匯款結(jié)算方式常見的風險及防范措施外文翻譯

1、<p><b>　　譯文</b></p><p>　　匯款結(jié)算方式常見的風險及防范措施：對出口商而言存在的風險：1.信用風險2.技術(shù)風險3.匯率風險；相關(guān)防范措施:1.交易前，進行資信調(diào)查要求進口商開出履約保函2.盡量分批出運貨物，降低風險3.利用多種金融工具對沖匯率風險。對進口商而言存在的風險主要是在預付貨款的情況下發(fā)生，表現(xiàn)在進口商可能遇到出口商不發(fā)貨或遲發(fā)的風險；防范措施有：

2、1.交易前進行資信調(diào)查2.預付部分貨款，降低風險3.利用多種金融工具規(guī)避匯率風險。</p><p>　　托收風險：1.在D/P即期票據(jù)提示時，買方以他手頭資金短缺，要求改用其他延期付款的方式，或者以降價為借口，拒付單據(jù)。2.賣方將貨物發(fā)運以后，買方明確向賣方提出：因為賣方以前發(fā)運的貨物存在著所謂嚴重的質(zhì)量問題使他蒙受了巨大的損失，現(xiàn)在他必須要看貨物在市場上的銷售情況而后確定以前的補償和此批貨款的支付問題，如果賣方

3、不同意，他將拒收本批貨物。3.在D/P遠期或者D/A方式下，買方提走貨物以后，在單據(jù)的付款期限到期后卻遲遲不到銀行支付貨款，有人會認為，D/P遠期要比D/P即期的風險大得多，其實不一定，因為二者的實質(zhì)都屬于商業(yè)信用，賣方能否收到貨款，什么時候收到貨款，關(guān)鍵不在托收行或代收行，而在于買方遵不遵守信譽。D/P遠期與D/P即期二者的風險大小，毋庸諱言，遠期當然要比即期大些，但大多少，要視具體情況而定，D/P即期是見票即付，而D/P遠期是見票若

4、干天后付款，關(guān)鍵是看若干所規(guī)定的時間長短了。為了收匯的安全，出口商可以采取一定的措施來防范風險：1.加強對進口商的資信調(diào)查2.選擇好價格條款3.了解進口國的有關(guān)規(guī)定4.辦理相關(guān)保險5.與其他方式結(jié)合使用等。</p><p>　　信用證結(jié)算在國際貿(mào)易中的弊端：1.風險并沒有完全排除。出口商仍有可能遭到進口商不開證或不按期開證的風險。當交易中存在較大風險時，信用證是支付交易成本最低的結(jié)算方式，但當違約風險較小時，使用

5、信用證結(jié)算則會增加交易成本，為理性的交易者所不采用；2.在信用證業(yè)務(wù)中，只要交單相符，開證行就會付款。如果交單相符，而進口商付款贖單后發(fā)現(xiàn)實際收到的貨物不符合合同要求，進口方就不能要求開證行退回貨款或要求開證行向出口方追索。如交單相符，申請人不能由于受益人以前一筆出口貨款的索賠尚未解決而要求開證行拒付，用這筆錢來抵償索賠款。3.結(jié)算手續(xù)復雜、費用高，增加了貿(mào)易結(jié)算成本。每做一項服務(wù)，銀行均可取得各種收益，加大了結(jié)算成本。</p&g

6、t;<p>　　根據(jù)當事人的不同，使用信用證結(jié)算方式可能遇到的風險也不同，常見的風險表現(xiàn)在：一、對申請人來說有1.偽造單據(jù)2.提供虛假清潔提單3.倒簽和預借提單4.倒填兌付和議付日期5.短裝和冒裝貨物；二、對銀行來說有1.買賣雙方惡意串通欺騙銀行2.偽造單證騙取付款；三、對受益人來說有1.假冒信用證2.軟條款信用證。</p><p>　　同樣對于風險的防范采取的措施也不同：一、對出口商有1.做好客戶

7、資信調(diào)查慎重選擇交易對象2.盡可能拒絕接受預付訂金、履約金的條件3.加強對假冒和軟條款信用證的防范4.大宗貨物可以采用分批出運方式5.盡量選擇CIF或CIP價格成交；二、對進口商有1.認真審核單據(jù)防范單據(jù)欺詐2.盡量不開出可轉(zhuǎn)讓信用證3.對運輸情況進行調(diào)查跟蹤4.對大宗商品時，要出口商提供權(quán)威機構(gòu)出具的商檢證書5.盡量選擇FOB價格成交；三、對銀行有1.盡量不卷入商業(yè)訴訟，認真審核單據(jù)，不過問貨物2.認真完成委托結(jié)算業(yè)務(wù)3.保持原則，處

