外文翻譯=食品機(jī)械加工工藝=4500字符

1、<p>　　中國(guó)地質(zhì)大學(xué)長(zhǎng)城學(xué)院</p><p>　　本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文資料翻譯</p><p>　　系 別： 工程技術(shù)系</p><p>　　專 業(yè)： 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化</p><p>　　姓 名： 李旭 </p><p>　　學(xué) 號(hào)： 05211503

2、 </p><p>　　2015年 3 月 5 日</p><p>　　Introduction of Machining</p><p>　　Have a shape as a processing method, all machining process for the production of the most commonly used and

3、most important method. Machining process is a process generated shape, in this process, Drivers device on the work piece material to be in the form of chip removal. Although in some occasions, the workpiece under no circ

4、umstances, the use of mobile equipment to the processing, However, the majority of the machining is not only supporting the workpiece also supporting tools and equipment to</p><p>　　Machining know the proces

5、s has two aspects. Small group of low-cost production. For casting, forging and machining pressure, every production of a specific shape of the workpiece, even a spare parts, almost have to spend the high cost of process

6、ing. Welding to rely on the shape of the structure, to a large extent, depend on effective in the form of raw materials. In general, through the use of expensive equipment and without special processing conditions, can b

7、e almost any type of raw materials,</p><p>　　Strict precision and good surface finish, machining the second purpose is the establishment of the high precision and surface finish possible on the basis of. Man

8、y parts, if any other means of production belonging to the large-scale production, Well Machining is a low-tolerance and can meet the requirements of small batch production. Besides, many parts on the production and proc

9、essing of coarse process to improve its general shape of the surface. It is only necessary precision and choose only t</p><p>　　Primary Cutting Parameters</p><p>　　Cutting the work piece and too

10、l based on the basic relationship between the following four elements to fully describe : the tool geometry, cutting speed, feed rate, depth and penetration of a cutting tool.</p><p>　　Cutting Tools must be

11、of a suitable material to manufacture, it must be strong, tough, hard and wear-resistant. Tool geometry -- to the tip plane and cutter angle characteristics -- for each cutting process must be correct.</p><p&g

12、t;　　Cutting speed is the cutting edge of work piece surface rate, it is inches per minute to show. In order to effectively processing, and cutting speed must adapt to the level of specific parts -- with knives. Generally

13、, the more hard work piece material, the lower the rate.</p><p>　　Progressive Tool to speed is cut into the work piece speed. If the work piece or tool for rotating movement, feed rate per round over the num

14、ber of inches to the measurement. When the work piece or tool for reciprocating movement and feed rate on each trip through the measurement of inches. Generally, in other conditions, feed rate and cutting speed is invers

15、ely proportional to.</p><p>　　Depth of penetration of a cutting tool -- to inches dollars -- is the tool to the work piece distance. Rotary cutting it to the chip or equal to the width of the linear cutting

16、chip thickness. Rough than finishing, deeper penetration of a cutting tool depth.</p><p>　　Rough machining and finishing machining</p><p>　　There are two kinds of cuts in machine- shop work call

17、ed, respectively, the "roughing cut" and the "finishing cut". When a piece is "roughed out", it is quite near the shape and size required, but enough metal has been left on the surface to fi

18、nish smooth and to exact size." Generally speaking, bars of steel, forging, castings, etc. are machined to the required shape and size with only one roughing and one finishing cut. Sometimes, however, certain portio

19、ns of a piece may require more than one r</p><p>　　Automatic Fixture Design</p><p>　　Assembly equipment used in the traditional synchronous fixture put parts of the fixture mobile center, to ens

20、ure that components from transmission from the plane or equipment plate placed after removal has been scheduled for position. However, in certain applications, mobile mandatory parts of the center line, it may cause part

21、s or equipment damage. When parts vulnerability and may lead to a small vibration abandoned, or when their location is by machine spindle or specific to die, Tolerance aga</p><p>　　According to their flexibi

22、lity and fixture can be divided into: special fixture, the fixture combinations, the standard fixture, high flexible fixture. Flexible fixture on different parts of their high adaptability and the few low-cost replacemen

