外文翻譯--城市環(huán)境下的綠色屋頂

1、<p>　　城市環(huán)境下的綠色屋頂</p><p><b>　　摘要</b></p><p>　　本研究旨在呈現(xiàn)建在這個世紀的近代歷史先例的屋頂草坪和花園，展現(xiàn)真實提供了目前水平的防水建筑和園藝技術(shù)來改善城市環(huán)境的可能性。在歐洲，尤其是在過去的十年中，可用數(shù)量的信息在“綠色屋頂”已經(jīng)大幅增加了。國內(nèi)最早領(lǐng)域的嘗試“綠色屋頂”是最近幾年，但建筑行業(yè)還沒有很好的解

2、決這個結(jié)構(gòu)和生態(tài)的方案，這被認為是有點好奇。主要原因是這種態(tài)度、可用的國際信息（根據(jù)經(jīng)驗，討論論文，研究、指導(dǎo)方針、手冊等）沒有達到那些專業(yè)人士、潛在投資者和建筑商，他們的決定是普遍接受“綠色屋頂”為前提的。</p><p><b>　　1．概念和歷史</b></p><p>　　屋頂花園的概念可以追溯到最早的實際上是為了人的建筑活動。在整個歷史過程中我們可以看到一個

3、需求是在屋頂種植植被，其中最著名的是古代文明巴比倫的空中花園。在羅馬帝國時代和中世紀的綠色屋頂被統(tǒng)治階級主要用于顯示奢侈。在現(xiàn)代，特別是在二十世紀的建筑，綠色的花園被視為一種自然現(xiàn)象。一個特殊的實現(xiàn)可以觀察到屋頂花園在北歐的本土建筑在其傳統(tǒng)的斜屋頂上的草。如今，時代的人口稠密的城市地區(qū)缺乏綠色草皮引起關(guān)注，因為這個原因，生態(tài)建筑的支持者在歐洲已經(jīng)集中解決幾十年來與技術(shù)和綠化的有關(guān)問題，恢復(fù)綠色區(qū)域。長視為歷史上罕見的特點之前，開發(fā)的技術(shù)

4、方法論要求屋頂花園并未確立，因此幾乎沒有任何可能性的廣泛傳播。</p><p>　　在歐洲的經(jīng)驗在過去的15年創(chuàng)建長滿草的屋頂--屋頂花園，已經(jīng)導(dǎo)致了這種信息的寶貴來源，利用目前可用的屋面保溫材料，可以設(shè)計優(yōu)秀的多層次的、運轉(zhuǎn)良好的綠色屋頂。例如，綠色屋頂?shù)慕鉀Q方案涉及一個測序的層和使用合適的材料，介紹了在德國、奧地利、瑞士和可以適應(yīng)的其他地方，選擇植物和保健技術(shù)是依賴于氣候和地理位置，因此不能直接采用。在匈牙利

5、的綠色屋頂使用主要是國內(nèi)植物或這些外來品種長期適應(yīng)應(yīng)該考慮。有一個好機會獲得成功的屋頂如果這些植物適應(yīng)國內(nèi)的氣溫和干燥。</p><p>　　到1970年底時，在歐洲，綠色屋頂?shù)母拍畋焕斫鉃樗^的密集的綠色屋頂花園。在過去的十年，由于改變的觀點，廣泛的屋頂已經(jīng)得到廣泛應(yīng)用。這些屋頂已經(jīng)被一個更加生態(tài)城市規(guī)劃的概念，特別是在設(shè)計廣泛的工業(yè)建筑。觀察密集型屋頂已經(jīng)表明，直接利用屋頂花園是微不足道的。</p>

6、;<p><b>　　2．施工</b></p><p>　　成本削減需求以及更輕的屋頂結(jié)構(gòu)一直激勵力量走向后面使用薄層狀、更經(jīng)濟可行的廣泛的綠色屋頂?shù)慕鉀Q方案。更簡單的建設(shè)和維護選項已經(jīng)把廣泛的解決方案在一個更有利的位置。</p><p>　　密集的屋頂花園的發(fā)展，大量的水和肥料是可用的，但是相應(yīng)的，他們并沒有持續(xù)多久。</p><p