8、事嚴謹。 </p><p>　　國際保理方式的特點：優(yōu)點：1.只要出口商嚴格按照合同發(fā)貨，保理商就承擔全部的責任，且最高保險費只占貨款的1%左右，賠償期限也只有90天,2.進出口雙方不僅受貿(mào)易合同的約束，保理商還對已核準信用額度內(nèi)的壞賬承擔100%的責任,3.出口商對進口商提供了融資，而出口商再從保理商那里獲得融資，且保理商對預付款無追索權(quán),4.保理商作為當事人，積極的參與貿(mào)易過程，有效

9、的控制收匯風險，有利于提高出口產(chǎn)品的競爭力。缺點：保理業(yè)務(wù)不是理想化的，它也存在著缺點，比如保理商只承擔信用額度內(nèi)的風險，超過部分不予承擔；對貨物數(shù)量、質(zhì)量、交貨期等違約行為引起的問題不予承擔；出口商必須出售全部的應收賬款等；進出口雙方所在國對經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易制度的規(guī)定存在差異和對資格審查制度不同等，所以保理業(yè)務(wù)也不可能完全規(guī)避風險。選擇國際保理結(jié)算方式時，要注意：一、選擇資信好、海外分支機構(gòu)多、賬務(wù)管理嚴格的保理機構(gòu)；二、出口商要嚴把質(zhì)量關(guān)，

10、因為只要商品與合同完全相符時，保理公司才承擔付款責任；三、在進口商的信用額度內(nèi)發(fā)貨，超過額度的風險，保理商不予承擔；四、掌握進口商的消息，常與保理商接觸。</p><p>　　國際貿(mào)易結(jié)算中，賣方把商業(yè)匯票連同代表貨物所有權(quán)的提單一起交給銀行委托其向國外的買方收款，業(yè)務(wù)中稱為跟單托收。跟單托收是國際貿(mào)易結(jié)算的最常用的形式。在跟單托收中，接受委托的銀行即托收行(賣方所在國的銀a行)，再把收款的任務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)托給代收人(買方

11、所在國的銀行)。托收行在選擇代收行時一定會選擇那些與自己有長期業(yè)務(wù)往來的伙伴銀行或世界知名銀行，目的是保證安全收匯。我們知道提單是由承運人向賣方開立的貨物收據(jù)，同時也是運輸契約和物權(quán)憑證。提單的運行規(guī)則是:誰交貨，承運人給誰開提單;到目的地后，誰持有提單，承運人就給誰貨物。也就是說,承運人是只認單不認人的。代收行向買方交單的方式有兩種：付款交單或承兌交單。所謂付款交單,就是買方與代收行之間一手交錢,一手交單。所謂承兌交單是指買方必須在賣

12、方開來的遠期匯票上承兌，代收行才會交單。注意，承兌并不僅僅是一個簽字蓋章的行為，代收行會要求買方提供十足的付款保證，比如由其他銀行提供付款擔保函。正是提單的所有權(quán)憑證的性質(zhì)及其運行規(guī)則，加上銀行嚴格的付款交單和承兌交單的規(guī)程，才保證了國際貿(mào)易中賣方商業(yè)匯票的安全結(jié)匯，也使經(jīng)買方承兌過的遠期匯票為貼現(xiàn)銀行所接受，從而讓商</p><p>　　(二)憑信托收據(jù)借單提貨時,銀行會要求買方以銀行名義把提單下的貨物存?zhèn)}&l

13、t;/p><p>　　國際貿(mào)易結(jié)算中賣方開立遠期匯票,讓買方收到貨物后若干天(比如30天)后再付款。賣方的“賒銷”是為了給買方提供一種資金融通的便利。這在國內(nèi)外的交易中是常有的事。在此條件下若買方在承兌匯票時不能提供十足的付款擔保,銀行的交單行為實際上是一個借單行為。如何在借單的情況下保證安全收款，代收行通常會派人跟蹤提貨，并要求買方把貨物以銀行名義存入倉庫，置于銀行的監(jiān)管之；待到買方籌到足夠的錢或是為貨物找到新的買

