理論基礎(chǔ) ppt課件

1、活學(xué)活用451-480,我完全不知道那個(gè)事情。I am in the dark about it.真理終究會(huì)贏的。Truth will win in the long run.他講的大體上是有道理的。In the main/in principle/by and large what he says is reasonable.我以正義的名義向你請(qǐng)求。I ask you in the name of justice.說(shuō)正

2、經(jīng)的，你打算干什么？Joking apart, what do you wish to be?,活學(xué)活用451-480,不用說(shuō)，他是一個(gè)好學(xué)生。It goes without saying that he is a good student.勿踏草地。Keep off the grass.我們必須跟上時(shí)代。We should keep pace with the times.他是一個(gè)能見(jiàn)機(jī)行事的人。He is a man

3、 who knows the time of day.他們一家人總是早睡早起。The members of his family all keep early hours.,第二章 漢譯英的理論基礎(chǔ),,Introductory Words,Language is the carrier of a culture. It contains rich cultural information. Therefore translation

4、 is not merely to convert one language into another, it is also a communication activity which involves converting one type of culture into another. In the practical translation, the translator should apply effective tra

5、nslation strategies according to the differences between Chinese and Western cultures so as to achieve functional equivalence between the target language and the source language.,主要內(nèi)容,1. 漢英心理文化對(duì)比2. 漢英思維方式對(duì)語(yǔ)言形態(tài)的影響3. 段

6、落翻譯練習(xí),語(yǔ)言和思維相互依存，相互作用，互為表征。語(yǔ)言是思維的外殼，是思維的直接現(xiàn)實(shí)。它是表達(dá)、儲(chǔ)存和傳遞思維成果的工具。思維是語(yǔ)言的物質(zhì)內(nèi)容和表達(dá)對(duì)象。語(yǔ)言和思維方式具有一致性。,語(yǔ)言與思維的關(guān)系,中,西,科學(xué)文化,人文文化,倫理、道德；悟性、直覺(jué)、意象；好靜、內(nèi)向、守舊；求同、求穩(wěn)、重和諧等。,自然、科學(xué)、技術(shù)；理性、邏輯、實(shí)證；好動(dòng)、外向、開(kāi)放；求異、求變，重競(jìng)爭(zhēng)等。,1.1 中國(guó)人重直覺(jué)與具象而西方人重理性與邏輯,人雨傘

7、日月從,manrainumbrellasun moonfollow,娃娃頭硬幣百褶裙連衣裙短襪回形針,pageboy style coinpleated skirtoverall skirt sockspaper clip,漢語(yǔ)重形象英語(yǔ)重功能,腳踏實(shí)地have a down-to-earth manner;do solid work調(diào)虎離山lure the tiger out of

8、 the mountains;lure the enemy away from the base,勢(shì)如破竹like splitting a bamboo; like a knife cutting through butter; with irresistible force如日中天like the sun at the high noonat the apex of one’s power/career,漢語(yǔ)以具體比喻

9、抽象；英譯時(shí)可直可意,一張報(bào)紙一把椅子一面鏡子一根棍子一盞燈一件外套一位客人一雙筷子,a newspapera chaira mirrora sticka lampa coata guesta pair of chopsticks,漢語(yǔ)量詞豐富生動(dòng)形象 英語(yǔ)突出客體和數(shù)量,你有筆嗎？Have you got a pen?Have you got pens?Have you got any pen

10、s?Have you got some pens?Have you got the pen?Have you got the pens?,漢語(yǔ)表意較模糊英語(yǔ)表意較準(zhǔn)確,單復(fù)數(shù)、虛詞、 詞類、句子成分……,,1.2 中國(guó)人重整體，西方人重個(gè)體,善欲人見(jiàn)，不是真善；惡恐人知，便是大惡。A good deed is no good deed if it is done for show.An evil deed

11、 is all the worse if it is covered up.,漢語(yǔ)重意合英語(yǔ)重形合,天造地設(shè)天涯海角縮頭縮腦四通八達(dá)十拿九穩(wěn)年富力強(qiáng)德高望重,created by nature, idealthe ends of the earthbe timidextend in all directionspractically certainin the prime of lifebe of noble

