外文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯-射頻識(shí)別(rfid)技術(shù)簡(jiǎn)介

1、<p>　　射頻識(shí)別（RFID）技術(shù)簡(jiǎn)介</p><p>　　RFID是Radio Frequency Identification的縮寫，即射頻識(shí)別，俗稱電子標(biāo)簽。</p><p>　　RFID射頻識(shí)別是一種非接觸式的自動(dòng)識(shí)別技術(shù)，它通過(guò)射頻信號(hào)自動(dòng)識(shí)別目標(biāo)對(duì)象并獲取相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)，識(shí)別工作無(wú)須人工干預(yù)，可工作于各種惡劣環(huán)境。RFID技術(shù)可識(shí)別高速運(yùn)動(dòng)物體并可同時(shí)識(shí)別多個(gè)標(biāo)簽，操作快

2、捷方便。</p><p>　　埃森哲實(shí)驗(yàn)室首席科學(xué)家弗格森認(rèn)為RFID是一種突破性的技術(shù)：第一，可以識(shí)別單個(gè)的非常具體的物體，而不是像條形碼那樣只能識(shí)別一類物體；第二，其采用無(wú)線電射頻，可以透過(guò)外部材料讀取數(shù)據(jù)，而條形碼必須靠激光來(lái)讀取信息；第三，可以同時(shí)對(duì)多個(gè)物體進(jìn)行識(shí)讀，而條形碼只能一個(gè)一個(gè)地讀。此外，儲(chǔ)存的信息量也非常大。</p><p>　　1 RFID的基本組成部分</p&

3、gt;<p>　　最基本的RFID系統(tǒng)由三部分組成：</p><p>　　a)標(biāo)簽：由耦合元件及芯片組成，每個(gè)標(biāo)簽具有唯一的電子編碼，附著在物體上標(biāo)識(shí)目標(biāo)對(duì)象；</p><p>　　b)閱讀器：讀取(有時(shí)還可以寫入)標(biāo)簽信息的設(shè)備，可設(shè)計(jì)為手持式或固定式；</p><p>　　c)天線：在標(biāo)簽和讀取器間傳遞射頻信號(hào)。</p><p&

4、gt;　　2 RFID技術(shù)的基本工作原理</p><p>　　RFID技術(shù)的基本工作原理并不復(fù)雜：標(biāo)簽進(jìn)入磁場(chǎng)后，接收解讀器發(fā)出的射頻信號(hào)，憑借感應(yīng)電流所獲得的能量發(fā)送出存儲(chǔ)在芯片中的產(chǎn)品信息（Passive Tag，無(wú)源標(biāo)簽或被動(dòng)標(biāo)簽），或者主動(dòng)發(fā)送某一頻率的信號(hào)（Active Tag，有源標(biāo)簽或主動(dòng)標(biāo)簽）；解讀器讀取信息并解碼后，送至中央信息系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)處理。</p><p>　　

5、3 RFID技術(shù)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀及其應(yīng)用</p><p>　　據(jù)Sanford C. Bernstein公司的零售業(yè)分析師估計(jì)，通過(guò)采用RFID，沃爾瑪每年可以節(jié)省83.5億美元，其中大部分是因?yàn)椴恍枰斯げ榭催M(jìn)貨的條碼而節(jié)省的勞動(dòng)力成本。盡管另外一些分析師認(rèn)為80億美元這個(gè)數(shù)字過(guò)于樂(lè)觀，但毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，RFID有助于解決零售業(yè)兩個(gè)最大的難題：商品斷貨和損耗（因盜竊和供應(yīng)鏈被攪亂而損失的產(chǎn)品），而現(xiàn)在單是盜竊一項(xiàng)，沃爾瑪一

6、年的損失就差不多有20億美元，如果一家合法企業(yè)的營(yíng)業(yè)額能達(dá)到這個(gè)數(shù)字，就可以在美國(guó)1000家最大企業(yè)的排行榜中名列第694位。研究機(jī)構(gòu)估計(jì)，這種RFID技術(shù)能夠幫助把失竊和存貨水平降低25%。其典型應(yīng)用為：</p><p><b>　　物流和供應(yīng)管理；</b></p><p><b>　　生產(chǎn)制造和裝配；</b></p><p

7、><b>　　航空行李處理；</b></p><p>　　郵件/快運(yùn)包裹處理；</p><p>　　文檔追蹤/圖書(shū)館管理；</p><p><b>　　動(dòng)物身份標(biāo)識(shí)；</b></p><p><b>　　運(yùn)動(dòng)計(jì)時(shí)；</b></p><p>　　門禁