23、t for the characteristic.</p><p>　　Forms can transform the structure of the flexible fixture can be installed with the change of structure components (such as needle cheek plate, Multi-chip components and fl

24、ake cheek plate), a non-standard work piece gripper or clamping elements (for example: commencement standard with a clamping fixture and mobile components fixture supporting documents), or with ceramic or hardening of th

25、e intermediary substances (such as : Mobile particle bed fixture and heat fixture tight fixture). To product</p><p>　　According to the processing was part of that foundation and working characteristics to de

26、termine the work piece fixture in the required position, then need to select some stability flat combination, These constitute a stable plane was fixed in the work piece fixture set position on the clamp-profile structur

27、e, all balanced and torque, it has also ensured that the work features close to the work piece. Finally, it must be calculated and adjusted, assembly or disassembly be standard fixture compon</p><p>　　Struct

28、ural modeling task is to produce some stable flat combination, Thus, these plane of the work pieces clamping force and will fixture stability. According to usual practice, this task can be human-machine dialogue that is

29、almost completely automated way to completion. A man-machine dialogue that is automated fixture structure modeling to determine the merits can be conducted in an organized and planning fixture design reduce the amount of

30、 the design, shortening the study period and better di</p><p>　　Fully prepared to structure programs and the number of material circumstances, the completion of the first successful assembly can save up to 6

31、0% of the time.</p><p>　　Therefore fixture process modeling agencies is the purpose of the program has appropriate documents.</p><p><b>　　中文翻譯</b></p><p><b>　　食品機(jī)械

32、加工工藝</b></p><p>　　機(jī)械加工是所有制造過(guò)程中最普遍使用的而且是最重要的方法。機(jī)械加工過(guò)程是一個(gè)產(chǎn)生形狀的過(guò)程，在這過(guò)程中，驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置使工件上的一些材料以切屑的形式被去除。盡管在某些場(chǎng)合，工件無(wú)承受情況下，使用移動(dòng)式裝備來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)加工，但大多數(shù)的機(jī)械加工是通過(guò)既支承工件又支承刀具的裝備來(lái)完成。</p><p>　　機(jī)械加工過(guò)程中具備兩方面。小批生產(chǎn)低費(fèi)用。對(duì)于鑄造、鍛

33、造和壓力加工，每一個(gè)要生產(chǎn)的具體工件形狀，即使是一個(gè)零件，幾乎都要花費(fèi)高額的加工費(fèi)用?？亢附觼?lái)產(chǎn)生的結(jié)構(gòu)形狀，在很大程度上取決于有效的原材料的形式。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，通過(guò)利用貴重設(shè)備而又無(wú)需特種加工條件下，幾乎可以以任何種類原材料開(kāi)始，借助機(jī)械加工把原材料加工成任意所需要的結(jié)構(gòu)形狀，只要外部尺寸足夠大，那都是可能的。因此對(duì)于生產(chǎn)一個(gè)零件，甚至當(dāng)零件結(jié)構(gòu)及要生產(chǎn)的批量大小上按原來(lái)都適于用鑄造、鍛造或者壓力加工來(lái)生產(chǎn)的，但通常寧可選擇機(jī)械加工。&l

34、t;/p><p>　　嚴(yán)密的精度和良好的表面粗糙度，機(jī)械加工的第二方面用途是建立在高精度和可能的表面粗糙度基礎(chǔ)上。許多零件，如果用別的其他方法來(lái)生產(chǎn)屬于大批量生產(chǎn)的話，那么在機(jī)械加工中則是屬于低公差且又能滿足要求的小批量生產(chǎn)了。另一方面，許多零件靠比較粗糙的生產(chǎn)加工工藝制造其表面形狀，而僅僅是在需要高精度的且選擇過(guò)的表面才進(jìn)行機(jī)械加工。例如內(nèi)螺紋，除了機(jī)械加工之外，幾乎沒(méi)有別的加工方法能進(jìn)行加工。又如已鍛工件上的小孔