12、character and high prestige,漢語(yǔ)多用四字格,2.1 譜系,世界七大語(yǔ)系：印歐語(yǔ)系、漢藏語(yǔ)系、阿爾泰語(yǔ)系、閃含語(yǔ)系、德拉維達(dá)語(yǔ)系、高加索語(yǔ)系、烏拉爾語(yǔ)系,漢語(yǔ)：漢藏語(yǔ)系英語(yǔ)：印歐語(yǔ)系,2.2 類型,,分析型,漢語(yǔ),英語(yǔ),無(wú)屈折變化：名詞無(wú)單復(fù)數(shù)，動(dòng)詞無(wú)時(shí)態(tài)，詞無(wú)陰陽(yáng)變化，無(wú)詞綴，詞語(yǔ)組合成句依靠詞序和虛詞。,綜合型,有豐富的屈折變化,Synthetic vs. Analytic,A synthet

13、ic language is “characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relationships.An analytic language is “characterized by a relatively frequent use of function words, auxiliary verbs

14、, and changes in word order to express syntactic relations, rather than of inflected forms”.,They told me that by the end of the year they would have been working together for thirty years.他們告訴我，到年底，他們?cè)谝黄鸸ぷ骶陀腥炅恕?2.3

15、意合與形合,從語(yǔ)言學(xué)角度來(lái)說(shuō)，漢英語(yǔ)言間最重要的區(qū)別特征莫過(guò)于意合與形合的區(qū)分。(Nida)意合(parataxis)指詞語(yǔ)或句子間的連接主要憑借語(yǔ)義或語(yǔ)句間的邏輯關(guān)系來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)；形合(hypotaxis)則是指詞語(yǔ)或語(yǔ)句間的連接主要依賴連接詞或語(yǔ)言形態(tài)手段來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。,我常見(jiàn)許多青年的朋友，聰明用功，成績(jī)優(yōu)異，而語(yǔ)文程度不足以達(dá)意，甚至寫(xiě)一封信亦難得通順，問(wèn)其故則曰其興趣不在語(yǔ)文方面。（梁實(shí)秋《學(xué)問(wèn)與趣味》）譯文1：I have

16、come across a great many young friends, bright and diligent, do exceedingly well in studies, but they are rather weak in Chinese, even can’t write a smooth Chinese letter. When asked why, they’ll say they are not interes

17、ted in Chinese.,譯文2：I have come across a great many bright and diligent young friends who have done exceedingly well in their studies, but are rather weak in Chinese. They cannot even write a letter in correct Chinese.

18、When I asked them why, they said they were not interested in the Chinese language. （張培基譯）,欣賞,孟子曰：“魚(yú)，我所欲也；熊掌，亦我所欲也。二者不可得兼，舍魚(yú)而取熊掌者也。生，我所欲也；義，亦我所欲也。二者不可得兼，舍生而取義者也?！盡encius said, “ I like fish and I also like bear’s paws. I

19、f I cannot have the two together, I will let the fish go and take the bear’s paws. In a similar way, I like life, and I also like righteousness. If I cannot have the two together, I will give up my life to preserve right

20、eousness.”,水能載舟，亦能覆舟。As water can float a ship, so can it swallow the ship.前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。While the prospects are bright, the road has twists and turns.謙虛使人進(jìn)步，驕傲使人落后。 Modesty helps one go forward, whereas conceit mak

21、es one lag behind.,車未停穩(wěn)，請(qǐng)勿上下。Never get on or off the bus before it comes to a standstill.沒(méi)有調(diào)查就沒(méi)有發(fā)言權(quán)。He who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak.好好學(xué)習(xí)，天天向上。Study hard, and make progress everyday.,2.4

22、 主觀與客觀,我突然想到了一個(gè)主意。An idea suddenly struck me.我從來(lái)沒(méi)有想過(guò)他這么不誠(chéng)實(shí)。It never occurred to me that he was so dishonest.我們必須改進(jìn)高校的教學(xué)方法。Teaching methods in colleges and universities should be improved.,2.5 動(dòng)態(tài)與靜態(tài),我倒了一杯茶給他喝。I off