8、控制/電子門票；</p><p><b>　　道路自動(dòng)收費(fèi)。</b></p><p>　　4 RFID自動(dòng)識(shí)別術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋</p><p>　　· 微 波 ： 波長(zhǎng)為0.1—100厘米或頻率在1—100GHZ的電磁波。 </p><p>　　· 射 頻 ： 一般指微波。 </p><p

9、>　　· 電子標(biāo)簽 ： 以電子數(shù)據(jù)形式存儲(chǔ)標(biāo)識(shí)物體代碼的標(biāo)簽，也叫射頻卡。 </p><p>　　· 被動(dòng)式電子標(biāo)簽： 內(nèi)部無(wú)電源、靠接收微波能量工作的電子標(biāo)簽。 </p><p>　　· 主動(dòng)式電子標(biāo)簽： 靠?jī)?nèi)部電池供電工作的電子標(biāo)簽。 </p><p>　　· 微波天線 ： 用于發(fā)射和接受微波信號(hào)。 </p&g

10、t;<p>　　· 讀出裝置 ： 用于讀取電子標(biāo)簽內(nèi)電子數(shù)據(jù)。 </p><p>　　· 閱 讀 器 ： 用于讀取電子標(biāo)簽內(nèi)電子數(shù)據(jù)。 </p><p>　　· 編 程 器 ： 用于將電子數(shù)據(jù)寫入電子標(biāo)簽或查閱電子標(biāo)簽內(nèi)存儲(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)。 </p><p>　　· 波束范圍 ： 指天線發(fā)射微波的照射功率范圍。 </

11、p><p>　　· 標(biāo)簽容量 ： 電子標(biāo)簽編程時(shí)所能寫入的字節(jié)數(shù)或邏輯位數(shù)。 </p><p>　　a-Biz—自動(dòng)識(shí)別技術(shù)的應(yīng)用案例框架 </p><p>　　ASN—高級(jí)貨運(yùn)通知 </p><p>　　BIS—商業(yè)信息系統(tǒng) </p><p><b>　　DA—發(fā)貨通知 </b></

12、p><p>　　EAN—?dú)W洲物品編碼組 </p><p>　　EPCTM—產(chǎn)品電子碼 </p><p>　　ONS—對(duì)象名解析服務(wù) </p><p>　　PML—實(shí)體標(biāo)記語(yǔ)言 </p><p>　　UCC—統(tǒng)一編碼委員會(huì) </p><p>　　UML—統(tǒng)一建模語(yǔ)言 </p><p

13、>　　4 RFID系統(tǒng)組成和工作原理 </p><p>　　最基本的RFID系統(tǒng)由三部分組成： </p><p>　　a)標(biāo)簽(Tag，即射頻卡)：由耦合元件及芯片組成，標(biāo)簽含有內(nèi)置天線，用于和射頻天線間進(jìn)行通信。 </p><p>　　b)閱讀器：讀取(在讀寫卡中還可以寫入)標(biāo)簽信息的設(shè)備。 </p><p>　　c)天線：在標(biāo)簽和讀

14、取器間傳遞射頻信號(hào)。 </p><p>　　有些系統(tǒng)還通過(guò)閱讀器的RS232或RS485接口與外部計(jì)算機(jī)(上位機(jī)主系統(tǒng))連接，進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)交換。 </p><p>　　系統(tǒng)的基本工作流程是：閱讀器通過(guò)發(fā)射天線發(fā)送一定頻率的射頻信號(hào)，當(dāng)射頻卡進(jìn)入發(fā)射天線工作區(qū)域時(shí)產(chǎn)生感應(yīng)電流，射頻卡獲得能量被激活；射頻卡將自身編碼等信息通過(guò)卡內(nèi)置發(fā)送天線發(fā)送出去；系統(tǒng)接收天線接收到從射頻卡發(fā)送來(lái)的載波信號(hào)，經(jīng)天

15、線調(diào)節(jié)器傳送到閱讀器，閱讀器對(duì)接收的信號(hào)進(jìn)行解調(diào)和解碼然后送到后臺(tái)主系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行相關(guān)處理；主系統(tǒng)根據(jù)邏輯運(yùn)算判斷該卡的合法性，針對(duì)不同的設(shè)定做出相應(yīng)的處理和控制，發(fā)出指令信號(hào)控制執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)動(dòng)作。 </p><p>　　在耦合方式(電感-電磁)、通信流程(FDX、HDX、SEQ)、從射頻卡到閱讀器的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸方法(負(fù)載調(diào)制、反向散射、高次諧波)以及頻率范圍等方面，不同的非接觸傳輸方法有根本的區(qū)別，但所有的閱讀器在功能原理上

