工程管理畢業(yè)外文翻譯--建筑項目招投標

1、<p><b>　　外文文獻：</b></p><p>　　Building engineering bidding</p><p>　　Yang Cao a,*, Shuhua Wang b, Heng Li a</p><p>　　aDepartment of Building and Real Estate, Hong Kong

2、 Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China</p><p>　　bState Key Laboratory of Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China</p><p><b>　　Abstract</b></p>&

3、lt;p>　　Nowadays in the engineering construction industry, the market which is characteristic for project bidding, has formed. The construction companies,which want to create good benefits, have to control their cost a

4、nd improve management to enhance the capacity of adapting and competing in this market. This article focuses on how to decrease cost and increase income so as to control the construction cost effectively. bidding documen

5、ts should be well formulated ,which is the improtment to a successful </p><p>　　[key] : bidding drawbacks of unfair competition countermeasures</p><p>　　Bidding is a form of project transactio

6、ns, project bidding process is to determine the successful bidder and the cost of the process and the price of the project, project bidding work of a very important link, do a good job bidding to determine the price, we

7、can effectively control construction costs, and create a fair and equitable market environment, create orderly competition mechanism. Bidding in construction activities, construction enterprises in order to tender invinc

8、ible works to be succ</p><p>　　Bidd ing documents is the general programme and play book of the bidding activity through the process of bidding. The bidding documents will specify that How to conduct each bi

9、dding work, how to dispatch bidding documents, the requirements for tenderer,how to rate and decide bidding and the procedures of bidding. Therefore, the personnel who is responsible for prepare bidding documents should

10、first have a general view of the bidding work, include all the requirements and arrangements into the bi</p><p>　　In another respect, bidding documents is also the legal instuments. Besides relevant law and

11、rules, the bidding documents are the common game rules that bidder,bidding agent and tenderer should subject to through the bidding. Bidding documents are the legal instuments that all the three bidding related parties s

12、hould subject to, have legal force, therefore, the bidding documents -making personnel required to have the awareness and quality of leagal in order to reflect the fair, just and legal re</p><p>　　In buildin

13、g engineering bidding law enforcement and the practice of project construction supervision system on standardizing China's construction market, improve the construction quality and played an active role. But in the p

14、rocess of implementing exist some disadvantages, needs to perfect, enrich and improve. This project bidding documents in accordance with the bidding law of the People's Republic of China for bidders, bidding regulati

15、on, enterprise strictly, put forward to bidders profession</p><p>　　Nowadays in the engineering construction industry, the market which is characteristic for project bidding, has formed. The construction com

16、panies,which want to create good benefits, have to control their cost and improve management to enhance the capacity of adapting and competing in this market. This article focuses on how to decrease cost and increase inc

17、ome so as to control the construction cost effectively.</p><p>　　In building engineering bidding law enforcement and the practice of project construction supervision system on standardizing China's const

18、ruction market, improve the construction quality and played an active role. But in the process of implementing exist some disadvantages, needs to perfect, enrich and improve. This project bidding documents in accordance

19、with the bidding law of the People's Republic of China for bidders, bidding regulation, enterprise strictly, put forward to bidders profession</p><p>　　The practice of project bidding purpose is to marke

20、t competition of openness, fairness and justice. However, due to the construction market development is not standard, management system and the experience of inadequate, architectural engineering bidding in concrete oper

21、ation exist in ACTS of unfair competition, and some drawbacks. This obviously violate the bidding, the bidding process, and will lose its significance for other bidder fails to bid is unjust, disturbed the bidding (proje

22、ct contra</p><p>　　Construction cost management system, both theoretical discussion, but also need to practice innovation. Under the conditions of market economy, project cost management, competitive and ord

23、erly market for construction management services platform structures. In such a premise, the original scale and method of valuation is inappropriate, and this needs to be reformed and improved. The spirit of "the go

24、vernment's macro regulation and control, enterprise autonomy offer, the market will price" princi</p><p>　　Construction process capability, moderate cost, quality is excellent, short duration of con

25、struction enterprises, and this is the ultimate goal tender. I have participated in internships over the course of the project bidding, and completed over part of the calculation of quantities, combined with graduate exp

