外文翻譯---汽車座椅的現(xiàn)狀與發(fā)展趨勢(shì)

1、<p><b>　　附 錄Ⅱ</b></p><p>　　Car seat of the status quo and development trend</p><p>　　Study abroad is accompanied by the seat of the birth of the car and started going through th

2、e hundred-year history, the development of a very mature, with the seat-related safety standards and regulations have been perfect. As early as age 60 in the 20th century, many foreign countries have developed national o

3、r industry on car seat safety performance to ensure that the various regulations and standards, such as the United States to enforce laws and regulations of the Federal Motor Vehicle Safet</p><p>　　Behind th

4、e design approach is hindered research and development of China's seat of an important factor. At present, many domestic manufacturers of the seats is still the linkage of traditional modes of production, resulting i

5、n the design of high cost and long development cycle. Once the quality of products and unqualified, the blind tend to take greater diameter, wall thickness or the thickness of the solution, rather than from the perspecti

6、ve of improving the overall structure to modify the des</p><p>　　At the same time, as the modern car design to security, the pursuit of environmental protection and energy saving in foreign countries, in ens

7、uring the safety of car seats on the basis of the structural design of seats have also begun to lightweight, low-cost development, more number of new manufacturing technology and the beginning of wider use of lightweight

8、 materials and modern design of automobile seats. Comparative study abroad, the situation of car seats, due to a late start in China's aut</p><p>　　Strength to the seat assembly as an example, the requir

9、ements of our standard seat assembly can withstand 20 times the gravity of the load assembly, the German standards are required to withstand 60 times the load of gravity. The impact of China's seat on the security of

10、 a full understanding of the factors not only in accordance with test problems in reference to foreign countries to carry out similar improvements in the design of the seat. To sum up, compared with foreign countries, ou

11、r study o</p><p>　　1.Electric chair - electric chair seat is in reality the structure of the various regulation change by the manual manipulation of the manipulation of electric chair. Number of seats in the

12、 arrangement of electric motor, motor drive transmission mechanism, so that the corresponding parts of the seat have a displacement, before and after the realization of the location of the seat, up and down, tilt adjustm

13、ent. Electric seat button instead of using the handle, which greatly improved the portabilit</p><p>　　2. Suspension seat - hanging chair is created between the seat and floor of a suspension, seat suspension

14、 for vibration mitigation. Suspension by the buffer components, damping components and positioning components. Buffer components have leaf springs and coil spring and so on.</p><p>　　3.Memory seats - electri

15、c chair and computer combination of the memory function of the seat. Achieved by computer feedback control of the seat. When the crew will take a good seat to adjust the location of storage into the computer, when the re

16、-use, it will automatically adjust to the needs of the state without having to re-adjust.</p><p>　　4.Lightweight seat - Lightweight seat to seat in addition to some traditional components, the use of the bac

17、klog of forming high-strength aluminum pieces and the pieces just to ensure that the seat of the light weight and structural robustness. Seat surface open mesh material, the place of traditional polyurethane foam, decora

18、tive objects and suspension parts. Lightweight seat in the 10kg weight can be controlled within. Using lightweight seat, the car will not only save space to install other f</p><p>　　5.Floating seats - suspen

19、sion seats suspended the use of magnetic devices, in addition to the weight of its own seats, but also the weight of carrying a certain object. Suspended state of isolation as a result of the direct transmission wave pow

20、er, which has damping, vibration isolation and other features, seating more comfortable, more secure. Suspension seat is the development trend of the future seat of the state is still in development.</p><p>

21、　　6.Safety seats - safety seat can be referred to as the dynamic seat. General seats generally considered exquisite comfort, the dynamics of the crash can not make any response to the situation. Safety seats and you can

22、try to crash the crew seats with active exercise. American companies such as the development project of the CBM (reverse balanced)-style seats, the seat bottom of a pair of concave-shaped curve of the slide, when the veh

23、icle collision, the driving seat and along the rail of the com</p><p>　　7.Thin seats - low-profile trend is due to the rise of car seats are now growing in volume, as above, to be installed in ventilation du

24、cts, adjustable lumbar support, massage devices, memory institutions, seat height and tilt adjustment device, since the head positioning, Built-in seat belts and airbags. To do the same trend continues, more seats will b

25、e designed for body function more; but very valuable vehicle interior space, forcing designers, suppliers and car manufacturers have to consider </p><p>　　The final product weight of .972 kg. At present, van

26、 and sport utility vehicle has begun to appear in the third row seats of the thin, such as: Honda Odyssey on the MPV with a folded flat on the floor after the thin slot third row seat.</p><p>　　With the rapi

