外文翻譯--建設(shè)工程項目管理的方法論研究

1、<p>　　建設(shè)工程項目管理的方法論研究</p><p>　　1、問題的提出及現(xiàn)狀綜述    項目管理之所以成為一種現(xiàn)代社會解決“一次性問題”的有效工具甚至一種職業(yè)資格，并在社會事務(wù)、經(jīng)濟過程中廣泛應(yīng)用且快速發(fā)展，原因就在于它提供了一種新的方法?，F(xiàn)代社會經(jīng)濟總量不斷增加，經(jīng)濟全球化、信息化趨勢日益增強，發(fā)展速度加快，過程復(fù)雜，新的行業(yè)、領(lǐng)域不斷出現(xiàn)，產(chǎn)品開發(fā)周期縮短，導(dǎo)致

2、越來越多的“一次性”、沒有可仿照的任務(wù)，尤其是企業(yè)和管理社會公共事務(wù)的政府，更面臨著日趨復(fù)雜的來自市場和國內(nèi)外事務(wù)的各種問題，這些涉及到的因素、利益主體越來越多，常規(guī)的管理辦法難以解決或圓滿解決。我們可以這樣認為，項目管理的發(fā)展依賴于其應(yīng)用的方法。項目管理在中國廣泛推廣流行是近幾年的事，而我們引進、流行的重點，不應(yīng)是繁瑣的理論、概念、程序，而應(yīng)該是簡明、適用、有效的方法。    不論經(jīng)濟結(jié)構(gòu)如何

3、變化，工程項目建設(shè)仍是我國經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的主要載體。項目建設(shè)成為許多地區(qū)經(jīng)濟振興的重要手段。在經(jīng)濟進步主要依靠新科技成果應(yīng)用、依靠內(nèi)涵式擴展、依靠知識創(chuàng)新的形勢下，依靠擴展項目建設(shè)并不是合適的振興經(jīng)濟的手段，我國也一直在為投資決策的失誤付出巨大的代價，所以利用科學(xué)方法對工程建設(shè)項目進行管理，</p><p>　　2、建設(shè)工程項目管理方法的層次性    狹義的工程項目管理是在限定

4、的工期、質(zhì)量、費用目標內(nèi)對工程項目進行綜合管理以實現(xiàn)項目預(yù)定目標，但這只是工程項目施工的管理。隨著投資規(guī)模、領(lǐng)域的擴大、投資來源多樣化、工程項目對環(huán)境、經(jīng)濟影響增強，工程項目管理已不限于實施過程，而是擴展到從立項到交付使用、維護的全過程的管理，工程項目的實施也從施工承包發(fā)展到項目管理、工程總承包等多種形式。對于一個具體的工程項目，其目標已不僅僅是質(zhì)量、工期、費用的控制，還要與資金籌措、風(fēng)險分析、使用維護以及與所在地經(jīng)濟、環(huán)境等聯(lián)系起來，

5、項目的目標、管理都應(yīng)按“廣義”考慮。綜上所述，本文將工程項目管理方法分為兩個層次：思想性方法和技術(shù)性方法，或者說，項目管理思想和方法。</p><p>　　3、建設(shè)工程項目管理的思想性方法</p><p>　　項目管理的思想性方法也可稱為思想，之所以將項目管理思想作為方法加以分析，是工程項目管理的背景、環(huán)境日益復(fù)雜，涉及環(huán)節(jié)、因素增多，項目對環(huán)境、經(jīng)濟的影響較大，并受到人文、社會關(guān)系的影響

6、，資金來源、建設(shè)形式也日趨多樣化，如果僅僅著眼于具體的技術(shù)方法，不能從戰(zhàn)略高度對項目進行綜合分析，就不能與國家的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略、發(fā)展觀念相協(xié)調(diào)，所以首先研究工程項目管理的思想方法。    工程項目管理體現(xiàn)出來的思想是多方面的，其中最基本的應(yīng)該是系統(tǒng)思想。    系統(tǒng)思想不僅是項目管理的基本思想，也是項目管理理論形成與發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)之一。系統(tǒng)思想的科學(xué)基礎(chǔ)是系統(tǒng)論，

7、哲學(xué)基礎(chǔ)是事物的整體觀。系統(tǒng)論是二十世紀五十年代發(fā)展起來的，八十年代曾在哲學(xué)界引起巨大影響，是“三個論點”之一（另兩論是信息論、控制論）。在很大程度上，“項目”與“系統(tǒng)”是一致的，例如二者都有明確的目標、一定限制條件、需要制定計劃實現(xiàn)目標并在實施過程中根據(jù)信息反饋進行控制等。系統(tǒng)工程學(xué)是為了研究多個子系統(tǒng)構(gòu)成的整體系統(tǒng)所具有的多種不同目標的相互協(xié)調(diào)，以期系統(tǒng)功能的最優(yōu)化、最大限度地發(fā)揮系統(tǒng)組成部分的能力而發(fā)展起來的一門科學(xué)，如果將其中的

