科學(xué)的信息通信外文翻譯

1、<p>　題 目：科學(xué)的信息通信</p><p>　TITLE:The Science Of Info Communications</p><p>　院 系：電氣信息工程系</p><p>　專 業(yè)：通信工程</p><p>　姓 名：韓云偉</p><p>　學(xué) 號：2010

2、0606012</p><p><b>　　科學(xué)的信息通信</b></p><p><b>　　1、簡介</b></p><p>　　信息通信系統(tǒng)一詞作為“信息系統(tǒng)”和“通信系統(tǒng)”的概念出現(xiàn)在國際電信聯(lián)盟的文件里。雖然電信系統(tǒng)適用于不同類型的電子信號傳輸，一個(gè)信息通信系統(tǒng)是為信息傳輸?shù)摹＿@個(gè)概念包含了電信系統(tǒng)，而且還包括其

3、運(yùn)作所需的軟件，其中存儲(chǔ)了所有的傳播信息。</p><p>　　我們會(huì)把信息通信科學(xué)作為自然科學(xué)的一種學(xué)科。任何自然學(xué)科，如物理學(xué)，化學(xué)，研究結(jié)構(gòu)（物理，化學(xué)等）的對象和這些對象之間的相互作用的過程。在信息通信科學(xué)中，研究的對象是數(shù)據(jù)和對象之間的相互作用過程是數(shù)據(jù)傳輸過程。因此，傳播學(xué)的目標(biāo)是形式化模型從一個(gè)對象的數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)到另一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)傳輸?shù)氖┕ぁ?lt;/p><p>　　現(xiàn)在，我們將簡要概述專

4、門討論這些問題的研究結(jié)果，以數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)作為討論的開始：在這方面，大多數(shù)研究把正式的數(shù)據(jù)模型建設(shè)作為重點(diǎn)。本研究動(dòng)機(jī)是需要建立計(jì)算機(jī)化的數(shù)據(jù)庫。傳統(tǒng)上，數(shù)據(jù)庫被分為關(guān)系型和層次型的，后者現(xiàn)在被稱為面向?qū)ο?。由于事?shí)上，關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫是一組表格，表和行對應(yīng)答尼古拉庫茲涅佐夫教授，在俄羅斯科學(xué)院院士，是在信息和理論基礎(chǔ)及其應(yīng)用的著名專家，尤其是信息流程管理。他是信息傳輸問題研究所所長，并且是莫斯科物理技術(shù)研究所電訊主席。他的主要研究課題有在最優(yōu)信息

5、管理系統(tǒng)，隨機(jī)微分方程，和不同步的系統(tǒng)。庫茲涅佐夫教授是200多篇技術(shù)論文和專著的作者。尤其是對于特定對象和列對象的功能的論文。一方面面向?qū)ο蟮臄?shù)據(jù)庫是一個(gè)樹，其中每一個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)對應(yīng)一個(gè)對象。例如，該樹的根可能對應(yīng)到一個(gè)名為工廠的對象，而根以下的節(jié)點(diǎn)對應(yīng)到人力分配表和產(chǎn)品范圍生產(chǎn)。下面的樹節(jié)點(diǎn)的人力分配表對應(yīng)工廠結(jié)構(gòu);這個(gè)系列的產(chǎn)品以后將轉(zhuǎn)變成各種類型的產(chǎn)品。</p><p>　　應(yīng)該指出的是，表格的形式很容易處理。

6、實(shí)際上，它可以直接命令某些列值的表以方便的選擇行或列的內(nèi)容。但是，如果被描述的對象是復(fù)雜和不統(tǒng)一的，我們也可以創(chuàng)建數(shù)以百計(jì)或數(shù)以千計(jì)的表，這使得它們之間的聯(lián)系難以管理。在這種情況下，面向?qū)ο蟮拿枋鰬?yīng)該是首選的。近年來，致力于數(shù)據(jù)庫的研究已經(jīng)發(fā)展得非常迅速。尤其值得注意的是兩個(gè)方向。首先，具有良好的結(jié)構(gòu)和設(shè)計(jì)優(yōu)秀的數(shù)據(jù)，這些數(shù)據(jù)主要面向數(shù)據(jù)庫和網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)的統(tǒng)一，并在很大程度上基于XML語言的整合研究。有效的XML數(shù)據(jù)庫的發(fā)展是面向處理復(fù)雜結(jié)