35、加工，也是被鍛后緊接著進(jìn)行機(jī)械加工才完成的。</p><p><b>　　基本的機(jī)械加工參數(shù)</b></p><p>　　切削中工件與刀具的基本關(guān)系是以以下四個(gè)要素來(lái)充分描述的：刀具的幾何形狀，切削速度，進(jìn)給速度，和背吃刀量。</p><p>　　切削刀具必須用一種合適的材料來(lái)制造，它必須是強(qiáng)固、韌性好、堅(jiān)硬而且耐磨的。刀具的幾何形狀——以刀尖

36、平面和刀具角為特征——對(duì)于每一種切削工藝都必須是正確的。</p><p>　　切削速度是切削刃通過(guò)工件表面的速率，它是以每分鐘英寸來(lái)表示。為了有效地加工，切削速度高低必須適應(yīng)特定的工件——刀具配合。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，工件材料越硬，速度越低。</p><p>　　進(jìn)給速度是刀具切進(jìn)工件的速度。若工件或刀具作旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)，進(jìn)給量是以每轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)的英寸數(shù)目來(lái)度量的。當(dāng)?shù)毒呋蚬ぜ魍鶑?fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)，進(jìn)給量是以每一行程走

37、過(guò)的英寸數(shù)度量的。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，在其他條件相同時(shí)，進(jìn)給量與切削速度成反比。</p><p>　　背吃刀量——以英寸計(jì)——是刀具進(jìn)入工件的距離。它等于旋削中的切屑寬度或者等于線性切削中的切屑的厚度。粗加工比起精加工，背吃刀量更大。</p><p><b>　　粗切削與精切削</b></p><p>　　工廠的切削加工有兩種，分別稱為“粗切削”和“精切

38、削”。工件經(jīng)“粗切削”后，十分接近所要求的形狀和尺寸，但加工表面仍留有足夠的金屬余量，以供精加工，使工件表面粗糙、尺寸準(zhǔn)確。一般地說(shuō)，鋼質(zhì)棒料、鍛件、鑄件等只經(jīng)一次粗切削和一次精切削即可達(dá)到所要求的形狀和尺寸。不過(guò)，有時(shí)工件的某些部位可能需要不止一次的粗切削。有些加工，如精度要求不高或需要切除的金屬量較小，也可能只需一次精切削。粗切削因?yàn)橐コ蟛糠值挠嗔?，切削力量肯定是相?dāng)大的，這就意味著，整個(gè)機(jī)器、刀具、工件或這三者都要能承受得了。

39、機(jī)加工工人的目的是盡可能快地切除余料，而留下的加工表面又不能太粗糙，細(xì)長(zhǎng)的工件不能抗彎，也不能損壞頂尖。精切削是使工件表面光滑、尺寸準(zhǔn)確，因而是一種更精細(xì)的切削。精加工強(qiáng)調(diào)的是精度——使用非常鋒利的刀具，切除的金屬量較少，測(cè)量時(shí)的精密度要求較高。無(wú)論是粗切削還是精切削，機(jī)加工工人都必須按給定的工作來(lái)調(diào)好機(jī)床，必須考慮工件的大小和形狀，材料的種類，刀具的種類，以及行將切削的性質(zhì)。然后開(kāi)始把機(jī)床調(diào)到正確的轉(zhuǎn)速和進(jìn)刀量，調(diào)好刀具使其達(dá)到要求的

40、切削深度。</p><p><b>　　自動(dòng)夾具設(shè)計(jì)</b></p><p>　　用做裝配設(shè)備的傳統(tǒng)同步夾具把零件移動(dòng)到夾具中心上，以確保零件從傳送機(jī)上或從設(shè)備盤上取出后置于已定位置上。然而在某些應(yīng)用場(chǎng)合、強(qiáng)制零件移動(dòng)到中心線上時(shí)，可能引起零件或設(shè)備破壞。當(dāng)零件易損壞而且小小振動(dòng)可能導(dǎo)致報(bào)廢時(shí)，或當(dāng)其位置是由機(jī)床主軸或模具來(lái)具體時(shí)，再或者當(dāng)公差要求很精密時(shí)，那寧可讓夾

