[雙語(yǔ)翻譯]城市規(guī)劃外文翻譯--社區(qū)融入城市公共空間設(shè)計(jì)與規(guī)劃——馬來(lái)西亞城市研究回顧

1、3300 英文單詞， 英文單詞，18500 英文字符，中文 英文字符，中文 5400 字文獻(xiàn)出處： 文獻(xiàn)出處：Wan A W I, Said I. Integrating the Community in Urban Design and Planning of Public Spaces: A Review in Malaysian Cities [J]. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Scienc

2、es, 2015, 168:357-364.Integrating the Community in Urban Design and Planning of Public Spaces: A review in Malaysian citiesWan Azlina Wan Ismail, Ismail SaidAbstractBoth disciplines of Landscape architecture and Urban Pl

3、anning prepare a development plan for public spaces in cities and towns. Much of the design and planning of the spaces are done by the landscape architect and urban planners without community participation. This practice

4、 results in incompatibility of the spaces for the communities; underutilizing or abandoning the spaces, and worse vandalizing the properties of the spaces. This paper argues that community participation in the design and

5、 planning of urban public spaces can draw residents to establish a sense of attachment that may lead to community maintaining the spaces. A plethora of studies in human geography, urban sociology, landscape architecture

6、and urban planning were reviewing the themes of community participation in the planning of public spaces. It is found that community participation needs to be underpinned by a philosophy that emphasises empowerment, equi

7、ty, trust and learning. The quality of decisions made through community participation is strongly reliable on the nature of the process leading to them. Keywords: Community participation; public places; urban design; lan

8、dscape planning1. IntroductionCommunity participation is a central concern for urban planning process in landscape architecture. However, the challenge and difficulties for planners to implement such approaches to the pr

9、eeminent inherent in the typical community involvement process become crucial issues. Community participation signifies the direct involvement of community members in the affairs of the overall development planning progr

10、ammes and governance at the local level. According to Creighton (2005) and Sanoff (2000), the idea of public involvement is advocated to reduce citizen scepticism toward government, build stakeholder consensus in governm

11、ent, and enhance administrative decision making. These participation theories have been presented and examined in previous researches.To illustrate the dynamic of sustainability, the Malaysian Government recognizes that

12、public participation is an integral part of sustainable development and good governance. Through various efforts of government agencies, public participation becomes an important element in governmental decision making a

13、nd planning processes (Mohamed Anuar & Saruwono, 2013). As supported by Omar & Leh (2009), who examine that the public participation is not just an alternative for better planning, but is a requirement as stated

14、in the planning law. Furthermore, the community has the right to know and participate in decision-makings, particularly in issues which potentially affect the communities and the areas in which they live and work.In Mala

15、ysia, public participation is compulsory in the process of preparing development plans both structural and local. In planning of public spaces, sustainable development encompasses social, environmental and economic issue

16、s which concern to present and future country planning in Peninsular Malaysia. The Town and Country Planning Act 1976 (Act 172) and its subsequent amendments stated the provision of public participation in Sections 9 (1,

17、 2 and 3), 12A, 13, 14 and 15. This ensures that public participation is mandatory in the formulation of development plans in the country.2.2. The concept of planning system in MalaysiaCurrently, in Malaysia community in

18、volvement is accepted as a crucial stage in planning especially the preparation plan. This is to ensure that the people are involved and have the right to be informed in planning their areas. As such, public participatio

19、n is a vital factor to ensure that the local issues and the needs of the local people are being addressed.Conventionally, participation from the citizens embrace various mechanisms which include public hearings, citizen

20、forums, community or neighbourhood meetings, community outreaches, citizen advisory groups, and individual citizen representation. Citizen surveys and focus groups, the internet, and e-mail are also used. Apparently, in

21、the Town and Country Planning Act 1976 (Act 172) Section 9 stated that in preparing for a state structure plan, the report of survey which contains key findings of the study area must be publicised. This is to give an op

22、portunity for the citizens to make representations. After completion of the draft structure plan, it should be made available for public inspection. Notification to the public is done through local newspapers. The public

23、 is given no less than one month from the date of notice to review and can be extended upon request from the stakeholders. As for the local plans and special area plan the same procedure applies as stated in section 13 o

24、f the Act 172. There is an additional provision introduced by the amendment of Act 172 in 2001 (Act A1129), which requires publicity has to be given to a proposed plan even before its preparation. Section 12A stated that

25、 publicity should include the objectives, the purpose and matters in the proposed plan of a local plan or special area plan. The amendment is very vital because it allows public participation from the early stage of plan

26、 preparation. The need for public participation in planning is sufficiently provided for by the Act 172 and its subsequent amendments.2.3. The issue and limitationsThe effectiveness of these public participation methods

27、is debatable and it is indeed the most rigid way of public participation. As examined by Innes & Booher (2005), the programme typically does not allow for interchange, although occasionally a board member may ask a q

28、uestion. Citizens have no entitlement to answers to their questions. The public compelled to know the details of the planning issues, scopes, constraints and detail information. The information related to the subject mat

29、ter shall include any available information in writing, visual, oral or database form on the state of the environment and impacts of developments, as well as any available environmental management programmes and measures

30、. In improving decision-making processes, planning authority should ensure the public access to relevant information, facilitate the reception of public views and allow for effective participation. Mohamed Anuar & Sa

31、ruwono (2013) pointed that obstacles coming from issues such as timing of participation, the capacity of the public, interaction among stakeholders, transparency in decision making and cost could prove to be some of the

32、major obstacles of public participation in the design process. The study has also revealed that public participation is seldom a requirement of the client. It means that landscape architects are carrying their duty just