14、主后,先付清銀行，才可提走或轉(zhuǎn)讓貨物。代收行的行為規(guī)則是：要么手中有錢，要么手中有貨，力避錢貨兩空的風險。國際貿(mào)易中買賣雙方遠隔重洋，互不了解，促成交易的關(guān)鍵是銀行的中介作用。</p><p>　　(三)出口貨物采取鐵路和航空運輸時,賣方常會以代收行作為收貨人</p><p>　　提單一般是在海洋運輸或是多式聯(lián)運(其中包含一程海運)的情況下的貨物收據(jù)。鐵路運輸和航空運輸，承運人開立的是運單

15、,而不是提單。運單不是物權(quán)憑證，收貨人憑其身份證明和鐵路部門或航空運輸公司開立的貨物到達通知單提貨。在此條件下，銀行沒有辦法制約買方要求他付款交單或承兌交單；為保證安全收款，賣方通常會接受委托行的建議，以代收行為收貨人。這樣,貨物運抵目的地后，承運人只會通知代收行提貨。代收行以自己的名義提貨存?zhèn)}，買方要得到貨物就必須先向代收行付款。中國的空運出口貨物和銷往俄羅斯的鐵路運輸貨物通常采用這種方式進行結(jié)算。中國內(nèi)地通過鐵路運輸?shù)墓└畚镔Y更是把

16、以代收行作為收款人的結(jié)算方式發(fā)展到了極致。在供港物資運輸中，大陸的賣方把貨物交給中國對外運輸總公司(簡稱“外運”)，“外運公司給賣方開立“承運貨物收據(jù)”。接下來“外運”公司以其在香港的代理人“香港中旅社倉庫”為收貨人向鐵路部門起運貨物。隨后大陸賣方開立以香港買方為受票人的商業(yè)匯票，把它和“承運貨物收據(jù)”一起委托給中國銀行向香港的買方收款。中國銀行再轉(zhuǎn)托給中國銀行香港分行代理收款。香港的買方必須向代收行付款才能得到“承運貨物收據(jù)”，并憑此

17、單向“中旅</p><p>　　(四)承購應收賬款業(yè)務(wù)建立在保理行對進口商信用的全面評估與監(jiān)管基礎(chǔ)上</p><p>　　承購應收賬款業(yè)務(wù)的操作規(guī)程是:賣方把貨物裝船后立即將商業(yè)匯票連同提單、保單、發(fā)票等有關(guān)單據(jù)賣斷給保理商，可先取得大部分的貨款;隨后等待保理商向買方追討全部貨款。一旦發(fā)生進口商不付或逾期付款，保理商無權(quán)向賣方追索先前的墊款，且還要承擔付清余款的責任。保理商這種無追索權(quán)的托

18、收服務(wù)，將自身置于承受全部商業(yè)風險的境地。這當然是保理商慘烈競爭中的悲壯選擇，但也是建立在保理商對進口商風險的精準把握基礎(chǔ)上的。國際保理一般都有世界大銀行來做，保理商要在世界各主要城市布點,以保證了解進口商的信用情況。 </p><p><b>　　原文</b></p><p>　　Remittance settlement common risks and prev

19、entive measures: For exporters in terms of the risks: 1.Credit risk 2.Technology risk 3.Exchange rate risk; Related to preventive measures: 1.Transactions,conduct credit investigation require the importers to open a perf

20、ormance bond 2.As far as possible shipment of goods in batches to reduce the risk of 3.The use of a variety of financial instruments to hedge exchange rate risk. In terms of the risks for importers, primarily in the ca

21、se of advance pay</p><p>　　For exporters in terms of the risks: 1.Credit risk 2.Technology risk 3.Exchange rate risk; Related to anti-collection risks:1,In D/P sight bills when prompted, the buyer in his han

22、d, a shortage of funds, asked to move to other deferred payment, or to lower prices as an excuse to withhold documents 2.The seller shipped the goods after the buyer made it clear to the seller: because the seller shippe

23、d the goods prior to the existence of so-callled serious quality problems causing him to suffer a gr</p><p>　　Letter of credit in international trade disdvantages:1.The risks and is not entirely ruled out.ex