41、具去適應(yīng)零件位置，而不是相反。為著這些工作任務(wù)，美國(guó)俄亥俄州Elyria的Zaytran公司已經(jīng)開(kāi)發(fā)了一般性功能數(shù)據(jù)的非同步西類柔順性?shī)A具。因?yàn)閵A具作用力和同步化裝置是各自獨(dú)立的，該同步裝置可以用精密的滑移裝置來(lái)替換而不影響夾具作用力。夾具規(guī)格范圍是從0.2英寸行程，5英鎊夾緊力到6英寸行程、400英寸夾緊力。</p><p>　　現(xiàn)代生產(chǎn)的特征是批量變得越來(lái)越小而產(chǎn)品的各種規(guī)格變化最大。因此，生產(chǎn)的最后階段，裝

42、配因生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃、批量和產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)的變更而顯得特別脆弱。這種情形正迫使許多公司更多地致力于廣泛的合理化改革和前面提到過(guò)情況那樣裝配自動(dòng)化。盡管柔性?shī)A具的發(fā)展很快落后與柔性運(yùn)輸處理裝置的發(fā)展，如落后于工業(yè)機(jī)器人的發(fā)展，但仍然試圖指望增加夾具的柔順性。事實(shí)上夾具的重要的裝置——生產(chǎn)裝置的專向投資就加強(qiáng)了使夾具更加柔性化在經(jīng)濟(jì)上的支持。</p><p>　　根據(jù)它們?nèi)犴樞?，夾具可以分為：專用夾具、組合夾具、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)夾具、高柔性?shī)A

43、具。柔性?shī)A具是以它們對(duì)不同工件的高適應(yīng)性和以少更換低費(fèi)用為特征的。</p><p>　　結(jié)構(gòu)形式可變換的柔性?shī)A具裝有可變更結(jié)構(gòu)排列的零件（例如針形頰板，多片式零件和片狀頰板），標(biāo)準(zhǔn)工件的非專用夾持或夾緊元件（例如：?jiǎn)?dòng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)夾持夾具和帶有可移動(dòng)元件的夾具配套件），或者裝有陶瓷或硬化了的中介物質(zhì)（如：流動(dòng)粒子床夾具和熱夾具緊夾具）。為了生產(chǎn)，零件要在夾具中被緊固，需要產(chǎn)生夾緊作用，其有幾個(gè)與夾具柔順性無(wú)關(guān)的步驟：&l

44、t;/p><p>　　根據(jù)被加工工件基礎(chǔ)的部分和工作特點(diǎn)，確定工件在夾具中的所需的位置，接著必須選擇若干穩(wěn)定平面的組合，這些穩(wěn)定平面就構(gòu)成工件被固定在夾具中確定位置上的夾具上，均衡所有的力和力矩，而且保證接近工件工作特點(diǎn)。最后，必須計(jì)算、調(diào)整、組裝可拆裝的或標(biāo)準(zhǔn)夾具元件的所需位置，以便使工件牢牢地被夾緊在夾具中。依據(jù)這樣的程序，夾具的輪廓結(jié)構(gòu)和裝合的規(guī)劃和記錄過(guò)程可以進(jìn)行自動(dòng)化控制。</p><p

45、>　　結(jié)構(gòu)造型任務(wù)就是要產(chǎn)生若干穩(wěn)定平面的組合，這樣在這些平面上的各夾緊力將使工件和夾具穩(wěn)定。按慣例，這個(gè)任務(wù)可用人—機(jī)對(duì)話即幾乎完全自動(dòng)化的方式來(lái)完成。一人—機(jī)對(duì)話即以自動(dòng)化方式確定夾具結(jié)構(gòu)造型的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是可以有組織有規(guī)劃進(jìn)行夾具設(shè)計(jì)，減少所需的設(shè)計(jì)人員，縮短研究周期和能更好地配置工作條件。簡(jiǎn)言之，可成功地達(dá)到顯著提高夾具生產(chǎn)效率和效益。</p><p>　　在充分準(zhǔn)備了構(gòu)造方案和一批材料情況下，在完成首次組