cycles.　　That might be because silicon–oxygen–silicon bond　　of the ?lm formed on the surface was stronger than

122、　　the bonds between or in the macromolecular chains.　　When the same external force was imparted to the　　untreated and treated cotton fabrics, the damage of&

123、lt;p>　　the sol-treated cotton fabric might be less severe. On　　the other hand, the abrasion resistance was depen-　　dent on the crease recovery angle and the tensile

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外文--基于溶膠—凝膠技術(shù)的棉織物的表面處理

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