7、構(gòu)的XML文件和報(bào)告所載的數(shù)據(jù)。第二，重大進(jìn)展基于XML-DB的用戶界面的開發(fā)和對網(wǎng)格技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)的數(shù)據(jù)庫集成正在取得。</p><p>　　經(jīng)過對這一建筑形式模型的構(gòu)造方法的粗略審查，我們必須提及對信息傳播學(xué)的研究的定量特征，這實(shí)際上是類似于其他自然科學(xué)的定量參數(shù)（如克或米或物理瓦）。什么是信息的數(shù)量特征？我們的第一個(gè)觀察是，當(dāng)考慮計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)據(jù)庫和它們所包含的信息數(shù)量時(shí)，我們經(jīng)常提到的在計(jì)算機(jī)內(nèi)存中的二進(jìn)制單位占用這

8、個(gè)信息的數(shù)量，即引述比特兆字節(jié)或兆兆字節(jié)數(shù)。然而，這個(gè)參數(shù)也很難被看作是客觀的信息的特點(diǎn)，因?yàn)樗诤艽蟪潭壬鲜钦l創(chuàng)造的數(shù)據(jù)庫程序員的技能而定。在一個(gè)更抽象的意義上這里有很多種途徑去定義信息量。</p><p><b>　　2、信息觀念</b></p><p>　　在信息處理廣泛的范圍中和對這些處理的多功能性已經(jīng)引起了許多定義和對信息概念的詮釋。我將列出以下四點(diǎn)，這是我

9、們想法中最準(zhǔn)確和最有效的。</p><p>　　（一）信息是保留在可計(jì)算同構(gòu)的實(shí)體。</p><p>　?。ǘ┰谥黝}領(lǐng)域（其對象或現(xiàn)象）的信息是一個(gè)同態(tài)的結(jié)果（即保留了主要比例）本學(xué)科領(lǐng)域的某些實(shí)體由這些要素識別。如信號，特征或描述，元素的映射。</p><p>　?。ㄈ┬畔⑹且粋€(gè)有意義的對象或現(xiàn)象的描述。</p><p>　?。ㄋ模┰谙?/p>

10、息中包含的信息是一個(gè)實(shí)體，它在收到消息之后決定知識的變化。</p><p>　　顯然，第一個(gè)定義是一個(gè)足夠正式的數(shù)學(xué)工具得到適當(dāng)?shù)膶?shí)物模型的描述。第二個(gè)定義反映了一個(gè)正式的信號與幫助對象的信息特征正規(guī)化進(jìn)程。第三個(gè)定義可以將傳播在一些對象，現(xiàn)象或事件數(shù)據(jù)的過程聯(lián)系在一起。最后，第四個(gè)定義強(qiáng)調(diào)的重點(diǎn)是所接受信息的新穎性。這樣的多樣性不僅是對信息質(zhì)量概念定義的典型，而且也存在于信息量的定義。</p>&

11、lt;p>　　除了一些例外，在信息的數(shù)量事先定義的所有方法可分為五類：（一）熵，（二）算法，（三）組合，（四）語義（五）務(wù)實(shí)。</p><p>　　前三種提供了一個(gè)對象或現(xiàn)象的復(fù)雜性定量定義的說明。第四類描述信息特征和將最新穎的信息傳送給接受人。最后，第五類許多有用的信息將被傳送給收信人。我們會(huì)考慮所有的可能。</p><p><b>　　2.1熵</b><

12、;/p><p>　　歷史上，熵的方法是第一個(gè)來自生活的。早在19世紀(jì)，物理學(xué)家介紹了熵的概念來定義的值，特征為機(jī)械能的熱能量轉(zhuǎn)換的過程。在一定程度上，這個(gè)值可以被看作是刻畫分子運(yùn)動(dòng)（不確定性）的措施。可能由于這個(gè)原因，克勞德香農(nóng)把所謂的一個(gè)信息來源的排放量叫做熵。為了更準(zhǔn)確或不確定性，這是一個(gè)實(shí)值函數(shù)依賴于事件的概率，并符合下列條件：</p><p>　?。ㄒ唬┡c該事件發(fā)生的概率具有明顯的不確

