01中英文雙語對照畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文文獻翻譯成品《哈利波特與阿茲卡班的囚徒》中語法隱喻類型

1、<p><b>　　原文：</b></p><p>　　Types of Grammatical Metaphors in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban</p><p>　　Nesa Nabifar, Hamed Kazemzad</p><p>　　Grammatical Meta

2、phor (GM) is one of the fresh language phenomena introduced by Halliday (1985) in the framework of functional grammar. Thompson (2004) states that the salient source of GM would be ‘Nominalization’ where a noun form atte

3、mpts to represent a verb form or in other words, a verb form with its different process is represented in a noun form. He continues that any wording is ought to be either metaphorical or congruent wording. In this study

4、the story of Harry Potter and the Prisoner o</p><p>　　Keywords: Grammatical Metaphors, Types, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban</p><p>　　Many language studies involve the exploration of t

5、he relationship between language and meaning. In fact, the relationship between words and meanings in one hand, and how they make such a meaningful make up on the other hand have always been of paramount interest for man

6、y of language scholars. Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), based on the work of Halliday (1985), deals with this relationship by developing the concept of Grammatical Metaphor (GM). GM is a phenomenon arising from th

7、e stratifi</p><p><b>　　Metaphor</b></p><p>　　Metaphor is one of the well-known phenomena in language and literature. It has always received a lot of attention from different discipli

8、nes such as philosophy, psychology, linguistics and literary studies (Taverniers, 2004). Metaphor, in fact, is a kind of movement in which one thing is moved beyond itself to be something different (Taverniers, 2004). Fo

9、llowing are two examples:</p><p>　　The present study was conducted with the aim of identifying types of ideational grammatical metaphors and types of processes in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. Th

10、is part elaborates on methodological dimensions, i.e., the data collection, explaining the procedure, the research design, as well as the data analysis.</p><p>　　Research Questions</p><p>　　Base

11、d on the nature of the comparative studies, the following study attempts to find the answer to the following questions:</p><p>　　Does J.K. Rowling employ GM in writing two chapters of the Harry Potter and th

12、e Prisoner of Azkaban?</p><p>　　b. Based on the first question, what is the semantic choice of GM in two chapters of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban? </p><p><b>　　Material</b&

13、gt;</p><p>　　Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban is the third novel in the Harry Potter series written by J. K. Rowling. The book was published on 8 July 1999. The novel won the 1999 Whitbread Book Awar

14、d, the Bram Stoker Award, the 2000 Locus Award for the Best Fantasy Novel, and it was short-listed for other awards, including the Hugo. A film based on the novel was released on 31 May 2004, in the United Kingdom and 4

15、June 2004 in the U.S. as well as in many other countries. Two chapters of this book wa</p><p>　　In this part, the first two chapters of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban is analyzed on the basis of th

16、e definitions of GM presented by Thompson (2004) and Ravelli (1985). As mentioned previously ,GM is a tool to express a verb form in a noun form in order to increase the lexical density of the language in one hand and ma

17、king it an adult way of speaking and writing on the other hand. GM seems to be a new notion for the researchers and research studies of language and to be specific, it i</p><p>　　Metaphorical Wording:</p&

18、gt;<p>　　Example 1. Remembering their last meeting as he stood in the dark window,</p><p>　　Congruent wording:</p><p>　　Example 2. Remembering the last time that they met each other as he

19、 stood in the dark window,</p><p>　　The lexical density acquired by Concordance software for the metaphorical wording is 11 words while the same for congruent wording is 16 words. As stated, a core character

20、istic of nominalization as a GM is that it turns actions into things, thus Nominalizations give existence to things; in particular, they create conceptual objects. </p><p>　　Conclusion</p><p>　　

21、This paper investigated a particular lexico-grammatical resource, to which SFL refers to as IGM, in the story of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, as one of the bestselling books with wide world critical and read

22、ership success. The reason for choosing this source for a detailed linguistic analysis was its global fame. In these two stories, the use of GM, as one of the main characteristics of highly literal texts, has made the to