16、，以及由此決定的設(shè)計(jì)構(gòu)造上都很相似，所有閱讀器均可簡(jiǎn)化為高頻接口和控制單元兩個(gè)基本模塊。高頻接口包含發(fā)送器和接收器，其功能包括：產(chǎn)生高頻發(fā)射功率以啟動(dòng)射頻卡并提供能量；對(duì)發(fā)射信號(hào)進(jìn)行調(diào)制，用于將數(shù)據(jù)傳送給射頻卡；接收并解調(diào)來(lái)自射頻卡的高頻信號(hào)。不同射頻識(shí)別系統(tǒng)的高頻接口設(shè)計(jì)具有一些差異，電感耦合系統(tǒng)的高頻接口原理圖如圖所示。 </p><p>　　閱讀器的控制單元的功能包括：與應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)軟件進(jìn)行通信，并執(zhí)行應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)

17、軟件發(fā)來(lái)的命令；控制與射頻卡的通信過(guò)程(主-從原則)；信號(hào)的編解碼。對(duì)一些特殊的系統(tǒng)還有執(zhí)行反碰撞算法，對(duì)射頻卡與閱讀器間要傳送的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行加密和解密，以及進(jìn)行射頻卡和閱讀器間的身份驗(yàn)證等附加功能。 </p><p>　　射頻識(shí)別系統(tǒng)的讀寫距離是一個(gè)很關(guān)鍵的參數(shù)。目前，長(zhǎng)距離射頻識(shí)別系統(tǒng)的價(jià)格還很貴，因此尋找提高其讀寫距離的方法很重要。影響射頻卡讀寫距離的因素包括天線工作頻率、閱讀器的RF輸出功率、閱讀器的接收靈敏

18、度、射頻卡的功耗、天線及諧振電路的Q值、天線方向、閱讀器和射頻卡的耦合度，以及射頻卡本身獲得的能量及發(fā)送信息的能量等。大多數(shù)系統(tǒng)的讀取距離和寫入距離是不同的，寫入距離大約是讀取距離的40%～80%。</p><p><b>　　5 總結(jié)</b></p><p>　　RFID技術(shù)利用無(wú)線射頻方式在閱讀器和射頻卡之間進(jìn)行非接觸雙向數(shù)據(jù)傳輸，以達(dá)到目標(biāo)識(shí)別和數(shù)據(jù)交換的目的。

19、與傳統(tǒng)的條型碼、磁卡及IC卡相比，射頻卡具有非接觸、閱讀速度快、無(wú)磨損、不受環(huán)境影響、壽命長(zhǎng)、便于使用的特點(diǎn)和具有防沖突功能，能同時(shí)處理多張卡片。在國(guó)外，射頻識(shí)別技術(shù)已被廣泛應(yīng)用于工業(yè)自動(dòng)化、商業(yè)自動(dòng)化、交通運(yùn)輸控制管理等眾多領(lǐng)域。</p><p>　　Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology Introduction</p><p>

20、;　　RFID is the abbreviation for Radio Frequency Identification, called electronics label .</p><p>　　RFID recognition is a non-contact automatic identification technology, rf signal through its automatic targ

21、et recognition and access to relevant data, identify work without manual intervention, it can work in various environments. RFID technology can identify high-speed moving objects and can identify multiple tags, the opera

22、tion is fast and convenient.</p><p>　　Accenture laboratory's chief scientist sir alex ferguson feels RFID is a breakthrough technology: "first, can identify a very specific objects, rather like the

23、code that can identify class objects; second, the use of rf, can read data through external materials, and bar code must rely on laser to read information; third, can also read on to multiple objects, and bar code can on

24、ly read one by one. In addition, store of information is also very big."</p><p>　　1 The basic components of RFID</p><p>　　The most basic RFID system consists of three parts:</p><

25、p>　　a)Tag:Tag consists of components and chips, each Tag has only electronic coding, adhere to the object for identifiering target;</p><p>　　b)Reader:read (sometimes also can write) label information equi

26、pment,it can </p><p>　　be designed for portable or fixed;</p><p>　　c)Antenna: Transmit radio frequency signals between in the label and reader.</p><p>　　2 The basic working principl

27、e of RFID technology</p><p>　　The basic principle of RFID technology is not complex: Label into the field, Receive radio frequency signals from reader collision, with all the energy stored in a chip of the p