13、定性。</p><p>　?。ǘ┤绻粋€(gè)事件比另一個(gè)事件發(fā)生的可能性小，那么第一個(gè)事件的不確定性比其他小概率事件的不確定性更大。</p><p>　?。ㄈ﹥蓚€(gè)事件同時(shí)發(fā)生的不確定性就是他們的不明朗因素的總和。</p><p>　　現(xiàn)在的人們普遍認(rèn)為用熵的方法來對這些資料的概念表征和其數(shù)量特征的引入是由 Shannon創(chuàng)建。該理論由Shannon允許研究人員解釋各

14、種零碎時(shí)創(chuàng)造的，但重要的是，他的前任是從另一個(gè)角度發(fā)現(xiàn)這些數(shù)據(jù)的。在這方面，由羅伯特·哈特利的工作應(yīng)該首先被提及。哈特利引進(jìn)了一個(gè)概念，與香農(nóng)熵有很大的關(guān)系，涉及到一個(gè)隨機(jī)發(fā)生的事件等概率的結(jié)果。在香農(nóng)1948年出版大量的作品之后，信息熵理論的方法有了很大的發(fā)展。但奧黛麗的基礎(chǔ)性工作特別值得一提，因?yàn)樗肓宿D(zhuǎn)換，保持不變的衡量指標(biāo)的動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)的熵的概念?？率系难芯亢退淖冯S者表明，所有熵，包括香農(nóng)熵是接近特定類別的動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)熵。

15、熵是用來表示在第二個(gè)隨機(jī)進(jìn)行的特定的隨機(jī)對象的信息。</p><p><b>　　2.2算法方法</b></p><p>　　該方法在信息熵理論研究中使我們能夠回答一個(gè)X有多少信息是包含在另一個(gè)Y中的。另一方面演算方法考慮需要多少信息重現(xiàn)（描述）的問題?？聽柲缏宸虮砻髟撊蝿?wù)可以被精確的制定，不僅對隨機(jī)對象而且也對那些表示為0和1的序列對象。在這種情況下，允許遞歸函數(shù)

16、的理論是一個(gè)復(fù)雜性的概念。這是使用柯爾洛夫作為該算法的方法來定義信息量發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)。</p><p>　　這種方法是基于算法的理論和假定一個(gè)先驗(yàn)概率衡量一組信號的可用性。我們將進(jìn)一步說明，最短的描述是這個(gè)字在給定方法復(fù)雜度來看的，它有一個(gè)描述算法方法之間的最佳方法（它比任何其他方法生產(chǎn)的說明，以在較短的固定值）。相對于這種優(yōu)化方法的復(fù)雜性被稱為柯爾莫哥洛夫復(fù)雜性。</p><p><b

17、>　　2.3組合方式 </b></p><p>　　在算法的方法中，在一個(gè)0和1的序列中包含的信息數(shù)量是由所需的重現(xiàn)次數(shù)（序列）決定的，事實(shí)上是方案最小長度的測量。然而，在一個(gè)單詞中把0和1的序列作為另一種測量信息量的方法是可能的。引導(dǎo)代數(shù)理論的信息組合方式由吉帕發(fā)展。該序列中的信息數(shù)量，取決于它的不對稱程度。讓我們設(shè)X是一個(gè)字母，并考慮這個(gè)字母的長度為n個(gè)單詞。一組排列應(yīng)用于這個(gè)文字。然后，轉(zhuǎn)

18、化為它本身排列數(shù)的對數(shù)就是所謂的O型信息。一個(gè)字的對稱性越少，就包含越多的O型資訊。 </p><p><b>　　2.4信息通信</b></p><p>　　現(xiàn)在讓我們考慮在信息通信科學(xué)中對象交互的模式。信息'一詞的起源是在拉丁文字資料或解釋中，事實(shí)上它是作為一個(gè)假設(shè)的發(fā)送者或信息接收者對話的排序。我們將以口語講話為例說明，信息傳遞過程。這是一個(gè)多元（矢量）

19、的過程。</p><p>　　第一部分是物理：要成功的完成資料傳輸過程，我們需要一個(gè)聲音信號（如人力聲帶），一對聲波振動(dòng)的傳播媒介和振蕩（人耳）接收器的來源。</p><p>　　第二個(gè)是一個(gè)信號組件：調(diào)幅和調(diào)頻聲波振蕩器。</p><p>　　第三部分是語法：參與者在談話中至少需要有一個(gè)共同的語言。</p><p>　　第四部分是語義：信息