27、d development of automobile industry, people on the car seat will make ever-increasing demands. To further enhance the seat comfort and safety, the world's major car companies and auto parts companies are continuing

28、efforts to increase R & D seat in the seat of the new structure, new processes, new materials research and development and application of to work on, and continuously developed various types of suspension seats, elec

29、tric seats, memory seats, etc., massage equipment, auxi</p><p>　　汽車座椅的現(xiàn)狀與發(fā)展趨勢(shì)</p><p>　　國外的座椅研究是伴隨著汽車的誕生而開始的，經(jīng)歷了百余年的歷史，發(fā)展非常成熟，與座椅相關(guān)的安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和法規(guī)已經(jīng)十分完善。早在20世紀(jì)60年代，國外許多國家就已經(jīng)制定出國家或行業(yè)內(nèi)關(guān)于保證汽車座椅安全性能的各種法規(guī)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

30、，如美國強(qiáng)制實(shí)行的聯(lián)邦機(jī)動(dòng)車安全法規(guī)（FMVSS）和工商設(shè)備制造協(xié)會(huì)（BIFMA）的非強(qiáng)制性法規(guī)等，并且研制出多種專用試驗(yàn)設(shè)備。我國的座椅安全性法規(guī)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)就是參考國外的法規(guī)制定而成。比較國外汽車座椅的研究狀況，由于我國的汽車工業(yè)起步較晚，座椅的設(shè)計(jì)研究工作也比較落后。從嚴(yán)格意義上講，我國的座椅研究是從20世紀(jì)八十年代開始的。經(jīng)歷了20多年的發(fā)展，目前國內(nèi)已經(jīng)有了很多座椅生產(chǎn)廠家。借助合資的優(yōu)勢(shì)，他們掌握了部分設(shè)計(jì)和生產(chǎn)技術(shù)，但主要還是依靠

31、國外力量，自主設(shè)計(jì)和研發(fā)仍停留在起步階段。</p><p>　　落后的設(shè)計(jì)方法是阻礙我國座椅研究發(fā)展的重要因素。目前國內(nèi)許多的座椅生產(chǎn)廠商還在繼續(xù)沿用傳統(tǒng)的串連生產(chǎn)方式，致使設(shè)計(jì)成本高，開發(fā)周期長。而一旦出現(xiàn)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量不合格的情況，往往采取盲目加大管徑、壁厚或板厚的辦法，而不是從整體結(jié)構(gòu)改進(jìn)的角度來修改設(shè)計(jì)。這種做法雖然能使座椅薄弱部分的性能有所改變，但會(huì)使座椅強(qiáng)度和剛度裕量偏大，造成不必要的材料浪費(fèi)，無形中提高了

32、產(chǎn)品的成本設(shè)計(jì)方法的落后還體現(xiàn)在座椅設(shè)計(jì)的輔助研究手段上。目前仍有很多座椅設(shè)計(jì)和生產(chǎn)廠家不具備高水準(zhǔn)的技術(shù)力量使用計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)和輔助分析，只能沿用傳統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)方法和流程，而且對(duì)座椅安全性的認(rèn)識(shí)還只是停留在國家法規(guī)要求上，阻礙了座椅設(shè)計(jì)的發(fā)展。我國的座椅安全性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)雖然是參考國外座椅標(biāo)準(zhǔn)制定的，但內(nèi)容相對(duì)簡單，要求也偏低。以座椅總成靜強(qiáng)度為例，我國標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中要求座椅總成能承受20倍總成重力的載荷，而德國的企業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中有的則要求其能夠承受24倍甚至

33、更高的總成重力的載荷。針對(duì)承受沖擊時(shí)的座椅安全性，國外已經(jīng)開展了相關(guān)的研究，而我國的一些企業(yè)由于對(duì)座椅研發(fā)重視不夠，尚未開展專門的研究，這不僅給座椅的安全帶來隱患，而且制約了座椅的發(fā)展。隨著現(xiàn)代汽車設(shè)計(jì)對(duì)安全</p><p>　　同時(shí)，隨著現(xiàn)代汽車設(shè)計(jì)對(duì)安全、環(huán)保和節(jié)能的追求，在國外，在保證汽車座椅安全性的基礎(chǔ)上，座椅結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)也開始向輕量化、低成本的方向發(fā)展，越來越多的新制造技術(shù)和輕質(zhì)材料開始廣泛應(yīng)用與現(xiàn)代汽車座