8、“系統(tǒng)”改為“項目</p><p>　　工程項目管理系統(tǒng)思想的第二個含義是工程項目作為一個系統(tǒng)，又是大系統(tǒng)的一個子系統(tǒng)，“大系統(tǒng)“包括項目所在行業(yè)、所在地經(jīng)濟、社會環(huán)境、以至于地區(qū)、國內(nèi)、國外市場等，要將工程項目放到社會經(jīng)濟系統(tǒng)中，作為社會大系統(tǒng)的子系統(tǒng)看待，特別要注重項目建設(shè)與環(huán)境、資源、文化、區(qū)域發(fā)展規(guī)劃等大系統(tǒng)的協(xié)調(diào)，符合持續(xù)發(fā)展的要求。項目自身是一個系統(tǒng)，又是社會環(huán)境系統(tǒng)的子系統(tǒng)，項目自身的順利實施是一個

9、目標，符合社會、環(huán)境、發(fā)展要求又是一個目標。在這樣的思想指導(dǎo)下，工程項目建設(shè)才能既然實現(xiàn)自身目標，又能起到振興區(qū)域經(jīng)濟、協(xié)調(diào)全面發(fā)展的作用。這一指導(dǎo)思想重點應(yīng)在項目的策劃、評價、決策階段體現(xiàn)。    工程項目管理還有一些其他思想如控制性、目標性、團隊性等，但它們都是系統(tǒng)思想的延伸，是以系統(tǒng)思想為基礎(chǔ)的，因此不再論述。</p><p>　　4、工程項目管理的技術(shù)性方法&#

10、160;   技術(shù)性方法是項目實施過程中的具體方法或工具，在不同環(huán)節(jié)有不同的方法。建設(shè)項目除了與環(huán)境協(xié)調(diào)的宏觀目標，特別應(yīng)有質(zhì)量、時間、費用三大目標，前期需經(jīng)評價，在實施過程中涉及合同、采購、信息、人力資源、風(fēng)險等的管理。對于上述目標和過程中的管理內(nèi)容，目前都有一定的方法，這些方法綜合起來，共同控制、協(xié)調(diào)項目以保證項目建設(shè)的成功實施。    對于項目建設(shè)的直接管理可

11、分為項目評價、直接目標管理、過程管理、綜合管理四個部分，各部分可采用相應(yīng)的方法。    4.1 項目評價方法    項目評價主要指經(jīng)濟評價，包括財務(wù)評價、國民經(jīng)濟評價。其思路基本一致，只是角度不同，前者只考慮項目本身，后者從國民經(jīng)濟整體考慮（某些效益、費用由于只是在全社會轉(zhuǎn)移而不予考慮，如稅金、利息等），同時采用影子價格（資源優(yōu)化配置狀態(tài)下的價

12、格）為數(shù)據(jù)基礎(chǔ)。    經(jīng)濟評價主要采用指標分析、比選方法，評價指標有凈現(xiàn)值、內(nèi)部收益率、投資回收期等，通過與基準值比較或各指標間比較，選擇較優(yōu)的方案。只要基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)確定得當、客觀符實，通過指標比較能夠選出較優(yōu)方案。    項目還需進行社會評價，社會評價</p><p>　　5、結(jié)論    

13、(1)建設(shè)工程項目管理方法包括思想、技術(shù)兩個層次，思想是系統(tǒng)思想，技術(shù)是各種具體的工具性方法。    (2)研究項目管理方法有助于項目管理研究擺脫繁瑣的理論篇幅，走出表面化的傾向，以其簡潔性、實用性應(yīng)用于工程建設(shè)管理中去，發(fā)揮其在促進經(jīng)濟社會的協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展的作用。    (3)工程項目管理研究、推廣應(yīng)用的重點應(yīng)該是方法。轉(zhuǎn)貼于</p><

14、p>　　Construction Project Management Methodology Research</p><p>　　1st ,The question proposes and the present situation summary </p><p>　　Project management therefore becomes one kind of moder

15、n society solves "the disposable problem" the effective tool down to one professional qualifications, in the social affair, the economical process the widespread application and rapidly develops, consist it in

16、providing one new method. The modern social economy total quantity unceasingly increases, the economical globalization, the information tendency strengthen day by day, the development speeds up, the process complex, the