20、傳達(dá)必須包含一個(gè)對象或現(xiàn)象是信息接收者不知道的描述。</p><p>　　第五部分是務(wù)實(shí)的。 （參加者必須要傳達(dá)和接受信息，即他們必須有一個(gè)可信的動(dòng)機(jī)。）</p><p><b>　　3、結(jié)論</b></p><p>　　如果我們詳細(xì)分析，我們可以得出這樣的結(jié)論；信息通信形式化模型思想體系已經(jīng)為不同性質(zhì)的實(shí)體提供方便。這作為一個(gè)自然的科學(xué)分支是

21、值得密切注意和進(jìn)一步的解釋的。應(yīng)該指出的是，在這方面通過基礎(chǔ)的研究，才有可能在信息處理專家（數(shù)學(xué)家，物理學(xué)家，化學(xué)家，生物學(xué)家，社會(huì)學(xué)家，語言學(xué)家和心理學(xué)家，自然和科學(xué)的代表人文）的共同努力下得到發(fā)展。</p><p>　　相反，模型和方法的信息通信將作為研究自然和社會(huì)文化發(fā)展的基本對象，是從物質(zhì)到社會(huì)群體水平和基本結(jié)構(gòu)水平的催化劑。</p><p><b>　　附件：外文原文&

22、lt;/b></p><p>　　The Science Of Info Communications</p><p>　　1.INTRODUCTION</p><p>　　The term info communication system has appeared in the documents of the International Telecomm

23、unication Union as a generalization of the notions 'information system' and 'telecommunication system. While a telecommunication system is intended for the transfer of electric signals of diverse types, an in

24、fo communication system is intended for information transmission.The concept incorporates the telecommunication system, but also includes the software required for its operation, and all information</p><p>　

25、　We will regard info communication science as a natural scientific discipline. Any natural discipline, like physics or chemistry, studies the structure (physical, chemical etc.) of objects and the process of interaction

26、between these objects. In the science of info communications, the objects of research are data and the process of interaction between the objects is the data transmission process. Accordingly, the objective of info commu

27、nication science is the construction of formalized models of </p><p>　　We will now briefly outline the main results of the research devoted to these problems, beginning with a discussion of data structures:i

28、n this area, most studies have been focused on the construction of formal models of data. This research has been motivated by the need to create computerized databases.Traditionally,databases are subdivided into relation

29、al and hierarchical ones, the latter being now referred to as object-oriented.As a matter of fact, a relational database is a set of tables in w</p><p>　　It should be noted that the table form is easy to han

30、dle.For instance, it is straightforward to order a table by a value in some column and easily select parts of rows or columns.However,if the object to be described is complex and non-uniform,we may have to resort to crea

31、te hundreds or thousands of tables, which makes the links between them unmanageable.In this situation the object- oriented description should be preferred. The advantages and disadvantages of object-oriented and relation

32、al data</p><p>　　After this cursory review of methods for building formal models of structure--the objects of study of the science of info communication--we must mention a little about the quantitative chara

33、cteristics of information,which in fact are similar to quantitative parameters in other natural sciences (like grams or meters or watts in physics).What are the quantitative characteristics of information?Our first obser

34、vation is that when considering computer databases and the quantity of information they co</p><p>　　2.THE CONCEPT OF INFORMATION</p><p>　　The broad interest in information processes and the vers

35、atility of these processes have given rise to a number of definitions and interpretations of the notion of information.I will list four of them,which are to my mind the most accurate and effective.</p><p>　　

36、(i) Information is the entity retained in computable isomorphism.</p><p>　　(ii) Information on a subject domain (its objects or phenomena) is a result of a homomorphic (i.e.retaining the principal ratios) ma

37、pping of elements of this subject domain to certain entities identifiable from these elements, such as signals, characteristics, or descriptions.</p><p>　　(iii) Information is a meaningful description of an

38、object or a phenomenon.</p><p>　　(iv) Information contained in a message is an entity that determines the change of knowledge upon the receipt of the message.</p><p>　　Obviously,the first defini