26、erience in the design process, a brief analysis of the mode Quantities Call for Tender</p><p>　　The meaning of risk and risk characteristics of the general construction, the lowest price sealed bidding const

27、ruction method produces several risks and incentives, according to their characteristics discussed the feasibility of risk control and prevention. Comparison of engineering and engineering security risk management, insur

28、ance, similarities and differences between the two projects and benefits; construction project bidding and tendering process characteristics of human behavior is analyze</p><p>　　Construction Cost Management

29、 from the "quantity-one price" plan model to "price of separation volume" model of the market, and gradually establish a market price-based price formation mechanism, the price of the decision in the

30、hands of the parties involved in the market, and ultimately the allocation of resources through the market in order to realize through the market mechanism to decide on project cost. This will standardize the constructio

31、n market-competitive behavior and the promotion of p</p><p>　　With the construction of in-depth development of the market, the traditional fixed pricing model no longer suited to market-oriented economic dev

32、elopment needs. In order to adapt to the current project bidding by the market needs of a project cost, we must work on the existing valuation methods and pricing model for reform, the implementation of projects bill pri

33、cing. Engineering is a list of pricing model and adapt to the market economy, allowing independent contractor pricing through market co</p><p>　　A healthy bidding system should be in accordance with the &quo

34、t;open, fair and justice" and the principle of good faith, and establish a unified, open, competitive and orderly construction market. In view of the current problems existing in the bidding process, adopt regulatio

35、ns, and formulate and perfect the institution, strengthening process supervision measures, they can better regulate construction market order, prevent corruption from its source, purify construction market, promote the c

36、onstruct</p><p>　　References</p><p>　　[1] R.G. Casey, D.R. Ferguson, Intelligent forms processing, IBMSystem Journal 29 (3) (1990) 435– 450.</p><p>　　[2] T. Watanabe, Q. Luo, N. Sug

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44、[9] J.Y. Chiang, S.C. Tue, Y.C. Leu, A new algorithm for line image vectorization, Pattern Recognition 31 (10) (1998) 1541–1549.</p><p><b>　　建筑項目招投標</b></p><p>　　楊曹*,王建民,b, 李亨</p&

45、gt;<p>　　a建筑部門和房地產(chǎn)、香港理工大學、香港、中國</p><p>　　b國家重點實驗室的小說軟件技術(shù)、南京大學、南京210093,中國</p><p><b>　　摘要</b></p><p>　　目前在工程建設(shè)項目行業(yè)中，以工程招投標為特征的建筑市場已經(jīng)形成，施工企業(yè)為創(chuàng)造良好經(jīng)濟效益，必須嚴格控制成本，加強成本控

46、制管理，才能提高市場適應(yīng)能力和競爭力。本文從降低成本、增加收入兩方面闡述對施工成本的有效控制。投標文件的編制是投標工作的一個重要環(huán)節(jié)，直接影響投標工作的成敗，投標的成敗對企業(yè)的生存和發(fā)展有著直接的影響，因此要編制出高質(zhì)量的投標文件，提高單位的中標率，防止無效標及廢標出現(xiàn)。</p><p>　　【關(guān)鍵詞】： 招投標 不正當競爭 防范對策</p><p>　　招標投標是一種工程交易形式，

47、工程招投標的過程就是確定中標人和工程價格的過程，而工程價格的確定，是工程招投標工作中非常重要的一個環(huán)節(jié)，搞好招投標工程的價格確定工作，可以有效地控制工程造價，創(chuàng)造公平、公正的市場環(huán)境，營造有序競爭的機制。在建筑工程招標投標活動中，建筑施工企業(yè)要想在投標中立于不敗之地，中標得到工程，然后又要從承包工程中贏利，就需要綜合考慮各種主觀條件與客觀因素、研究投標策略，確定投標方法。</p><p>　　投標策略包括投標策略

48、和作價技巧。所有的策略和技巧來自承包商的無數(shù)次投標的經(jīng)驗積累以及對客觀規(guī)律的認識和對實際情況的了解，同時也與承包商的決策能力和魄力息息相關(guān)。</p><p>　　從招標進程上講，招標文件是招標活動的總綱和劇本。每項招標工作如何開始，如何發(fā)出招標文件，對投標人有什么要求，如何評標，如何決標，招標程序是什么，都在招標文件中做出規(guī)定，所以編制招標文件的人員首先要對本次招標工作有一個全局性的認識，把本次招標的要求和安排反