28、roduct information （ passive tag, there is no source label or labels ）, Or actively to send a frequency signals（ active tag and to label or labels ） ； to read information and understanding of the decoder after the centra

29、l information systems to carry out the relevant data processing.</p><p>　　3 Development of RFID technology and its application</p><p>　　Sanford Bernstein cristiano, according to analysts estimat

30、e the retailing company, by adopting the RFID, wal-mart can save $8.35 billion each year, mostly because of the purchase of artificial view does not need to save the cost of labor code. Although some analysts think $8 bi

31、llion in the digital too optimistic, but undoubtedly, RFID help solve the problem: the two biggest retail commodities and loss (broken by theft and supply chain was unsettled and loss of products),now a wal-mart, stealin

32、g </p><p>　　Logistics and supply management;</p><p>　　Manufacturing and assembly;</p><p>　　Airline baggage handling;</p><p>　　Mail/express parcel;</p><p>　

33、　A document tracking/library management;</p><p>　　Animal identity tags;</p><p><b>　　Movement;</b></p><p>　　Access control/electronic tickets;</p><p>　　Autom

34、atic charge. Road.</p><p>　　4 Composition and working principles of RFID systems</p><p>　　· micro wave: wavelength of 0.1-100 centimeters or frequency in 1-100GHZ electromagnetic wave.</

35、p><p>　　·radiation frequency: usually microwave.</p><p>　　·electronic tags: stored data object code identification tag, also called</p><p><b>　　rf CARDS.</b></

36、p><p>　　·passive tags: without power and internal by receiving microwave energy work.</p><p>　　·active tags: by internal batteries work labels.</p><p>　　·microwave anten

37、na: used for launching and receive a signal.</p><p>　　·read device: Used to read the labels in electronic data.</p><p>　　·programming device: for electronic data written to the label o

38、r labels for the stored data.</p><p>　　·beam bracketing: refers to the antenna beam range of microwave irradiation range launch power.</p><p>　　·tag capacity: The label of programming

39、can be written in the number of digits or logical.</p><p>　　A - Biz -utomatic identification technology application case frame</p><p>　　ASN - senior freight notice</p><p>　　BIS - co

40、mmercial information system</p><p>　　DA - shipment notification</p><p>　　EAN --European articles coding EPCTM - electronic products</p><p>　　ONS - objects name resolution services&l

41、t;/p><p>　　PML - entity markup language</p><p>　　UCC - unity coding committee</p><p>　　UML - unified modeling language</p><p>　　System composition and working principle<

42、;/p><p>　　The most basic RFID system consists of three parts:</p><p>　　a)Tag:Tag consists of components and chips, each Tag has only electronic coding, adhere to the object for identifiering target

43、;</p><p>　　b)Reader:read (sometimes also can write) label information equipment,it can </p><p>　　be designed for portable or fixed;</p><p>　　c)Antenna: Transmit radio frequency sign

44、als between in the label and reader.</p><p>　　Some systems have readers RS232 or RS485 interface with external computer (upper computer system) connection, and exchange data.</p><p>　　The system

45、 of basic workflow is: reader through the antenna send certain frequencies of rf signals, when the rf card to enter the antenna working area induced current, rf cards gain energy to be activated, rf cards will own coding

46、 information through the card built-in transmitting antenna send out, System receiving aerial from rf card from the carrier signal, the antenna of a regulator to the reader, the reader to receive a signal and demodulates

47、 and decodes to the system to deal with the releva</p><p>　　Readers of the control unit features include: communicate with the application software, Application software and to execute the order of radio fre

48、quencies ； control and communication from the principle of the lord - () ； signal of the decoding. to some specific systems are the collision, the algorithm to rf card reader, and to the transfer of data encryption and d

49、ecryption, as well as on radio frequencies and the reader's authentication for an additional function.</p><p>　　The rfid system is a key and distance of the parameters. At present, the price of long-dist

50、ance rfid system is very expensive, thus to improve their reading for distance of the method is very important. Influence factors of distance and RF card reader, including antenna working frequency of RF output power, re

51、ader's reception sensitivity, RF card power, antenna and the resonant circuit Q value, antenna, RF card reader and the direction of the coupling, and RF card itself of energy and send infor</p><p><b&

52、gt;　　5 Summary</b></p><p>　　RFID technology USES radio-frequency mode in the reader and rf card no contact between the bidirectional data transmission, in order to achieve target recognition and data e

53、xchange. And the tradition of code, magnetic and IC card, compared with non-contact, rf card reading speed, wear, not by environmental impact, long life, easy to use and has the characteristics of anti-collision function