34、椅設(shè)計(jì)。比較國外汽車座椅的研究狀況，由于我國的汽車工業(yè)起步較晚，座椅的設(shè)計(jì)研究工作也比較落后。從嚴(yán)格意義上講，我國的座椅研究是從20世紀(jì)八十年代開始的。經(jīng)歷了近20年的發(fā)展，目前國內(nèi)已經(jīng)有很多座椅生產(chǎn)廠家，可以為國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)的很多車型配套。借助合資的優(yōu)勢(shì)，國內(nèi)的許多座椅生產(chǎn)廠家掌握了部分座椅的設(shè)計(jì)和生產(chǎn)技術(shù)，但主要技術(shù)仍依靠國外力量，自主設(shè)計(jì)仍停在留在起步的階段。造成我國汽車座椅設(shè)計(jì)落后的原因是多方面的。落后的設(shè)計(jì)方法是阻礙我國座椅設(shè)計(jì)發(fā)展

35、的一個(gè)重要因素。目前國內(nèi)許多的座椅生產(chǎn)廠還在繼續(xù)沿用傳</p><p>　　統(tǒng)的串連生產(chǎn)方式，也就是設(shè)計(jì)——樣件加工——試驗(yàn)——改進(jìn)設(shè)計(jì)的單一循環(huán)。致使設(shè)計(jì)成本高，開發(fā)周期長。一旦出現(xiàn)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量不合格的情況，通常采取盲目的加大管徑壁厚或板厚的辦法，而不是從整體結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化的角度來修改設(shè)計(jì)。這種做法雖然能使座椅薄弱部分的性能有所改變，但往往會(huì)使座椅強(qiáng)度和剛度裕量偏大，造成不必要的材料浪費(fèi)，無形中提高了產(chǎn)品的成本。設(shè)計(jì)方法

36、的落后不僅體現(xiàn)在設(shè)計(jì)和生產(chǎn)流程上，還反映在座椅設(shè)計(jì)的輔助上。目前仍有很多座椅設(shè)計(jì)和生產(chǎn)廠家不具備高水準(zhǔn)的技術(shù)力量使用計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)和輔助分析的方法輔助設(shè)計(jì)座椅，只能沿用傳統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)方法和流程，阻礙了座椅設(shè)計(jì)的發(fā)展。另外，我國座椅生產(chǎn)廠家對(duì)座椅安全性沒有足夠的重視也是導(dǎo)致座椅安全性設(shè)計(jì)發(fā)展緩慢的一個(gè)重要因素。我國許多座椅生產(chǎn)廠對(duì)安全性的認(rèn)識(shí)還只是停留在國家法規(guī)要求上。我國的座椅安全性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)雖然是參考國外座椅標(biāo)準(zhǔn)制定的，但內(nèi)容相對(duì)簡單，要求也偏

37、低。以座椅總成強(qiáng)度為例，我國標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中要求座椅總成能承受20倍總成重力的載荷，德國標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中則要求其能夠承受60倍重力的載荷。在我國人們對(duì)影響座椅安全性的因素沒有全面的了解，只能根據(jù)試驗(yàn)中出現(xiàn)的問題，參考國外類似座椅的設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)行改</p><p>　　目前汽車座椅在國際上的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)</p><p>　　1．電動(dòng)座椅—電動(dòng)座椅實(shí)際上是將座椅的各種調(diào)節(jié)結(jié)構(gòu)由手動(dòng)操縱改變?yōu)殡妱?dòng)操縱的座椅。電動(dòng)座椅中布置有

38、多臺(tái)電機(jī)、電機(jī)帶動(dòng)傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)，使座椅的相應(yīng)部位產(chǎn)生位移，實(shí)現(xiàn)座椅位置的前后、上下、傾斜調(diào)整。電動(dòng)座椅用按鈕代替手柄，因而極大的提高了輕便性和方便性，應(yīng)用日益廣泛。</p><p>　　2．懸掛座椅—懸掛座椅實(shí)在座椅與地板之間增設(shè)一懸掛裝置，懸掛裝置用以緩解座椅的振動(dòng)。懸掛裝置由緩沖元件、減振元件及定位元件組成。緩沖元件有鋼板彈簧及螺旋彈簧等。</p><p>　　3．記憶座椅—電動(dòng)座椅與微機(jī)