7、>　　與廣泛的屋頂花園干草和草原類型植被得到地面以及自然發(fā)芽和持久的植物?？梢杂^察到，自然植被能夠再生發(fā)芽沒有保健。</p><p>　　綠色屋頂?shù)慕鉀Q方案在北歐共同利用一個厚層植被。然而，更多的是在這些地區(qū)降水特點然后在匈牙利，和有一個高的濕度以及整體水平。在中歐地區(qū)天氣條件是不太有利的綠色屋頂。</p><p>　　氣候干燥和有一個更大的溫度波動的氣候。因此，對于廣泛的綠色屋頂，

8、水分平衡的屋頂必須仔細計劃。在這些情況下不同的排水層扮演了一個重要的角色(見圖1)以及邊坡的程度和使用排水方法。</p><p>　　圖2.1 綠色屋頂品種的排水角度</p><p>　　有一個很好的機會，在歐洲中部產(chǎn)生了所謂的簡單的密集型綠色屋頂?shù)慕鉀Q方案，即使是一些護理，也可以是一個可行的解決方案。在這個范疇內(nèi)護理綠色屋頂，我們指的是必要的水供應(yīng)，定期添加營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)，切割和修剪。<

9、/p><p>　　基于國際綠色屋面做法，以及國內(nèi)綠色屋面實驗，它可以確定，目前綠色屋頂是現(xiàn)實的替代品替代發(fā)達前綠色區(qū)域。大數(shù)量的現(xiàn)有的平屋頂和在建可以轉(zhuǎn)化為生態(tài)功能的表面。</p><p>　　長滿草的屋頂--屋頂花園提供一個優(yōu)勢絕緣屋頂和屋頂露臺。一個重要的優(yōu)勢是愉快、寧靜的視圖。綠色表面尤其可取為減輕剛性，箱式效應(yīng)的建筑物。在1920年的勒·柯布西耶在他的著名論文在現(xiàn)代建筑，既指

10、出了潛力擴大積極的生活地區(qū)屋頂花園。</p><p>　　如今，發(fā)展的要求一個更健康的城市環(huán)境越來越迫切，因為空氣污染是接近的公差范圍。蒸發(fā)和氧氣產(chǎn)生效應(yīng)的種植植被屋頂?shù)慕ㄖ锟梢杂兄诟纳菩夂颉Ｕ舭l(fā)控制空氣溫度和濕度，空氣變得清潔而增加生產(chǎn)的氧氣。</p><p>　　除塵效果的植被也顯著應(yīng)用以確保更有利的和更清潔的生活環(huán)境。對保留的降水和徑流的延遲，綠色屋頂降低了在地下排水網(wǎng)絡(luò)的應(yīng)用

11、。綠色屋頂種植植被增加絕緣能力，提高建筑物的能源平衡，導(dǎo)致能源儲蓄。毫無疑問，綠色屋頂使建筑物荷載越來越更重的屋頂結(jié)構(gòu)是必要的。值得注意的是，盡管如此，屋頂隔熱層壓低的礫石負載不超過壓力負載的廣泛的綠色屋頂層。</p><p>　　因此，我們可以問--礫石或草嗎?--當談到反沉淀絕緣負載在屋頂上。從生態(tài)觀點毫無疑問關(guān)于正確的答案。通常綠色屋頂?shù)姆诸惏凑展δ?、類型的植被來?guī)劃植被層的厚度。</p>&

12、lt;p>　　對于廣泛的綠色屋頂我們正在談?wù)撃秃?、耐旱的植物在一個絕緣層上方開發(fā)與薄膜的土壤混合物和擋水膜，不適合支持人類體重不斷。厚度的廣泛的綠色屋頂是不到20厘米，和典型的表面質(zhì)量是低于150公斤/平方米。</p><p>　　對于廣泛的綠色屋頂，植被層是由耐旱的草、短巖石花園植物和草原植物群。通常這些不需要常規(guī)護理,除了在移植時期。對于簡單的寬廣的屋頂，經(jīng)過一些防水處理、規(guī)劃和安裝，能夠建立植被層和種

13、植。</p><p>　　密集的特征是，它們綠色屋頂有一個厚的植被層比空曠的屋頂更好的進行屋頂保溫，因此它可以充分被利用作為一個屋頂花園。</p><p>　　他們適用于不同類型和大小的植物常綠喬木和灌木。灌木，他們需要經(jīng)常護理和營養(yǎng)添加劑。他們可以是功能的屋頂和花園地區(qū)，因此，一些元素可以應(yīng)用的園林設(shè)計，利用藤蔓纏繞、篩選、走道、凳子、覆蓋等厚度的屋頂結(jié)構(gòu)是通常密集花園20多厘米，通常2