23、ered him a cup of tea.他能吃能睡, 就是不做事。He is a good eater and a good sleeper, but a bad doer.他既偷東西，又騙人。我要是你，就不跟他來(lái)往了。He is a thief and a liar. I would have nothing to do with him, if I were you.,2.6 具體與抽象,他通曉多種不常使用的外語(yǔ)，這使我

24、們大家感到驚訝。His familiarity with many rarely used foreign languages surprised us all.他們的生活遠(yuǎn)不止政治、社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題，也遠(yuǎn)不止一些柴米油鹽問(wèn)題。There is more to their life than political, social and economic problems; more than daily necessities.,

25、2.7 螺旋與直入,巴菲特11歲時(shí)就開(kāi)始炒股。Buffet began to speculate in stocks when he was only 11.全世界的科學(xué)家都在尋找凈化空氣、防治空氣受到各種有害工業(yè)廢氣污染的有效方法。The scientists everywhere in the world are looking for the efficient methods to make the air clean a

26、nd protect it from the pollution by all kinds of harmful industrial waste gases.,2.8 重復(fù)與替換,人與人之間、國(guó)與國(guó)之間離心離德，便產(chǎn)生了這些問(wèn)題，人與人之間、國(guó)與國(guó)之間齊心協(xié)力，定能解決這些問(wèn)題。Men and nations working apart create these problems; men and nations working t

27、ogether must solve them.,2.9 禮貌原則和合作原則,貴國(guó)尊府令堂高見(jiàn)高足敝校拙見(jiàn),your countryyour residenceyour motheryour opinionyour studentmy schoolmy opinion,語(yǔ)用失效,2.10 篇章——主題突出與主語(yǔ)突出,憑窗站了一會(huì)兒，微微的覺(jué)得涼意侵人。轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)身來(lái)，忽然眼花繚亂，屋子里的別的東西，都隱在光云里。（

28、冰心 《笑》）Standing at the window for a while, I felt a bit chilly. As I turned round, my eyes suddenly dazzled before the bright light and could not see things distinctly. Every thing in the room was blurred by a haze of

29、light.（張培基譯）,欣賞,We have bigger houses and smaller families; more conveniences, but less time; we have more degrees, but less common senses; more knowledge, but less judgment; more experts, but more questions; more medic

30、ine, but less wellness.,欣賞,房子越來(lái)越大，家庭卻越來(lái)越小；便利的設(shè)施越來(lái)越多，自由的時(shí)間卻越來(lái)越少；學(xué)位越來(lái)越高，生活常識(shí)卻越來(lái)越?。猾@得的知識(shí)越來(lái)越豐富，對(duì)事物的判斷卻越來(lái)越缺少；所謂的專家一個(gè)接一個(gè)，問(wèn)題卻層出不窮；發(fā)明的藥物一種賽一種，健康卻每況愈下。,NewsTranslation,According to a recent statistics, China's male populatio

31、n now outnumbers the female population by 36 million.The unbalanced gender population ratio nowadays is the accumulative result of Chinese people's gender preference and gender selection before birth, especially in

32、rural areas.Traditionally Chinese people have preferred to have boys to girls so as to carry on the family name. After the family planning policy was implemented in the 1980s, many families chose abortion so their only

33、child would be a son. This has resulted in the great gender imbalance after three decades.,最近的一份統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)顯示，中國(guó)的男性人口已經(jīng)比女性人口多出了3600萬(wàn)。 這種不平衡的性別比現(xiàn)象是由中國(guó)人長(zhǎng)久以來(lái)的性別偏好以及在孩子出生前的性別選擇所導(dǎo)致的，這種情況在農(nóng)村地區(qū)更為嚴(yán)重。 傳統(tǒng)上，中國(guó)人重男輕女，喜歡男孩來(lái)繼承姓氏。自從20世紀(jì)80年代實(shí)