17、new profession, </p><p>　　However the economic structure does change, the project construction was still our country economy development main carrier. Progresses in the economy mainly depends upon the new t

18、echnical achievement application, depends on connotation type expands, and depends on knowledge innovation situation, depends on the extensive project construction certainly is not the appropriate promotion economy metho

19、d, our country also continuously in pays the huge price for the investment decision-making fault, t</p><p>　　The construction project management not only is the concrete method, also includes the thought. t

20、he project construction does for the developing economy important method, not only spends greatly, moreover has a tremendous influence to the environment, therefore must satisfy, the coordinated development request susta

21、inably, this also is one of construction project management important guiding ideology. The methodology is to the method research. The comprehensive construction well-off society, de</p><p>　　The project man

22、agement theory has until now been allowed to say is very complete, this not only displays in the bountiful theory achievement like each kind of project management books appearing on the market, but also displayed in thi

23、s domain had own "the knowledge system", like the American project management association (PMI) in 1987 proposed and after 1,996, in 2000 revised "the project management knowledge system", the interna

24、tional project management association in 1997 has promoted "the p</p><p>　　2nd, The construction project management level</p><p>　　The narrow sense construction project management is in the

25、 definition time limit for a project, the quality, the expense goal carries on the synthesis management to the engineering project to achieve the project predetermined target, but this is only the project construction ma

26、nagement, along with the investment scale, the domain expansion, the investment origin diversification, the project to the environment, the economical influence strengthens, the project management has not been restricte

27、d </p><p>　　3rd, The construction project management ideological method </p><p>　　Project management ideological method also may be called the thought, therefore performs the project management

28、thought as the method to analyze, is the project management background, the environment complex day by day, involves the link, the factor increases, the project to the environment, the economy influence is bigger, and co

29、mes under the influence which the humanities, the society relates, the fund originates, the construction form also day by day diversifies, if merely focuses to the conc</p><p>　　The construction project mana

30、gement manifests the thought is various, most basic should is the system thought. </p><p>　　The system thought not only is the project management basic thought, also is the project management theory forms on

31、e of with development foundations. The system thought scientific foundation is the system theory, the philosophy foundation is thing overall view. The system theory is the 20th century 50's develops, the 80's onc

32、e caused the huge influence in China in the philosophy, were "three theory" one (another two theory are information theory, cybernetics). In the very great degree, "the proj</p><p>　　One is th

33、e construction project oneself take a system to manage, also is utilizes the systems scientific method, through the information feedback and the regulation, carries on the comprehensive synthesis management to the projec

34、t, including the plan, the organization, the direction, the coordination, the control, achieves the project goal.</p><p>　　The construction project management system thought’s second meaning is the construct

35、ion project takes as a system, also is a big system’s sub- system, "the big system" including the project in the profession, the locus economy, the social environment, down to the area, the home, the foreign ma

36、rket and so on, put the construction project to the social economy system in, regards as the social big system subsystem, specially must pay great attention to the project construction and the environment, </p>&l

37、t;p>　　The construction project management also has some other thought like controllability, the goal, the team and so on, but they all are system thought extending, is take the system thinking as the foundation, ther

38、efore does not elaborate. </p><p>　　4th, The construction project management’s technical method</p><p>　　Technical method is in the project implementation process concrete method or the tool, ha

39、s different method in the different link. The construction project except with the environment coordination macroscopic goal, specifically should have the quality, the time, the expense three big goals, the earlier perio

40、d must pass through the appraisal, involves the contract, the purchase, the information, the human resources, the risk in the implementation process and so on the management, regarding in the</p><p>　　The co

41、nstruction project managementcan divide into the itemized appraisal, the direct goal management, the process management, the synthesis regarding the project construction direct management four parts, each part may use th

42、e corresponding method. </p><p>　　4.1 Project appraisals method</p><p>　　Project appraisal mainly refers to the economic evaluation, including financial appraisal, national economy appraisal, i

43、ts mentality basic consistent, only is the angle is different, former only considered project itself, latter considers (some benefits, expense from the national economy whole because only are shifts in the entire society

44、 but does not give consideration, like tax money, interest and so on), simultaneously use the shadow price (under resources optimization disposition condition p</p><p>　　The economic evaluation mainly uses t

45、he target analysis, compared to chooses the method, the appraisal target to have only is presently worth, internal income rate, the investment recycling time and so on, through compares with the datum value comparison or

46、 during various targets, chooses a more superior plan. So long as the foundation data determination appropriate, the objective symbol is solid, can select a more superior plan through the target comparison. </p>&

47、lt;p>　　The project also must carry on the society to appraise, the society appraises has an greater degree the subjectivity, moreover more considerations project whole influence, therefore mainly manifests in the thin