49、映到招標文件當中，在編制當中也會遇到事先沒有想到的問題，那就在編制當中逐一解決，編制招標文件的過程也是制定招標方案的過程。 </p><p>　　從另一個意義上來講，招標文件也是法律文件，除了相關(guān)的法律法規(guī)外，在招標的全過程中招標人，投標人，招標代理機構(gòu)共同遵循的游戲規(guī)則就是招標文件，這是參加招標工作三方人士必須遵循的法律文件，具有法律效力，所以編制招標文件的人員須有法律意識和素質(zhì)，在招標文件中體現(xiàn)出公平、公正、

50、合法的要求。</p><p>　　我國建筑工程招投標法實施以及工程施工監(jiān)理制度的實踐，對規(guī)范我國建筑市場、提高建筑工程施工質(zhì)量，起到了積極的作用。但是在實施過程中存在不少缺陷，需要完善、充實和提高。本工程招標文件根據(jù)《中華人民共和國招投標法》規(guī)定，對投標人，投標企業(yè)進行嚴格把關(guān)，對競標者提出了專業(yè)性的要求，對工程的概況進行了說明。</p><p>　　目前在工程建設(shè)項目行業(yè)中，以工程招投標

51、為特征的建筑市場已經(jīng)形成，施工企業(yè)為創(chuàng)造良好經(jīng)濟效益，必須嚴格控制成本，加強成本控制管理，才能提高市場適應(yīng)能力和競爭力。本文從降低成本、增加收入兩方面闡述對施工成本的有效控制。</p><p>　　我國建筑工程招投標法實施以及工程施工監(jiān)理制度的實踐，對規(guī)范我國建筑市場、提高建筑工程施工質(zhì)量，起到了積極的作用。但是在實施過程中存在不少缺陷，需要完善、充實和提高。本工程招標文件根據(jù)《中華人民共和國招投標法》規(guī)定，對投

52、標人，投標企業(yè)進行嚴格把關(guān)，對競標者提出了專業(yè)性的要求，對工程的概況進行了說明。</p><p>　　實行工程招投標的目的是為了市場競爭的公開、公平、公正。但是，由于建筑市場發(fā)育尚不規(guī)范，管理體制的束縛以及經(jīng)驗不足等原因，建筑工程招標投標在具體操作中還存在不正當競爭行為和一些弊端。這顯然違背了招投標的目的，整個招標投標過程也就失去了意義，對其他未中標的投標人來講也是不公正的，擾亂了招投標（工程承發(fā)包市場）經(jīng)濟活動

53、秩序，對于這類行為必須予以禁止，只有這樣，才能使建設(shè)工程競爭性交易活動依法健康運行。因此本課題將結(jié)合本人所學及社會實踐，對目前的建設(shè)工程招投標制度及現(xiàn)狀進行闡述，并針對建設(shè)工程招投標存在的弊端與不正當競爭行為現(xiàn)象及產(chǎn)生原因進行分析，最后做出相應(yīng)的防范對策研究。</p><p>　　造價管理體系的建設(shè)，既包括理論上的探討，又需要實踐中的創(chuàng)新。市場經(jīng)濟條件下的工程造價管理，要為建筑市場有序競爭搭建管理服務(wù)平臺。在這樣

54、一個大前提下，原有的定額和計價方法是不適應(yīng)的，這就需要改革和完善。本著“政府宏觀調(diào)控、企業(yè)自主報價、市場形成價格”的原則，來推行實施工程量清單計價規(guī)范。清單計價模式下招投標活動是建立在市場經(jīng)濟運行機制下，依據(jù)法律程序，以科學、公正、公開合理的方法確定中標人的一種經(jīng)濟活動。招投標是構(gòu)成招標投標活動中兩個最基本的環(huán)節(jié)。而招投標活動，無非是想通過招標，選擇一家具有工</p><p>　　工程施工能力、造價適中、質(zhì)量較優(yōu)

