[雙語翻譯]城市規(guī)劃外文翻譯--城市規(guī)劃和過渡發(fā)展問題馬其頓斯科普里的案例

1、5900 英文單詞， 英文單詞，3 萬英文字符，中文 萬英文字符，中文 9500 字文獻出處： 文獻出處：Stefanovska, Jasna, and Janez Kozelj. “Urban planning and transitional development issues: The case of Skopje, Macedonia.“ Urbani izziv 23.1 (2012): 91-100.Urban plann

2、ing and transitional development issues: The case of Skopje, MacedoniaJasna STEFANOVSKA；Janez KO?ELJLike many cities in neighbouring countries, the Macedonian capital Skopje has undergone radical changes that have affect

3、ed urban?planning processes for over twenty years. Over the past century, during which Skopje’s population has grown more than tenfold, social changes have not only affected planning processes but also impacted the built

4、 fabric of the city. As a result, the city has been transformed by a diverse set of dynamics. The last twenty years of Skopje’s development have been marked by a long and painful transition, a process through which the c

5、ity has had to adjust to new complexities. The current crisis engulfing the city has led to deterioration in the quality of the built environment and has created fertile ground for speculative developments. It has become

6、 clear that urban planning is no longer able to operate as an instrument of control and development with the primary aim of protecting and promoting public interests. This article analyses the planning initiatives both b

7、efore and after the 1990s, defining the main phases of transformation since the 1990s according to the key legislation, political factors and administrative decisions that have contributed to the urban transformations of

8、 the city.Key words: urban planning, post?communism, Skopje, transition, urban transformations1. IntroductionSkopje, the capital of Macedonia, has a population of over 600,000. The city has undergone processes of radical

9、 social, political and economic transformations, processes that have had a major effect on the planning system and further influenced the city’s built environment. Although Skopje’s role as the capital of a sovereign nat

10、ion is relatively recent, the city has a legacy of urban planning spanning almost a century.Planning initiatives prior to 1990 indicate comprehensive planning approaches and control through which ideas for a better city

11、were envisioned and partly realised. Since the fall of communism, there have been substantial changes in urban development contributing decisively to urban restruc? turing (Tsenkova Stanilov, 2007a; Hirt Pichler?Milano

12、vi?, 2004; Tsenkova, 2006). During this period, major spatial changes occurred in Budapest requiring immediate changes in the various systems in the country (Tosics, 2006), Belgrade was dealing with multiple crises at th

13、e same time (Vujovi? b) Ninth version of the 1965 plan for the reconstruction of the central city area (illustration: Jasna Stefanovska).The Second World War and its aftermath created new realities for the country and t

14、he capital when Macedonia and five other republics constituted the Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia in 1945. In this newly established context, the first post?war plan was created by the Czechoslovak modernist arc

15、hitect and urban planner Luděk Kube?, who was invited with his team by the Macedonian authorities to conduct the process and the plan itself. The 1948 plan (Figure 2a) shows strong influences and references to Le Corbusi

16、er’s Radiant City plan (Fr. La ville radieuse) of 1935 (see Le Corbusier, 1935), creating a new basis for planning the city, starting from a tabula rasa and not respecting what had already been built. Free?standing build

17、ings fill in the city’s territory and the plan also divided the city into functional zones, in line with the trends of that time, and for the first time boldly proposed extending the city’s development eastwards and west

18、wards along the Vardar River.In 1963, Skopje suffered a devastating earthquake in which the lives of over a thousand people were lost. The damage to the urban fabric was tremendous; more than 80% of it was destroyed (Uni