14、0至40厘米，必須提供空間發(fā)展中植物的根和一個更大的根系統(tǒng)。表面結(jié)構(gòu)的質(zhì)量超過150公斤/平方米。開發(fā)一個密集的屋頂花園總是需要團隊合作，合作努力的建筑師、設(shè)計師、結(jié)構(gòu)工程師、景觀設(shè)計師是至關(guān)重要的。一般來說，在實踐中，綠色屋頂?shù)奈蓓斠驗樵谏辖M合的情況下兩個地殼通風(fēng)屋頂，輕的上流社會不適合支持更多的負載。異常是那些廣泛的綠色屋頂只有幾厘米的厚度，可以建立在打火機上地殼。也適合綠色屋頂建筑屋頂?shù)慕M合和絕緣屋頂薄膜應(yīng)用太。在案件的屋頂改造，

15、保持舊的隔熱層和采用新的防水板層以及準備額外的絕緣，一個綠色屋頂?shù)幕A(chǔ)上層建筑可以建立。自然，添加額外的重量在舊屋頂只能如果負載能力的頂板支護結(jié)構(gòu)已經(jīng)正確檢查。</p><p>　　從理論上講，一個綠色屋頂可以建立了表面上的任何平屋頂，如果它是防水和天花板結(jié)構(gòu)可以負載。自然根電阻保護需要處理?；旧嫌袃煞N類型的根保護。在分離類型的根保護系統(tǒng)薄膜不是根耐穿刺的，但簡稱“FLL”阻力試驗的四年試驗周期尚未完成日期，因

16、為這個原因，它是暫時使用一個單獨的根保護層。因此，對于分離系統(tǒng)的根，根護層保護是放置在一個不同的水平。對于一個集成的根保護系統(tǒng)，防水膜本身是被證明是根抗，所以額外的保護是不必要的。對于傳統(tǒng)的屋頂平臺解決方案，蒸汽負荷來自下方必須封鎖，因為通常的通風(fēng)的隔汽層幾乎是不可能的，從審美的角度看，要避免通風(fēng)管道。</p><p>　　對于I.R.M.A的解決方案，防水膜是在絕緣和沒有蒸汽屏障層。這種方式有少層和施工工藝簡化

17、。是眾所周知的，只有關(guān)閉細胞擠壓硬泡沫聚苯乙烯保溫使用(Roofmate)，插圖和桁架在一層。相比傳統(tǒng)的建設(shè)屋頂組成，大約20%的厚保溫應(yīng)被使用，由于絕緣表面的潤濕，這導(dǎo)致冷卻效果。一個要求對于承載的屋頂結(jié)構(gòu)是適當?shù)谋啬芰Γ撹F水泥結(jié)構(gòu)屋面質(zhì)量250公斤/平方米最低標準。以上的其他層的保溫應(yīng)安裝材料適合通風(fēng)和擴散的蒸汽。在選擇綠色屋頂施工方案與絕緣屋頂薄膜應(yīng)用，上升的趨勢應(yīng)該考慮絕緣的，因此可能會提出一個淺廣泛屋頂障礙。</p&

18、gt;<p>　　雙重絕緣平屋頂?shù)姆浪嵌ㄎ辉诘撞康膶?，這是便宜的，質(zhì)量差，然后，在可能需要根保護層，來前絕緣層，它必須具有相同的質(zhì)量為I.R.M.A這里有更少的危險與絕緣的上升然后I.R.M.A這里也應(yīng)該被考慮。如果雙重絕緣屋頂是新的，那么蒸汽屏障層是省略(工程批準)。如果雙重絕緣的屋頂是用在屋頂保溫改造，那么自然,原始層可以包含一個蒸汽塊和蒸汽壓均衡器層太。</p><p>　　在改造舊屋頂保溫

19、，輕的廣泛的綠色解決方案是可取的，因為一般負載容量限制必須被考慮?？紤]到歐洲中部的氣候，在這些情況下使用薄草皮或植被將是合適的，定期護理。</p><p><b>　　3．總結(jié)</b></p><p>　　對于那些未來的業(yè)主、建筑師和建筑商誰接受和維護生態(tài)建筑的觀點，綠色屋頂系統(tǒng)提供機會為一個審美和健康環(huán)境的創(chuàng)建屋頂種植綠色植被。技術(shù)和景觀要求可供建筑的屋頂，屋頂花園