55、、工期較短的施工企業(yè)，這也是進行招標的最終目的。本人在實習過程中曾參與過多個項目的招投標工作，并完成過部分工程量清單的計算，結(jié)合畢業(yè)設(shè)計過程中的體會，簡要分析一下工程量清單計價模式下的招投標工作。</p><p>　　從風險的內(nèi)涵和建設(shè)工程一般性風險特點出發(fā)，了建設(shè)工程最低價格密封招標法的幾種風險及其產(chǎn)生的誘因，根據(jù)其特性探討了風險控制與防范的可行性。比較了工程擔保與工程保險這兩種工程風險管理異同與優(yōu)點；并對建設(shè)

56、工程招投標過程中的投標人的行為特征進行了分析，揭示投標人的風險偏好行為特征隨著外部環(huán)境的改變而變化，當違約懲罰較輕時，投標人偏向于追求風險，而隨著違約懲罰標準加大超過某一值后，投標人表現(xiàn)出的風險行為改變?yōu)槠蛴谝?guī)避風險，懲罰標準越大投標人行為偏向于更加規(guī)避風險，這一結(jié)果對控制和防范投標人的行為風險具有重要的與現(xiàn)實意義。</p><p>　　工程造價管理由“量價合一”的計劃模式向“量價分離”的市場模式轉(zhuǎn)變，逐步建立

57、市場形成價格為主的價格機制，把價格的決定權(quán)交給參與市場的各方，并最終通過市場來配置資源，從而真正實現(xiàn)通過市場機制決定工程造價。這對規(guī)范建筑市場的競爭行為和促進工程招標投標機制的創(chuàng)新發(fā)揮重要作用?？梢哉f，實行工程量清單計價是我國工程造價管理制度的一大進步，也是在我國加入WTO后，與全球建筑業(yè)同行競爭的有力工具。</p><p>　　隨著工程建筑市場的深入發(fā)展，傳統(tǒng)的定額計價模式已不適應(yīng)市場化經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的需要。為了適應(yīng)

58、目前工程招投標由市場形成工程造價的需要，必須對現(xiàn)行工程計價方法和計價模式進行改革，實行工程量清單計價。工程量清單計價模式是一種與市場經(jīng)濟相適應(yīng)的、允許承包單位自主報價、通過市場競爭確定價格、與國際慣例接軌的計價模式。 隨著工程量清單計價模式的推廣，按國際慣例招標投標勢在必行。因此“最低合理價中標”是我國今后最主要的評標辦法?，F(xiàn)階段因?qū)嵤┕こ塘壳鍐斡媰r模式而出現(xiàn)的問題主要有，針對我國現(xiàn)階段《招標投標法》中規(guī)定的最低合理價中標的原則，多數(shù)承

59、包商尚未建立自己的企業(yè)定額，無法確定企業(yè)的合理成本。本文就是以科學、快捷的確定“合理成本價”為研究的關(guān)鍵。 首先從工程成本的基本概念入手，分析了工程量清單計價模式下的成本構(gòu)成，為準確預測工程成本提供了基礎(chǔ)，綜合考慮了社會平均成本和企業(yè)個別成本來進行投標階段的成本估算。其次通過對模糊數(shù)學和指數(shù)平滑技術(shù)的深入分析，通過“貼近度”的概念，合理的將模糊數(shù)學與指數(shù)平滑技術(shù)結(jié)合起來，構(gòu)建了工程成本模糊預測技術(shù)的數(shù)學模型，并根據(jù)統(tǒng)計的有關(guān)參考資料和經(jīng)

60、驗建立了“框架結(jié)構(gòu)體系”的對比工程</p><p>　　一個健康的招投標制度應(yīng)該是按照“公開、公正、公平”和誠實信用的原則，建立起統(tǒng)一、開放、競爭、有序的建筑市場。針對當前招投標過程中存在的問題，采取完善法規(guī)、明確職責、健全機構(gòu)，強化過程監(jiān)督等措施，才能更好地規(guī)范建筑市場秩序，從源頭上遏止腐敗，凈化建筑市場，促進建筑市場秩序逐步走向規(guī)范化，法制化的軌道，不斷提高工程招投標工作的質(zhì)量和水平。</p>

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