24、po rts,importers may still not have been the issuing or not issuing schedule risk.when there is a big risk transactions,letters of credit to pay transaction costs, the lowest settlement, but when the default risk is smal

25、l, the use of letter of credit would increase transaction costs, for the rational traders do not use; 2.In credit card business, as long as a single pay line, the issuing bank would b</p><p>　　According to t

26、he different parties, using letters of credit settlement risk may encounter different, common risks that are: First.For applicants who have 1.Forged documents 2.The provision of false clean bill of lading 3.Back dating t

27、he bill of lading, and advanced 4. Antedate the of payment and negotiation 5.More or less, and take the loading of the goods; second, the bank have 1.Buyers and sellers malicious collusion to deceive bank 2.Forged docume

28、nts fraudulent payments; Third.There is a righ</p><p>　　Similary, for the risk prevention measures are also different: 1, One of the exporters. Good customer credit investigation careful selection of trading

29、 partners 2.Refused to accept as much as possible down payment, performance conditions for 3.To strengthen the terms of counter feiting and soft credit card against 4. Bulk gooods can be shipped using batch mode 5.as we

30、choose CIF or CIP price of transaction; Second,for importers 1.Carefully examine the document to prevent document fraud 2.Try not</p><p>　　International factoring mode features: Benefits: 1.As long as export

31、ers shipped in strict accordance with contract, factoring companies have to bear the full responsibility,and the highest insurance premiums account for only about 1% of the purchase price, compensation period is only 90

32、days ,2.Import and export of both sides not only subject to trade contracts constraints, factoring companies are also within the approved credit limit bad debts to bear 100% of the responsibility, 3.Exporters and</p&g

33、t;<p>　　Disadvantages :Factoring is not ideal, it also shortcomings, such as factoring companies bear only the risk within the credit limit, over part of the non-commitment; right quantity of goods, quality, deliv

34、ery, etc. The problem is not caused by breach I bear, exporters to sell all of the accounts receivable ,etc. import and export of both the host country of the economic and trade systems of the existence of differences an

35、d different sysems of qualifiction and so on ,so factoring business can not</p><p>　　Select International Factoring settlement ,we should pay attention: First,choose a good credit, overseas branches and more

36、 stringent factoring account management institutions; Second, exporters must tighten the quality control, as long as the contract goods and complete phase,the factoring company only take payment obligation; Third, in the

37、 importer’s credit limit within the shipping, more than the amount of risk, factoring companies will not assume the liability; Forth, master importers news, o</p><p>　　International trade settlement,，the sel

38、ler，together with representatives of the commercial bills of lading with the ownership of the goods entrusted to the banks to foreign buyers of its receivables，the business is called with a single collection. Single coll

39、ection of international trade with the most common form of settlement. In a documentary collection, the bank is entrusted to the remitting bank (the seller country's banks a row), then the task of receivables transfe

40、rred over to the collecti</p><p>　　Receipt by the Trust with a single delivery, the bank will require the buyer to the bank under the name of the bill of lading the goods warehousing</p><p>　　In

41、ternational trade settlement in selling prescribing long-term bills of exchange, for several days after the buyer receives the goods (such as 30 days) after payment. Seller's "credit" to the buyer to provid

42、e a convenience financial intermediation. This deal at home and abroad is common. Under these conditions, if the buyer can not accept a draft to provide full payment when the guarantee, banks pay a single act is actually

43、 a single act by. How to use a single case to ensure safe collection, th</p><p>　　Exports of goods to rail and air transport, the seller often to the collecting bank as the consignee </p><p>　　G

44、eneral bill of lading or multimodal transport in the oceans (which includes a trip by sea) in the case of receipt of goods. Rail and air transport, the carrier is opened consignment, rather than the bill of lading. AWB i

45、s not a document of title, the consignee and the railway sector by virtue of their identity or air transport company to open the cargo arrival notice delivery. Under these conditions, banks have no way restrict the buyer

46、 asked him to pay a single payment or against acceptance; t</p><p>　　Underwriting business based on accounts receivable factoring credit line on the importer based on a comprehensive assessment and monitorin

47、g </p><p>　　Factoring receivables business operation procedures are: the seller immediately after shipment, together with commercial bills of exchange bills of lading, insurance policies, invoices and other

48、related documents to sell off to the factor, can obtain most of the money; then wait for the factoring business to recover all the money the buyer. The event of non-payment or late payment importers, factoring companies