漢晉知識研究——關(guān)于中國古代知識分類之演變的考察.pdf

1、內(nèi)容提要自?？浦螅R分類成為西方學(xué)術(shù)界、思想界最為關(guān)注的問題，探討“知、權(quán)力”體。。構(gòu)成的學(xué)科規(guī)。。研究在當(dāng)今西方世界十分興盛鄉(xiāng)本文正是一項(xiàng)關(guān)于中國知識分類的歷史研究史19學(xué)術(shù)至漢晉之間的呂旦之際而王變，知識的內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)也發(fā)生了根本性變化，本文旨在通過對漢晉時(shí)期各種知識內(nèi)容的研究，揭示其時(shí)知識的分類和結(jié)構(gòu)的巨大變化，并討論影響知識分類的原因。漢武帝設(shè)立五經(jīng)博士，奠定了漢代經(jīng)學(xué)全盛的新局面。五經(jīng)博士各立師法，開創(chuàng)并規(guī)范了國家教育，導(dǎo)向

2、了五經(jīng)知識的普及。經(jīng)學(xué)知識廣為傳播而成為整個(gè)社會的根本知識。i漢代經(jīng)學(xué)的發(fā)展一方面使儒學(xué)最終成為國家意識形態(tài)另一方面，也使得經(jīng)學(xué)的文獻(xiàn)考據(jù)學(xué)興盛發(fā)達(dá)。食方經(jīng)學(xué)家以發(fā)明章句、闡發(fā)大義微言為正途，借助經(jīng)學(xué)的語言為現(xiàn)實(shí)政治服務(wù)。積極入世的學(xué)者也遵循儒家學(xué)說，通經(jīng)致用，努力以經(jīng)學(xué)知識為國家政治出力。這種狀況的極端發(fā)展是東漢時(shí)期俄緯的極度膨脹和對現(xiàn)實(shí)政治的迎合解說。隨著經(jīng)學(xué)學(xué)術(shù)研究的深入，在經(jīng)學(xué)的具體傳承中，各種不同的文本、解釋紛紛出現(xiàn)，民間經(jīng)學(xué)

3、家以古文經(jīng)的發(fā)現(xiàn)為由頭，依靠話訓(xùn)的傳經(jīng)形式，越來越關(guān)注經(jīng)文本本身的研究，民間非官方的經(jīng)學(xué)研究逐漸成為經(jīng)學(xué)研究的主體。鄭玄遍注群經(jīng)，標(biāo)志著中國學(xué)術(shù)以文字訓(xùn)話、文獻(xiàn)考據(jù)根本方法的確立。)由于漢代經(jīng)學(xué)的極度發(fā)展，作為經(jīng)學(xué)教育研究基礎(chǔ)和工具的童蒙之學(xué)小學(xué)廣為普及‘畢其是因?yàn)樽⒅匚墨I(xiàn)考據(jù)研究方法的古學(xué)的出現(xiàn)和興盛，訓(xùn)ii$文字、音韻等項(xiàng)專業(yè)化發(fā)展，小學(xué)的概念也完全演變成為知識的專門，并基本形成了其內(nèi)部分科。在作為漢代經(jīng)學(xué)的童蒙教育的《爾雅》的基礎(chǔ)

4、上發(fā)展了訓(xùn)話和音韻專門之學(xué)在識字讀物如《史箱《蒼領(lǐng)》、《急就》等基礎(chǔ)上逐漸則發(fā)展出收字較為全面的字書，《說文解字》在此以及古文經(jīng)文字的基礎(chǔ)上研究分析文字，從而開倉11了中國文字學(xué)棄、漢白虎觀會議后，儒學(xué)思想成為國家意識形態(tài)，此后傳統(tǒng)中國的國家教育內(nèi)容始終是借托于五經(jīng)的儒晉國家重建儒學(xué)教育，儒學(xué)為現(xiàn)實(shí)政治服務(wù)的目的進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)化。王肅以弘揚(yáng)宗旨，以孔子為圣人，對群經(jīng)進(jìn)行倫理道德化解釋，反對截緯感應(yīng)學(xué)說的神秘經(jīng)解，重建了魏晉儒學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)。鄭沖為文

5、化專制的儒學(xué)政治效命服務(wù)，不惜偽造《古文尚書》。晉代儒學(xué)完全成為現(xiàn)實(shí)政治的工具，儒家理想中的三年喪禮學(xué)說，被直接應(yīng)用于國家禮制，導(dǎo)引了儒家禮教向制度化強(qiáng)制性的法律轉(zhuǎn)化的進(jìn)程。魏晉時(shí)期，浮華名士互相標(biāo)榜，結(jié)成小團(tuán)體，清談玄遠(yuǎn)，浮華名士的清談辯論造就了玄學(xué)流派。作為形上學(xué)，玄學(xué)思辨較之儒學(xué)SummarySinceMicheiFoucaultknowledgeclassifyhavebeenbecomingamostconcernedprob

6、lemineasternacademiccircleandideologycircle.Thesubjectandregulationresearchofprobinginto“KnowledgePower“systemisveryflourishinginupdateeasternworld.ThispaperisahistoricalresearchaboutChineseknowledgeclassify.Chineseacade

7、michaschangedverymuchduringHanDynastyandJindynastythecontentsandstructureofknowledgehaschangefundamentallyThewriterthroughthestudyonallkindsofknowledgecontentduringHanandJinperiodopenoutthemagnitudechangesofclassicificat

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14、oftheextremedevelopmentofClassicsStudyinHanDynastytheprimaryeducationwhichisthebaseandtoolsofClassicsStudyeducationbecamepopularespeciallytheGuWenStudysemergedandprosperedwhichisconcernedphilologytextualresearchannotatio

15、nleter.phonologyandetc.specializationlydevelopedtheconceptofprimaryeducationalsobecameaprofessionalknowledgeandformtheinnerclassifiedsubjectbasically.Baseonthe((ErYa))whichisprimaryeducationofClassicStudyofHanDynastydeve

16、lopedtheannotationandphonologyandbaseonliteracydocumentsuchas(ShiLiu)WangJi))((JiJiu)developedthedictionarywhichsearchforthewordsroundlybasedonthisandGuWenClassicsleter，RShuoWenJieZi))analyzeletercreatedChineseliteralstu

17、dy.AfterBaiFuGuangmeetingConfucianismthoughtbecamethecountryideologyanduponthisthecontentoftraditionalChinesecountryeducationisalwaysConfucianismrelyingonFiveClassics.DuringWeiJindynastygovernmentsetupConfucianismeducati

18、onstrengthenthegoalofservicingtherealisticpolitics.WangShuhadaimofdevelopingConfucianmadeConfucianassaintexplainedtheClassicsethicallyandmorallyobjectedthemysticnoteofprophecyandrespondentdoctrineresetupthebasicofConfuci