【中英雙語】362關(guān)于國際貿(mào)易非關(guān)稅貿(mào)易壁壘ntb農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)品出口貿(mào)易有關(guān)的外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯成品：非關(guān)稅壁壘對伊朗主要農(nóng)產(chǎn)品出口影響的研究（中英文雙語對照）

1、此文檔是畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯成品（ 含英文原文+中文翻譯） ，無需調(diào)整復(fù)雜的格式！下載之后直接可用，方便快捷！本文價(jià)格不貴,也就幾十塊錢！一輩子也就一次的事！外文標(biāo)題：Studying the Effects of Non-Tariff Barriers on the Export of the Main Agricultural Products of Iran外文作者：Z. Ardakani, S. Yazdani and O. Gil

2、anpour文獻(xiàn)出處: American Journal of Applied Sciences 6 (7): 1321-1326, 2018 (如覺得年份太老，可改為近 2 年，畢竟很多畢業(yè)生都這樣做)英文 3156 單詞，20956 字符(字符就是印刷符)，中文 5169 漢字。 （如果字?jǐn)?shù)多了，可自行刪減，大多數(shù)學(xué)校都是要求選取外文的一部分內(nèi)容進(jìn)行翻譯的。 ）Studying the Effects of Non-Tariff B

3、arriers on the Export of the Main Agricultural Products of IranAbstract: Problem statement: As trade agreements decrease tariffs throughout the world, other barriers to trade emerge. These Non-Tariff Barriers (NTBs) can

4、be just as troublesome as tariffs for exporting countries. NTBs include any of a number of hindrances that restrict the ability of companies to export. NTBs may now have a greater impact on trade than tariffs. Approach:

5、In contrast with previous research, we used a gravity model to estimate the trade effect of non-tariff barriers imposed by importer countries on pistachios, raisins and shrimp exported by Iran. Results: NTBs had a negat

6、ive impact on pistachio and shrimp exports and their effect was greater than that of tariffs; raisin exports were unaffected by NTBs. Conclusion/Recommendations: The export and the world demand for agricultural

7、products increasing focusing on quality, packaging, labeling and standards of products. Policy makers in countries that export agricultural products, such as Iran, must consider these characteristics when designing their

8、 programs. Therefore, if Iran builds up-to-date production systems, it will increase its exports of agricultural products.force on domestic production or distribution.“Lloyd analyzed the concept of a regional “singl

9、e market,“ defining a single market as one in which the law of one price prevails, “allowing for transport and other transport costs which prevent perfect arbitrage,“ as a result of “the removal of all border and non-bor

10、der restrictions on commodity trade and the harmonization of commodity taxes and other measures which affect access to markets.“ Mahe's[11] defined an NTB as a restriction other than a tariff that leads to a decrease

11、 in world welfare and Thornsbury et al.[13] endorsed Hillman's definition and also included standards of identity, measure and quality, SPS measures and packaging measures.A wide variety of NTBs exist. Countries must

12、 notify their non-tariff measures. These notifications are collected and analyzed by the UNCTAD, which distinguishes between the following seven broad categories of measures:?Para-tariff measures (customs surcharges, add

13、itional charges, internal taxes levied on imports)?Price control measures (administrative pricing, Voluntary Export Restraints, anti-dumping, countervailing measures)?Finance measures (advance payment requirements, multi

14、ple exchange rates, transfer delays)?Automatic licensing measures (automatic license, prior surveillance)?Quantity control measures (non-automatic licensing including prior authorizations, quotas, prohibitions, export re

15、straint arrangements, enterprise specific restrictions)?Monopolistic measures (single channel for imports, compulsory national services)?Technical measures (technical regulations, pre- shipment inspection, special custom

16、 formalities, obligation to return used products, obligation of recycling)The export of agricultural products is a very important part of the non-oil commodities of Iran. Thus, it is important to determine what problems