23、ne of the writing to sound more abstract and more formal thr</p><p>　　References</p><p>　　Eggins, S. (1994). An introduction to systemic functional linguistics. London: Continuum.</p><

24、;p>　　Halliday, M.A.K. (1978). Language as a social semiotic. London: Edward Arnold.</p><p>　　Halliday, M. A. K. (1985). An introduction to functional grammar. London: Arnold.</p><p>　　Hallida

25、y, M. A. K.(1989).Spoken and written language. London:Oxford.</p><p>　　Halliday, M. A. K.(1998).Things and relations :Re-grammaticising experience as technical knowledge. In JR. Martin & R.Veelceds, Read

26、ing science :critical and functional perspectives on discourses of science (pp.185-235).London:Routledge..</p><p>　　Halliday, M. A. K. (1999). New ways of meaning: The challenge to applied Linguistics. In J.

27、 Webster (Eds.), (volume 3). London: Continuum.</p><p>　　Halliday, M. A. K. (2003). On the architecture of human language. In J. Webster (Eds.), On Language and Linguistics (volume 3,pp.123-150). London: Con

28、tinuum.</p><p>　　Halliday, M. A. K. & Matthiessen, C. M. I. M. (1999). Construing experience through meaning: Alanguage-based approach to cognition. london: continuum.</p><p>　　Halliday, M.A

29、.K. & Matthiessen,C.M. I. M. (2004). An introduction to functional grammar. London: Arnold.</p><p>　　Martin, J.R. (1992). English Text: System and structure. Amsterdam: Benjamins.</p><p>　　M

30、artin, J. R. , Matthiessen, M. I. M., & Painter, C. (1979). Working with functional grammar. New York: Arnold.</p><p>　　Painter, C. (2005). The development of language as a resource for learning. In A. H

31、ewings & M. Hewings (Eds.), Grammar and Context: An Advanced Resource Book, (pp.183-201). London: Routledge.</p><p>　　Ravelli, J.L.(1985). Metaphor, mode and complexity: An exploration of co-varying patt

32、erns. B.A. (Hons) thesis, Department of Linguistics, University of Sydney.</p><p>　　Ravelli, J. L. (1988). Grammatical metaphor: An initial analysis. In E. Steiner & R. Veitman (eds.) Oragmatics, Discour

33、se and text: Some systemically-inspired approaches (pp133-147). London & New York: Pinter.</p><p>　　Ravelli, J. L. (1999). Metaphor, mode and complexity: An exploration of co- varying patterns. (Monograp

34、hs in Systemic Linguistics, 12.) Nottingham: Department of English and Media Studies, Nottingham Trent University.</p><p>　　Ravelli, J. L. (2003). Renewal of Connection: Integrating Theory and Practice in an

35、 Understanding of Grammatical Metaphor. In A. Simon-Vandenbergen, M. Taverniers, & J. L. Ravelli (Eds.), Grammatical metaphor: views from systemic functional</p><p>　　linguistics, pp(234-332). Amsterdam/

36、Philadelphia: John Benjamins.</p><p>　　Taverniers. M. (2002) Systemic-Functional Linguistics and the notion of grammatical metaphor. A theoretical study and a proposal for a semiotic-functional integrative m

37、odel. PhD dissertation, University of Ghent.</p><p>　　Taverniers, M. (2004). Interpersonal grammatical metaphor as double scoping and double grounding. In A. Simon- Vandenbergen, M. Taverniers, & J. L. R

38、avelli (Eds.),</p><p>　　Grammatical metaphor: Views from systemic functional linguistics (pp.26-45). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.</p><p>　　Thompson, J. (2004). Introducing functional

39、grammar. London: Arnold.</p><p>　　Vandenbergen, S., Marie, A., Taverniers, M., & Ravelli, L. (2003).Grammatical metaphor: views from systemic functional linguistics (ed.). Amsterdam: Benjamins.</p>

40、<p>　　Yanning, Y. (2008). Typological interpretation of differences between Chinese and English ingrammatical metaphor. Language Sciences Issue( 7). 30-34.</p><p><b>　　譯文：</b></p>&