39、tion is suitable for a sufficiently formal (mathematical) description of models of real objects obtained by a developed mathematical apparatus.The second definition reflects the process of formalization of information ch

40、aracteristics of an object with the help of formal signals. The third definition can be linked with the process of transmitting data in some object,phenomenon,or event. Finally,the fourth definition emphasizes the novelt

41、y of the data for the recipient of</p><p>　　With some exceptions, all prior approaches to the definition of information quantity may be divided into five kinds:(i) entropic,(ii)algorithmic,(iii) combinatoria

42、l,(iv) semantic and (v) pragmatic.</p><p>　　The first three kinds provide a quantitative definition of the complexity of an object or phenomenon to be described.The fourth kind describes the informative char

43、acter and novelty of a message to be transferred to the recipient of the message. Finally, the fifth kind points to the usefulness of the message to be transferred to the recipient.We will consider each in mm.</p>

44、<p>　　2.1. The entropic approach</p><p>　　Historically,the entropic approach was the first to come to life.As far back as 19th century, physicists introduced the notion of entropy to define the value t

45、hat characterizes the processes of conversion of thermal energy into mechanical energy.To a certain extent, this value could be viewed as characterizing the measure of chaoticity (uncertainty) of molecular motion.Claude

46、Shannon [3],probably for this reason,called the quantity of information emitted by a source its entropy. To be more preci</p><p>　　(i) The event that occurs with the probability of 1 has zero uncertainty.<

47、;/p><p>　　(ii) If one event has a lesser probability than that of another event then the uncertainty of the first event is greater than the uncertainty of the other event.</p><p>　　(iii) The uncert

48、ainty of a simultaneous occurrence of two events is equal to the sum of their uncertainties.</p><p>　　It is generally assumed now that the entropic approach to the characterization of the notion of informati

49、on as such and to the introduction of its quantitative characteristics was created by Shannon. The theory' developed by Shannon allowed the researchers to interpret the various piecemeal, but nonetheless important,

50、data found by his predecessors from an integral point of view. In this connection the work by Robert Hartley should first of all be mentioned. Hartley introduced a notion that was</p><p>　　2.2. The algorithm

51、ic approach</p><p>　　The entropic approach pursued in information theory enables us to answer the question of how much information on an object X is contained in the object' Yi On the other hand the algo

52、rithmic approach considers the question of how much information is needed to reproduce (describe) the object X. Kolmogorov showed that this task could be formulated precisely, not only for stochastic objects but also for

53、 the objects that are presented as sequences of zeros and ones [6]. In this case, the theory of r</p><p>　　This approach is based on the theory of algorithms and presumes the availability of an a priori pro

54、bability measure on a set of signals. We will further state that the shortest length of description is the complexity of this word for the given method f. It appears that there is an optimal method of description among t

55、he algorithmic methods (which produces shorter descriptions than any other methods to within a constant value). The complexity with respect to this optimal method is called Kolmogor</p><p>　　2.3. The combina

56、torial approach</p><p>　　In the algorithmic approach, the quantity of information contained in a sequence of zeros and ones is in fact measured by the minimal length of the program needed to reproduce this w

57、ord (sequence).However,another measurement of information quantity Contained in a word as a sequence of zeros and ones is possible.The combinatorial approach developed by V. Goppa [7], leads to an algebraic theory of inf

58、ormation.The quantity of information in a sequence is determined by the extent of its asymmetry. L</p><p>　　2.4 INFOCOMMUNICATIONS</p><p>　　Let us now consider the models of object interaction i

59、n the science of info communications.The origin of the term 'information' is the Latin word information or explanation,which as a matter of fact presumes a sort of dialog between the senders and the receivers of

60、information.We will illustrate the process of information transmission with the example of oral speech. This is a multicomponent (vector) process.The first component is physical:to complete the process of information tra

61、nsmission succ</p><p>　　3.CONCLUSION</p><p>　　If we analyze the table we can conclude that the system of ideas for formalized models of infocommunications is already available for entities of di

62、verse character.It is developing successfully,deserves close attention and further interpretation and support as a natural science.It should be noted that the development of fundamental studies in this area is only possi

63、ble through joint efforts of specialists in information processes,on the one hand,and mathematicians, physicists, chemists, biologis</p><p>　　Conversely,models and methods of infocommunications will serve as