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1、1Glossary for BiochemistryAacetyl CoA carboxylase An enzyme that catalyzes the ATP-dependent synthesis of malonyl CoA from acetyl CoA and carbon dioxide, the committed step in fatty acid synthesis. acetylcholine A commo

2、n neurotransmitter that exerts its effects by first binding to the acetylcholine receptor. acetylcholine receptor A ligand-gated channel that promotes a large inward current of sodium ions and triggers an action potent

3、ial; composed of a pentamer of four kinds of polypeptide subunits, the channel opens to allow passage of sodium and potassium ions when two acetylcholine molecules promote transient opening of the channel. activated ca

4、rriers Small molecules carrying activated functional groups that can be donated to other molecules; for instance, ATP carries activated phosphate groups and CoA carries activated acyl groups. activation domain The stru

5、ctural region of a transcription factor that facilitates transcription in some manner. See also DNA-binding domain. active site A specific region of an enzyme that binds the substrate and carries out catalysis. active t

6、ransport The transport of an ion or a molecule against a concentration gradient, where DG for the transported species is positive; the process must be coupled to an input of free energy from a source such as ATP, an el

7、ectrochemical gradient of Na+ or K+, or light. acyl adenylate A mixed anhydride in which the carboxyl group of a molecule is linked to the phosphoryl group of AMP; the formation of acyl adenylates is a means of activati

8、ng carboxyl groups in biochemical reactions, such as the formation of fatty acyl CoA molecules from a free fatty acid and coenzyme A. acyl carrier protein (ACP) A bacterial polypeptide that is linked to phosphopantethe

9、ine and acts as a carrier of the growing fatty acyl chain during fatty acid biosynthesis. addition to or formation of double bond A reaction in which a functional group is added to a double bond or a group is removed f

10、rom a molecule to form a double bond. adenylate cyclase An enzyme that generates cAMP, a second messenger, from ATP. adipocytes Mammalian cells that are the major storage site for triacylglycerols. aerobic glycolysis The

11、 use of lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP even the presence of enough oxygen to support cellular respiration. aerobic In the presence of oxygen. affinity chromatography A protein-purification technique based on t

12、he high affinity of many proteins for specific chemical groups. Such groups are attached to an inert matrix, and the protein sample is applied; only those proteins with an affinity for the groups will bind. affinity la

13、beling A means of mapping the active site of an enzyme by using a substrate analog that binds to the active site and forms a covalent bond with a nearby amino acid. agonists Molecules that bind to receptor proteins and

14、trigger signaling pathways. alcoholic fermentation The anaerobic conversion of glucose into ethanol with the concomitant production of ATP. aldolase An enzyme that cleaves an aldol. Aldolases are important in carbohydr

15、ate metabolism. aldose A monosaccharide whose C-1 carbon atom contains an aldehyde group.3antagonist A molecule that binds to a receptor protein but does not trigger the signaling pathway. Such molecules are like compet

16、itive inhibitors for enzymes. antibody A protein synthesized by an animal in response to the presence of a foreign substance, or antigen; often binds to the antigen, neutralizing it or marking it for destruction. antico

17、don Three-nucleotide sequence of tRNA that base-pairs with a codon in mRNA. antigen A foreign substance that elicits the synthesis of an antibody. antigenic determinant Site on an antigen to which an antibody binds. Also

18、 called an epitope. antigenic determinant The specific site on an antigen that is recognized by an antibody. Also known as an epitope. antimycin A An antibiotic from Streptomyces that inhibits the respiratory chain by b

19、locking electron transfer in the cytochrome reductase complex. antiserum Serum prepared from the blood of an immunized animal containing soluble antibodies specific for a particular antigen. apoptosis A cascade of prot

20、eolytic enzymes that results in controlled cell death in response to significant cell damage or specific developmental programs. Also called programmed cell death. Archaea The domain of life that comprises single cell o

21、rganisms lacking a nucleus. Formerly believed to be member of the domain Bacteria, Archaea are now known to have a unique evolutionary history with biochemical characteristics different from the other two domains of l

22、ife. ascorbate (vitamin C) A water-soluble vitamin that functions as an antioxidant and is required for the hydroxylation of collagen; scurvy results if ascorbate is deficient. assay A test for some unique identifying p

23、roperty of a protein to be purified. ATP (adenosine 5'-triphosphate) A nucleotide consisting of adenine, ribose, and triphosphate units that serves as the cellular energy currency. ATP synthase Molecular assembly of

24、 the inner mitochondrial membrane responsible for the respiratory-chain-driven synthesis of ATP. Also called Complex V, mitochondrial ATPase, H+- ATPase, or F0F1-ATPase. ATPase Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of ad

25、enosine triphosphate (ATP) to form adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi) and use the energy released to power otherwise endergonic reactions. ATP-driven pump Membrane proteins that use the energy of A

26、TP hydrolysis to drive the thermodynamically uphill transport of ions or molecules. autoradiography A means of detecting radioactive molecules immobilized in a separation medium such as polyacrylamide; the radioactivit

27、y of the molecules will blacken x-ray film.BBacteria The domain of life that comprises single cell organisms lacking a nucleus. Members of this domain differ evolutionarily and biochemically from the Archaea, with whom

28、they were formerly grouped. bacterial artificial chromosome An artificial bacterial chromosome, a highly engineered version of the E. coli fertility (F factor), that can serve as a cloning vector for inserts as larges