41、lt;p>　　《哈利波特與阿茲卡班的囚徒》中語法隱喻類型</p><p>　　Nesa Nabifar, Hamed Kazemzad</p><p>　　如覺得本文不是很契合您的要求，可伽恢信：jpd八八零三一五。（八八零三一五是數(shù)字），本人多年的找外文文獻經(jīng)驗以及多年的翻譯經(jīng)驗可以幫助您哦。</p><p>　　語法隱喻（GM）是韓禮德Halliday（1

42、985）在功能語法框架中介紹的新語言現(xiàn)象之一。 湯普森（2004）指出很明顯GM的來源是'名詞化'，意在試圖用名詞形式去表示動詞形式，換而言之就是用名詞形式去替代具有不同動作的動詞形式。他繼續(xù)說道任何措辭都應(yīng)該是隱喻性的或者一致性的。在這項研究中，對哈利波特與阿茲卡班囚徒故事的前兩章進行了分析以探尋語法隱喻（GM）在其中的應(yīng)用。本次研究研究傾向于在哈利波特和阿茲卡班的囚徒的頭兩章中去識別語法隱喻名詞化類型的實例，并提供一

43、致性的措詞。接下來就是將一致性的措辭與隱喻性措辭進行比較，以便找出每個措辭的詞匯密度。 通過使用Concordance軟件獲得詞匯密度。研究的結(jié)果以一種非常明確的方式表明了語法隱喻（GM）在成人寫作中的優(yōu)勢，這被韓禮德（1985）認為是關(guān)于語法隱喻（GM）最值得關(guān)注的一點。統(tǒng)計的結(jié)果顯示，語法隱喻（GM）的應(yīng)用提升了詞匯密度，這也是Halliday（2004）聲稱的關(guān)于GM的另一突出的特點。根據(jù)這項研究的結(jié)果，可以為學(xué)術(shù)寫作和閱讀以及參

44、與寫作和閱讀教學(xué)的教師提供一些啟示。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：語法隱喻（GM），類型，哈利波特與阿茲卡班的囚徒</p><p>　　許多的語言研究大部分都是涉及語言和語意之間關(guān)系的探索。 事實上，語言與語意之間的關(guān)系是研究的一方面，而另一方面如何進行有意義的構(gòu)造一直是許多語言學(xué)者最感興趣的問題?；贖alliday（1985）之前所做的研究工作，系統(tǒng)功能語言學(xué)（SFL）通過進一步拓展語

45、法隱喻（GM）的概念來處理這種關(guān)系。語法隱喻是一種語言內(nèi)容層面的分層現(xiàn)象。 根據(jù)SFL，語言是一個復(fù)雜的符號系統(tǒng)，具有不同的層次（Halliday＆Matthiessen，1999）。另一方面，任何語言的內(nèi)容層面都圍繞著語義學(xué)和詞法學(xué)這兩個層面展開的（Yanning，2008）。</p><p>　　語義層面說的是將人類經(jīng)驗和人際交往關(guān)系轉(zhuǎn)化為意義的過程，而詞匯語法層面則融合了語言的詞匯和語法部分，它更進一步地將

46、語意轉(zhuǎn)化為措詞。 Halliday和Matthiessen（1999）表示語言中的語義和詞匯語法層次是可以建立起聯(lián)系的。在人類語言的發(fā)展過程中，這種關(guān)系的實現(xiàn)首先演變?yōu)閷⒄Z義單元一致映射到詞匯語法單元的模式。例如，語義單位序列是通過復(fù)合詞的語法范疇來一致實現(xiàn)的。一致模式并不是唯一的實現(xiàn)形式，因為分層內(nèi)容有可能重新調(diào)整語義單元和詞法單元之間的映射關(guān)系。例如，語義單位序列可以在語法上整理為一個子句，甚至是一組語句而不是一個子句復(fù)合體。正如H