20、唯一需要的就是行動遵循的規(guī)范和規(guī)劃，與人類的建設(shè)性的功能，這個地區(qū)是取自大自然來復(fù)活在我們的直接環(huán)境。</p><p>　　GREEN ROOFS IN THE CITY ENVIRONMENT</p><p>　　Prof. Dr. Attila Koppany</p><p><b>　　Abstract</b></p>&l

21、t;p>　　The purpose of this short study is to present the historical precedents of roof lawns and gardens built in this century, and to show the real possibilities offered by the present level of water-proof building an

22、d gardening techniques to improve the city environment. In Europe, particularly in the last decade, the available amount of information on ’green roofs’ has increased signi?cantly. The ?rst domestic attempts in the ?eld

23、of ’green roofs’ were made in the recent years, but the building prof</p><p>　　1 CONCEPT AND HISTORY</p><p>　　The concept of roof gardens can be traced back virtually to the earliest building ac

24、tivities of man. Throughout the course of history we can see a demand for planting vegetation on roofs, among the most famous being ancient civilization’s hanging gardens of Babylon. During the Roman Empire and in the mi

25、ddle Ages green roofs were used by the ruling classes mainly for showing extravagance. In modern times and especially in twentieth century architecture, green gardens are treated as a natural phen</p><p>　　T

26、he experiences gained in Europe during the last 15 years in the creation of grassy rooftops and rooftop gardens, have led to such invaluable sources of information that, with the utilization of currently available roo?ng

27、 insulation materials, it is possible to design excellent multi-layered, well-functioning green roofs. For example, the green roof solutions involving a sequencing of layers and use of suitable materials, introduced in G

28、ermany, Austria, and Switzerland, can be adapted well elsew</p><p>　　Up through the end of the 1970’s, in Europe, the concept of green roof was understood to be the so called intensive green roof garden. Dur

29、ing the last ten years, however, as a result of a change in point of view, the extensive roofs have become widespread. These roofs have given way to a more ecological city planning concept, especially in the design of ex

30、tensive industrial buildings. Observation of intensive roofs has shown that the direct utilization of roof gardens is negligible.</p><p>　　2 CONSTRUCTIONS</p><p>　　Cost cutting requirements as w

31、ell as lighter roof structures have been motivating forces behind the move toward the use of the thin layered, more economically viable extensive green roof solution. The simpler construction and maintenance options have

32、 placed the extensive solution in a more favorable position.</p><p>　　The intensive roof gardens developed well where plenty of water and fertilizer were available, but left alone, they didn’t last long.<

33、/p><p>　　With extensive roof gardens the dry grasses and steppe-type vegetation gained ground as well as the naturally sprouting and enduring plants. It has been observed that the naturally sprouting vegetation

34、 is able to regenerate annually without care.</p><p>　　The green roof solutions common in Northern Europe utilized a thicker layer of vegetation. However, much more precipitation is characteristic in these a

35、reas then in Hungary, and there is a higher overall level of humidity as well. In Central Europe the weather conditions for green roofs are somewhat less favorable.</p><p>　　The climate is drier and there is

36、 a greater ?uctuation in temperature. Therefore, in the case of extensive green roofs, the moisture-balance property of the roofs has to be carefully planned. In these cases the different drainage layers play a signi?can

37、t role (see ?gure 1) as well as the degree of the slope and the usage of drainage method.</p><p><b>　　Figure 1:</b></p><p><b>　　Figure 1</b></p><p>　　There i

38、s a good chance of the survival of the so called simpler intensive green roof solution, which, with some care, can be a viable solution even in Central Europe. In this category, under care, we mean the necessary water su

39、pply, periodical addition of nutrients, cutting and mowing.</p><p>　　Based on international green roo?ng practices, as well as domestic green roo?ng experiments, it can be determined that currently green roo

40、fs are realistic alternatives for the replacement of developed former green areas. The great number of existing ?at roofs and those under construction can be converted into ecologically functioning surfaces.</p>&

41、lt;p>　　Grassy roofs and roof gardens provide an advantage over insulated roofs and roof terraces. One important advantage is the pleasant, tranquil view. Green surfaces are especially desirable for lessening the rigid

42、, box-type effect of buildings. In the 1920’s Le Corbusier, in his acclaimed thesis on modern architecture, already pointed out the potentials for expanding the active living areas with roof gardens.</p><p>

