[雙語(yǔ)翻譯]室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯—馬來(lái)西亞吉隆坡購(gòu)物中心室內(nèi)景觀設(shè)計(jì)的公眾偏好（原文）

1、Contents lists available at ScienceDirectUrban Forestry Received in revised form 24 October 2017; Accepted 30 December 2017? Corresponding author.E-mail addresses: hami@tabrizu.ac.ir (A. Hami), fz_fzm@yahoo.com (F.F. Mo

2、ula), shdi@yahoo.com (S.B. Maulan).Urban Forestry Lekagul, 2002). The participants were asked to give preference scores,based on scores ranging from one to five on the Preference scale(1 = that scene is the least preferr

3、ed, to 5 = that scene is the mostpreferred). The reliability analysis demonstrated that all the reliabilityindices for each category were higher than 0.7 as minimum value re-commended by Vaus (2002), and any item with a

4、value below 0.3should be removed from the category.3.5. Research population and samplingThe study population consisted of mall users residing in KualaLumpur area that were Malaysians and above 18 year old, as thoseunder

5、18 years were presumed to be under their parents’ supervisionand, therefore, parental permissions would have been rendered neces-sary. However, one of the critical issues in this research was the sam-pling size, because

6、no exact population was stated for the malls. Thus, away to solve the problem of sampling was needed for this study. Themost relevant formula and a suitable solution would be the formulaproposed by Mitra and Lankford (19

7、99), cited by Suhardi (2006). Thisformula significantly prevents error by reducing the sampling error andincreasing the confidence level, while at the same time reducing thenon-sampling error. For this study, the propose

8、d sample size was 240,to reduce both sampling and non-sampling errors. Therefore, the sam-pling error based on the above formula is: sampling error = Square rootof [(p) (1-p)/proposed sample size], e = √ [(p) × (1 ?

9、 p)/samplesize] = √ [(0.5) × (0.5)/240 = 3.23%The sampling error indicated for this study was 3.23%, which waslower than 5%; it is, thus, acceptable if the population is too large(Mitra and Lankford, 1999; a.c.f. Su

10、hardi, 2006) and this has often beenused in social science research. The systematic random sampling in thisstudy meant that every person, who walked out at one identified areanear the main entrance of the malls, had the

11、same probability to par-ticipate in this study. In doing so, one participant was approached every15 min, at a specific location near the main entrance of the malls.However, if any of the participants refused to cooperate

12、 in answeringthe survey questionnaire, the next participant who walked out of thesame area was, therefore, selected. Fifteen-minute intervals were set,because, based on the pre-test, 12 min was the maximum time taken for

13、the participant to answer the survey questionnaire and three moreminutes for the researcher to check the completed questionnaire. Beforestarting out on the survey, the participants were briefed about thepurpose of the su

14、rvey. They were also made aware that their involve-ment was on a voluntary basis and all the information given would onlybe used for the purpose of this survey.3.6. Data analysisIn order to analyze the data, SPSS was use

15、d in this research. In thefirst step, descriptive analysis was conducted to interpret participants’demographic information. Mean analysis was run to rank interiorlandscape dimensions and scenes based on people’s preferen

16、ces, to re-duce a large number of data into meaningful components, to determinepreference dimension and to understand the way scenes were groupedin each dimension. Exploratory factor analysis was performed usingPrincipal

17、 Component Analysis (PCA) on 32 scenes to analyze the pre-ference dimensions. In PCA or factor analysis, the principle componentanalysis was used to group the similar scenes together based onloadingfactor of each scene,

18、which is called factor and internal consistencybetween them should be higher than 0.7 recommended by Vaus (2002).4. Results4.1. Participants’ demographic informationThe participants in this study had various backgrounds

19、in terms ofgender, age, ethnicity, monthly income, and current housing types.Table 1 shows that 240 participants were involved in this study. Thereare 127 males (52.9%) and 112 females (46.7%), while one participantfaile

20、d to indicate the gender. Most of the participants were in the agegroup of 18–30 years (n = 90, 37.5%), followed by 31–40 years(n = 66, 27.5%), 41–50 (n = 40, 16.7%), and above 50 (combinedgroups of 51–60 and above 60 ye

21、ars old) (n = 44, 18.3%). Generally,the majority of the participants were between 18–50 years old(Table 1).The participants were distributed almost equally in terms ofrace. There were 87 Malay (36.3%), 82 Chinese (34.2%)

22、 and 79 Indian(29.2%) participants. Only one participant (0.4%) identified his race as‘other’ (Iban). For the duration of time spent in the malls, the majorityof the participants spent more than four hours for each visit

23、 (n = 111,46.3%). Only 12 (5.0%) participants spent less than one hour in themalls for a visit.Table 1Participants Demographic Information.Participants Number PercentageTotal number of participants 240 100Category Sub-ca

24、tegory Number PercentageGender Male 127 52.9Female 112 46.7Missing 1 0.4Age 18–30 years 90 37.531–40 years 66 27.541–50 years 40 16.751–60 years 37 15.461 years and above 7 2.9Race Malay 87 36.3Chinese 82 34.2Indian 70 2