47、alliday和Matthiessen（1999）所定義的，這種語義和詞匯語法之間關(guān)系的重新排序是一種語法隱喻現(xiàn)象。出于這個原因，研究人員希望本研究能夠揭示關(guān)于哈利波特與阿茲卡班囚徒所使用的語法隱喻的語言學(xué)知識以幫助作家、讀者、教師、學(xué)生和翻譯者更有效地理解語言。</p><p><b>　　隱喻</b></p><p>　　隱喻是語言和文學(xué)中眾所周知的現(xiàn)象之一。 它

48、一直受到哲學(xué)、心理學(xué)、語言學(xué)和文學(xué)研究等不同學(xué)科的重視（Taverniers，2004）。 事實上，隱喻是一種轉(zhuǎn)移，在轉(zhuǎn)移的過程中，某一事物超越自我的范疇而變得與之前不同（Taverniers，2004）。 </p><p>　　本研究旨在確定哈利波特與阿茲卡班囚徒的語法隱喻類型和過程類型。 這一部分詳細闡述了研究方法這一維度，即數(shù)據(jù)收集、解析步驟、研究設(shè)計以及數(shù)據(jù)分析。</p><p>

49、<b>　　研究的問題</b></p><p>　　基于比較研究的本質(zhì)，接下來的研究試圖找到以下問題的答案：</p><p>　　a. J.K. 羅琳在編寫哈利波特與阿茲卡班囚徒前兩章的時候是否運用了 語法隱喻？</p><p>　　b. 基于第一個問題，哈利波特與阿茲卡班囚徒的前兩章中語法隱喻的語義選擇是什么？</p>

50、;<p><b>　　材料</b></p><p>　　哈利波特與阿茲卡班的囚徒是J. K. 羅玲編寫的第三部哈利波特系列小說。 這本書于1999年7月8日出版。這部小說贏得了1999年惠特布萊德圖書獎，布萊姆斯托克獎，2000年度最佳幻想小說洛克斯獎，并且還獲得了包括雨果文學(xué)獎在內(nèi)的其他獎項。 基于這部小說的電影于2004年5月31日在英國和2004年6月4日在美國以及其他許

51、多國家發(fā)行。 本書的兩章被選中用于識別IGM。</p><p>　　在這一部分，根據(jù)湯普森（2004）和拉韋利（1985）提出的對GM的定義，分析了哈利波特和阿茲卡班囚徒的前兩章。 如前所述，GM是一種用名詞形式表達動詞形式的載體以便一方面增加語言的詞匯密度，另一方面使其成為一種成人說話和寫作的方式。語法隱喻似乎是研究者和語言研究的新領(lǐng)域，具體而言，它是對系統(tǒng)功能語言學(xué)感興趣的學(xué)者們新的研究對象。</p&g

52、t;<p><b>　　隱喻式</b></p><p>　　例一:他站在漆黑的窗戶旁邊，記住了他們之間的最后一次會面。</p><p><b>　　一致式</b></p><p>　　例二：他站在漆黑的窗戶旁邊，記住了他們最后一次彼此相遇的時間。</p><p>　　通過Concord

53、ance軟件獲得了隱喻式的詞匯密度為11個單詞，而對應(yīng)的一致式詞匯密度為16個單詞。如前所述，作為語法隱喻的名詞化的核心特征是它將行動轉(zhuǎn)化為事物，因此名詞化為事物提供了存在的可能性;特別是他們創(chuàng)造了概念性的對象。</p><p><b>　　結(jié)論</b></p><p>　　本文究了作為世界上最受好評和最暢銷書之一的利波特與阿茲卡班囚徒的故事中的一種獨特的詞匯語法資源

54、,也就是SFL所指的IGM。選擇這個它作為資料來源進行詳細的語言分析是原因它享譽全球。在這兩個故事中，使用了語法隱喻作為高度文字化文本的主要特征之一，通過以簡明扼要的方式高質(zhì)量地傳遞信息，為寫作定下更抽象和更正式的基調(diào)。因此，可以得出結(jié)論，語法隱喻的使用是文學(xué)話語中的理想手段。</p><p><b>　　參考文獻</b></p><p>　　Eggins, S. (

55、1994). An introduction to systemic functional linguistics. London: Continuum.</p><p>　　Halliday, M.A.K. (1978). Language as a social semiotic. London: Edward Arnold.</p><p>　　Halliday, M. A. K.