48、king method. The project appraisal earnestly needs, to be objective, obtains conforms to the actual conclusion. </p><p>　　4.2 Projects direct goals management </p><p>　　Speaking of a constructi

49、on project, its governing goal has three, the time (time limit for a project), the quality, the expense (construction cost), namely according to the plan time, the expense, the quality completes the project. Between thes

50、e three goals each other has certainly incompatible, simultaneously achieved with difficulty superiorly, its implementation should most be superior take the project whole as the goal. </p><p>　　(1) Quality m

51、anagement: The quality control principle is the coprehensive quality management, namely take the quality as the center, the project whole staff participation, achieves the anticipated target. The comprehensive quality ma

52、nagement not only is the principle, also has the feasible operation sequence, namely the PDCA circulation (plan, execution, inspection, processing), the concrete control side principle has the ABC analytic method (also t

53、o call primary and secondary factor chart, arra</p><p>　　(2) Time management: Also calls the schedule management, the project’s schedule direct influence project benefit display. The progress management main

54、 method is the network planning approach, the network plan take the network chart as a foundation. The network chart is reflects project each work or the activity the logic ordinal response chart, it both can reflect the

55、 project time limit for a project, and reflected various workshops reciprocity, around the order, through to the essential line an</p><p>　　(3) Expense management: Also is the construction cost management, c

56、ompletes the project in the expense budget always is the project domain pursue goal, may always exceed expenditures in fact, this certainly has the investment system aspect the reason, also has in the management the reas

57、on. </p><p>　　The expense management mainly has the cost estimating and the deviation analytic method. The cost estimating is the engineering project earlier period basis designs, the market, the related sti

58、pulation estimate total investment, the deviation analyzes (wins value law) is compares through the actual finish project and the plan, analyzes whether has the deviation and discovers the deviating cause, by reasonable

59、control expense method. The expense deviation also must unify the project schedule anal</p><p>　　4.3 Projects processes management</p><p>　　Project implementation process has many contents, the

60、link needs to manage, affects more including to the project implementation: </p><p>　　(1) Contract management: The contract is agrees the project participation all quarters right duty relations the agreement

61、, is has the legal effect the document. The contract management center chooses the contract type, mainly is the price type, the different form price contract has manifested the risk assignment form. Contract management g

62、enerally according to standard contract text execution, but suitably performs to revise. </p><p>　　(2) Human resources management: The project construction realization must depend on the team to carry on. Fr

63、om modern management angle, the people start to treat the person as one kind of resources to develop but are not manage as the tool, "the human resources management" a word is more and more mentions for the th

64、eory and the practice, although leaves this word the original intention also to have in fact very far. The project human resources management mainly is using the organization structu</p><p>　　(3) Purchases t

65、he management: In the project construction the equipment, the material purchase is an important content, relates the massive investments. The purchase principle is both does not affect the construction, and do not have t

66、o create the backlog waste, affects the fund to flow. The purchase management except with the plan, mainly take keeps in stock the computation as the basis, namely according to the schedule, the market price factor calcu

67、lates the reasonable reserve, according to th</p><p>　　(4) Links up the management: The communication is more and more important in the management, the effective communication energy level earth enhances the

68、 working efficiency, realizes the project various goals condition. The communication take the information as the foundation, obtains, distinguishes, processing, the feedback realization good coordination through the info

69、rmation. The information technology is links up the management the main method.</p><p>　　(5) Risk management: The project risk comes from various aspects, the market price change, the owner, the supplier, th

70、e contractor, the project local economic environment and so on, the larger project and involves more correlation person, the bigger project risk . The risk is belong to the owner, also belong to the contractor. The risk

71、management principle is makes the correct estimate to the risk and uses the suitable measure to dodge or the shift (for example through insurance, reasonable cons</p><p>　　4.4 Projects syntheses management&l

72、t;/p><p>　　Project synthesis management is in fact to the project various goals, various links, various essential factors, various processes carries on the comprehensive coordination, guaranteed the project ove

73、rall effect is most superior, this also is the system thought in the project implementation performance. The project synthesis management uses plan, coordinated method. The project synthesis management is aims at the p

74、roject system to carry on, but is not some individual goal and the process. The s</p><p>　　5th, The conclusion</p><p>　　(1) The construction project management including the thought (philosophy)

75、, the technical two levels, the thought is the system thought, the technology is each concrete tool method. </p><p>　　(2) The research project management is helpful to the project management research gets ri

76、d of the tedious theory length, goes out the surfacing, by its succinct, the usability applies to the construction management, the promotion economic society coordinated development.</p><p>　　(3) The engine