39、相結(jié)合，實(shí)現(xiàn)了座椅的記憶功能。由微機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)座椅的控制反饋功能。當(dāng)乘員乘坐時(shí)將調(diào)整好的座椅位置存儲(chǔ)入微機(jī)，當(dāng)再次乘坐時(shí)，可以自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)到所需要的狀態(tài)而不必進(jìn)行重新調(diào)整。</p><p>　　4．輕量型座椅—輕量型座椅去除了座椅的一些傳統(tǒng)零件，利用積壓成型的鋁件和高強(qiáng)度的剛件保證了座椅的輕量化和結(jié)構(gòu)的堅(jiān)固性。座椅表面采用開式網(wǎng)狀材料，替代了傳統(tǒng)的聚氨脂泡沫塑料、裝飾物和懸架零件。輕量型座椅的重量可以控制在10kg以內(nèi)。

40、使用輕量型座椅，不但可以節(jié)省車內(nèi)空間來安裝其他功能件，而且其安全性也優(yōu)于傳統(tǒng)座椅，并提高了汽車的燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性。無疑輕量型座椅有著廣泛的發(fā)展應(yīng)用前景。</p><p>　　5．懸浮式座椅—懸浮式座椅利用磁力懸浮裝置，除座椅自身的重量外，還可以承載一定重量的物體。由于懸浮狀態(tài)隔離了力波的直接傳導(dǎo)，從而具有減振、隔振等特征，座椅更舒適、更安全。懸浮式座椅是未來座椅的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)之一，目前仍處于開發(fā)狀態(tài)。</p>

41、<p>　　6．安全座椅—安全座椅可以稱之為動(dòng)態(tài)座椅。普通座椅一般只考慮了精致的舒適性，對(duì)于撞車時(shí)的動(dòng)態(tài)狀況不能做出任何反應(yīng)。而安全座椅則可以在撞車時(shí)設(shè)法使乘員隨座椅主動(dòng)運(yùn)動(dòng)。如美國人機(jī)工程公司研制的CBM(反向平衡)式座椅，該種座椅下部有一對(duì)下凹的曲線形滑軌，當(dāng)汽車碰撞時(shí)，駕乘人員和座椅的組合體沿滑軌運(yùn)動(dòng)，抵消了人的前沖運(yùn)動(dòng)。瑞典沃爾沃公司研究開發(fā)的可以保護(hù)乘員頭頸的座椅。</p><p>　　7、

42、薄型座椅—薄型化趨勢(shì)的興起是由于現(xiàn)在汽車座椅越做越大，因?yàn)樵谏厦嬉b通風(fēng)管道、可調(diào)節(jié)的腰部支撐、按摩裝置、記憶機(jī)構(gòu)、座椅高度與傾斜度調(diào)節(jié)裝置、自定位頭枕、內(nèi)裝式安全帶和安全氣囊。照此趨勢(shì)發(fā)展下去，座椅會(huì)設(shè)計(jì)得更加舒適合體、功能更多;但是現(xiàn)在汽車內(nèi)部空間非常珍貴，這迫使設(shè)計(jì)師、供應(yīng)商及汽車制造商們不得不考慮座椅薄型化問題。汽車座椅的安全性和舒適性第一。薄型化的重點(diǎn)是結(jié)構(gòu)材料及彈性纖維，當(dāng)然成本和重量是一直要考慮的:oJhnsno公司開始研

43、究用彈性纖維(作為彈性元件)制造薄型座椅;Manga座椅公司認(rèn)為，骨架是解決薄型化問題的鑰匙。因?yàn)閭鹘y(tǒng)座椅是先設(shè)計(jì)好一個(gè)骨架，再放上一個(gè)合適的泡沫層，讓乘員坐上去感覺合適。而在薄型座椅設(shè)計(jì)上，設(shè)計(jì)理念卻反過來，先按照人體的輪廓設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)合適的骨架決定乘坐表面的形狀，然后再做座椅設(shè)計(jì)。假如簡單地在一個(gè)骨架上面繃一張薄膜就算是薄型化，那么這無異于成了一張吊床。Manga公司在接受通用PrecPet車任務(wù)時(shí)，要求每個(gè)座椅的重量不得超過10公斤。

44、他們用聚合材料織網(wǎng)覆以薄膜，并設(shè)計(jì)了一個(gè)形狀精確、用鋁和高強(qiáng)度鋼制成的骨架來達(dá)到這個(gè)要求。最后成品重量為.972公斤</p><p>　　隨著汽車工業(yè)的高速發(fā)展，人們對(duì)汽車座椅將提出越來越高的要求。為了進(jìn)一步提高座椅的舒適性及安全性，全球各大汽車公司及汽車零部件公司也在持續(xù)不斷地加大座椅的研發(fā)力度，在座椅的新結(jié)構(gòu)、新工藝、新材料的研發(fā)及應(yīng)用上下工夫，不斷研制出各類懸架座椅、電動(dòng)座椅、電腦記憶座椅等，按摩裝置、輔助