56、(1985). An introduction to functional grammar. London: Arnold.</p><p>　　Halliday, M. A. K.(1989).Spoken and written language. London:Oxford.</p><p>　　Halliday, M. A. K.(1998).Things and relation

57、s :Re-grammaticising experience as technical knowledge. In JR. Martin & R.Veelceds, Reading science :critical and functional perspectives on discourses of science (pp.185-235).London:Routledge..</p><p>　

58、　Halliday, M. A. K. (1999). New ways of meaning: The challenge to applied Linguistics. In J. Webster (Eds.), (volume 3). London: Continuum.</p><p>　　Halliday, M. A. K. (2003). On the architecture of human la

59、nguage. In J. Webster (Eds.), On Language and Linguistics (volume 3,pp.123-150). London: Continuum.</p><p>　　Halliday, M. A. K. & Matthiessen, C. M. I. M. (1999). Construing experience through meaning: A

60、language-based approach to cognition. london: continuum.</p><p>　　Halliday, M.A.K. & Matthiessen,C.M. I. M. (2004). An introduction to functional grammar. London: Arnold.</p><p>　　Martin, J.

61、R. (1992). English Text: System and structure. Amsterdam: Benjamins.</p><p>　　Martin, J. R. , Matthiessen, M. I. M., & Painter, C. (1979). Working with functional grammar. New York: Arnold.</p>&l

62、t;p>　　Painter, C. (2005). The development of language as a resource for learning. In A. Hewings & M. Hewings (Eds.), Grammar and Context: An Advanced Resource Book, (pp.183-201). London: Routledge.</p><

63、p>　　Ravelli, J.L.(1985). Metaphor, mode and complexity: An exploration of co-varying patterns. B.A. (Hons) thesis, Department of Linguistics, University of Sydney.</p><p>　　Ravelli, J. L. (1988). Grammati

64、cal metaphor: An initial analysis. In E. Steiner & R. Veitman (eds.) Oragmatics, Discourse and text: Some systemically-inspired approaches (pp133-147). London & New York: Pinter.</p><p>　　Ravelli, J.

65、 L. (1999). Metaphor, mode and complexity: An exploration of co- varying patterns. (Monographs in Systemic Linguistics, 12.) Nottingham: Department of English and Media Studies, Nottingham Trent University.</p>&l

66、t;p>　　Ravelli, J. L. (2003). Renewal of Connection: Integrating Theory and Practice in an Understanding of Grammatical Metaphor. In A. Simon-Vandenbergen, M. Taverniers, & J. L. Ravelli (Eds.), Grammatical metapho

67、r: views from systemic functional</p><p>　　linguistics, pp(234-332). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.</p><p>　　Taverniers. M. (2002) Systemic-Functional Linguistics and the notion of gram

68、matical metaphor. A theoretical study and a proposal for a semiotic-functional integrative model. PhD dissertation, University of Ghent.</p><p>　　Taverniers, M. (2004). Interpersonal grammatical metaphor as

69、double scoping and double grounding. In A. Simon- Vandenbergen, M. Taverniers, & J. L. Ravelli (Eds.),</p><p>　　Grammatical metaphor: Views from systemic functional linguistics (pp.26-45). Amsterdam/Phil

70、adelphia: John Benjamins.</p><p>　　Thompson, J. (2004). Introducing functional grammar. London: Arnold.</p><p>　　Vandenbergen, S., Marie, A., Taverniers, M., & Ravelli, L. (2003).Grammatical

71、 metaphor: views from systemic functional linguistics (ed.). Amsterdam: Benjamins.</p><p>　　Yanning, Y. (2008). Typological interpretation of differences between Chinese and English ingrammatical metaphor. L