43、　　Nowadays, the demand for the development of a healthier urban environment is getting more and more urgent since air pollution is nearing the limits of tolerance. The evaporation and oxygen producing effect of the plant

44、ed vegetation on the roofs of buildings can contribute to the improvement of the microclimate. Evaporation controls the air temperature and humidity, the air becoming cleaner with the increased production of oxygen.</

45、p><p>　　Dust removal effect of vegetation is also signi?cant ensuring more favourable and cleaner living conditions. With the retention of precipitation and the delay of run-off, the green roof decreases the st

46、rain on the gutter network. Green roofs planted with vegetation have an increased insulating capacity which improve the balance of energy of the buildings, leading to energy savings. There is no doubt that green roofs co

47、st more and a stronger heavier roof structure is needed. It should be noted, h</p><p>　　Therefore, we can ask - gravel or grass? - When speaking about the anti-precipitation insulation load on the roof. From

48、 an ecological viewpoint there is no doubt about the correct answer. Usually green roofs are classi?ed according to function, type of vegetation, and the thickness of the vegetation layer.</p><p>　　In the ca

49、se of extensive green roofs we are talking about hardy, dryness tolerant ?ora above an insulation layer developed with a thin membrane of soil mixture and a water retaining membrane, not suitable for supporting human wei

50、ght constantly. The thickness of the extensive green roofs is less than 20cm, and the typical surface mass is less than 150kg/m2.</p><p>　　In the case of extensive green roofs, the vegetation layer is made u

51、p of dryness tolerant grasses, short rock garden plants, and steppe ?ora. Usually these do not require regular care, except during the transplanting period. In the case of simpler extensive roofs, the insulation installe

52、rs, after some training, are able to build up the vegetation layer and do the planting.</p><p>　　Characteristic of the intensive green roofs is that they have a thicker vegetation layer above the roof insula

53、tion than the one on the extensive roof, and therefore it can fully be utilized as a roof garden.</p><p>　　They are suitable for different types and sizes of plants from evergreen trees and bushes to shrubs.

54、 They require regular care and nutrient additives. They can be functional roof and garden areas, and therefore, some of the elements of garden design can be applied, utilizing pergolas, screening, covered walkways, bench

55、es, etc. The thickness of intensive garden roof structures is generally more than 20cm, usually between 20 and 40cm. Space must be provided for the developing roots of plants with </p><p>　　Theoretically, a

56、green roof can be built up on the surface of any ?at roof, if it is waterproof and the ceiling structure can take the load. Naturally the root resistance protection needs to be dealt with. Basically there are two types o

57、f root protection. In the separated type of root protection system the membrane is not root resistant, but the FLL resistance test’s four year test period has not been completed to date, and for this reason, it is tempor

58、arily used with a separate root protection </p><p>　　For I.R.M.A. type solutions, the waterproo?ng membrane is underneath the insulation and there is no vapor barrier layer. This way there are less layers an

59、d the construction technology is simpli?ed. As is generally known, only closed cell extruded hard polystyrene foam thermal insulation is to be used (Roommate), with inset and truss in one layer. Compared to the construct

60、ion of the conventional built-up roof, about a 20% thicker thermal insulation should be used, due to the moistening of the ins</p><p>　　With dual insulated ?at roofs, the waterproo?ng is positioned at the bo

61、ttom layer which is cheaper and has a poorer quality, and then, after the possibly required root protection layer, comes the top insulation layer, which has to have the same quality as the I.R.M.A. Here there is less dan

62、ger of rising then with the insulation of I.R.M.A., here too it should be considered. If the dual insulated roof is new, then the vapor barrier layer is omitted (with engineering approval). If the dual insulat</p>

63、<p>　　In the renovation of old roof insulation; the lighter extensive green solutions are advisable, since generally the load capacity limits have to be considered. In these cases the use of thin sod or a precultiv

64、ated vegetation cover would be suitable, with periodical care, considering the climate of Central Europe.</p><p><b>　　3 SUMMARY</b></p><p>　　For those future home owners, architects,

65、 and builders who accept and assert the views of ecological architecture, the green roof system provides the chance to contribute to an aesthetic and healthy environment with the creation of roofs planted with green vege

66、tation. The technical and landscaping requirements are available for the construction of grassy roofs and roof gardens; the only thing needed is that action follows the words and planning, so that with human constructive