1991年--外文翻譯--智能建筑概念的調查

1、<p>　　2150單詞，11900英文字符，3628漢字</p><p><b>　　附件：</b></p><p><b>　　畢業(yè)設計</b></p><p><b>　　外文文獻及譯文</b></p><p>　　文獻、資料題目：Survey of Intel

2、ligent Building Concepts</p><p>　　文獻、資料來源：Communications Magazine, IEEE </p><p>　　文獻、資料發(fā)表（出版）日期：1991.4 </p><p>　　院 （部）： 信息與電氣工程學院 </p><

3、;p>　　專 業(yè)： 電氣工程與自動化 </p><p>　　班 級： 電氣082 </p><p>　　姓 名： </p><p>　　學 號：

4、 </p><p>　　指導教師： </p><p>　　翻譯日期： </p><p><b>　　外文文獻：</b></p>

5、;<p>　　Survey of Intelligent Building Concepts</p><p>　　Examples of Intelligent buildings</p><p>　　In the preceding paragraphs we have identified two large classes of intelligent building

6、s: multitenant and single-tenant. Multitenant buildings belong to a leasing agency which hopes to use the value-added services offered by the intelligence building to increase its revenues by renting or leasing to tenant

7、s not just office space but an attractive bundle of services as well. In this case, many business tenants occupy the building and share services. Single-tenant buildings are occupied by a sing</p><p>　　Unive

8、rsity, hospital, governmental, and industrial campuses form a special case of single-tenant buildings. For example, universities are looking for means of offering a wide range of computer and telecommunications services

9、to students, faculty, and administrators and to employ more effectively the professorial staff, for instance, by finding ways of allowing professors to give their courses to what are often progressively larger and larger

10、 classes. Hence we see the emergence of the so-called “</p><p>　　Multitenant Building</p><p>　　Examples of this class of buildings include:</p><p>　　*Rockefeller Center in New York&

11、lt;/p><p>　　*Software Productivity Consortium in Herndon, Virginia</p><p>　　*The Galleria in Dallas</p><p>　　*Informant in Dallas</p><p>　　*50 Wall Street in New York <

12、/p><p>　　*Marathon Plaza Building in San Francisco</p><p>　　*City Crop Building 1 in San Francisco</p><p>　　For the most part, these buildings are large high-rise towers (thirty-to-fif

13、ty-floor range) and groupings of such towers. The elevators of one “speak” to their passengers and give weather news if the passengers request it. In another, infrared detectors turn the office lights on when its occupan

14、ts enter, turning them off twelve minutes after everybody leaves. Thousands of sensors detect temperature changes in the internal environment within a tenth of a degree. In case of fire, other sensors wil</p><

15、p>　　These buildings are serviced by advanced telephone systems, allowing every tenant to have his own direct lines and access to a large range of telephone and telecommunications service options. We shall examine such

16、 options later, but, for example, in the case of long-distance calls, this system attempts to determine the routing of the call most advantageous to the tenant. We must observe here that in the United States in particula

17、r the importance of this kind of service is non-negligible thanks t</p><p>　　Example of an Intelligent Tower</p><p>　　This example of an intelligent tower, a real case history in the United Stat

18、es, displays a number of intelligent buildings features.</p><p>　　The STS are:</p><p>　　* Rooftop communications: satellites and microwave</p><p>　　* Security: optional card-control

19、led access</p><p>　　* Data processing: ability to install LANs and commercial software</p><p>　　*Television/video: shared networks and satellite broadcast antennas (transmit and receive)</p&g

20、t;<p>　　The integrated building management is:</p><p>　　*EMCS: automated and computerized, shares common cable plant and automatically maintains temperature, humidity, and ventilation</p><p

21、>　　* Security: computer control of elevators, emergency electricity and lighting, smoke and fire detection, controls building evacuation in emergencies and the elevators and sends instructions throughout the building,

22、 and overlooks the parking area (immediate revision of tenant’s status if needed).</p><p>　　Single-Tenant Buildings</p><p>　　Examples of single-buildings are the headquarters tower buildings of

23、various large corporations. A number of corporations are constructing new headquarters or retrofitting the ones they already had, For example, one such company has installed a broadband coaxial cable-based LAN in its bui

24、ldings to complement the internal telephone system. It is clear that constructing a new edifice foreseeing from the beginning all that is required for building intelligence is preferable to modifying an old buil</p>

25、;<p>　　A typical example is a tower having 44 floors, 200m high with 1.5 million sq. ft. area. The floors are divided as follows:</p><p>　　1: lobby, small boutiques</p><p>　　2: kitchens a

26、nd services</p><p>　　3: cafeteria (seats 1000)</p><p>　　4: conference rooms</p><p>　　5: conference rooms, mechanical</p><p>　　6: television programming, mechanical</

27、p><p>　　7 to 41: general offices</p><p>　　42: higher management’s offices</p><p>　　43 to 44: mechanical</p><p>　　There are three banks of elevators: one for floors 1 to 18

28、, another for 18 to 30, and the last one for 30 to 43. Each floor has the form if an elongated hexagon with 24,500 sq. ft. area. Moreover, each floor can accommodate 185 workstations, the average being 130 to 140. An Eth

29、ernet compatible LAN that uses optical fibers rather than coaxial cable for the transmission medium interconnects the workstations. It is reputed to be the largest operational Ethernet in the world accommodating up to th

30、re</p><p>　　According to the characterization of the idealized intelligent building given earlier, this building is perhaps only marginally “intelligent.” All the same, some of the essential elements are in

31、place and one foresees intelligent versions of this kind of buildings as realistic alternatives for the modern corporation.</p><p>　　Wired University Campuses</p><p>　　Today there is a strong pu

32、sh for our universities to install communications infrastructures powerful enough to interconnect workstations from all segments of the university community, student workstations, laboratories, classrooms, dormitory room

33、s, professors’ and administrators’ offices, and libraries and computing centers. Since in most cases it is a matter of retrofitting older buildings, sometimes with serious constraints as to what can be done (so as not to

34、 damage buildings of historical in</p><p>　　Subjects for Further Study</p><p>　　There are several areas in which much work is needed if we ever hope to realize the idealized form of intelligent

35、building characterized at the beginning of this article. Of these, we mention the following.</p><p>　　Protocols and Software Tools for the Intelligent Building</p><p>　　A building represents an

36、extremely diversified telecommunications environment in which a backbone network may interconnect a large number of sub networks and devices having a wide range of operational characteristics (bit rates, code formats, et

37、c.) This means that the network protocols must be able to accommodate all this. Moreover, with the progressive penetration of ISDN and BISDN, we have a plethora of external network protocols that will have to be interfac

38、ed with the building’s network. Thi</p><p>　　For implementation of an intelligent building, there is great need for a knowledge-based specification/simulation system that will allow the designer to examine t

39、he various network configurations possible and to simulate the more promising clued a repertory of actual available products, permitting the designer ultimately to specify the internal communications system in virtually

40、complete detail.</p><p>　　Finally, the internal communications network shares with all other such networks a number of network management functions and these may be handled by a suitably adapted expert syste

41、m. The internal communications system must be robust, so these functions merit careful attention (for example, one would hope the management system would report and take suitable countermeasures for the presence of toxic

42、 gases, fire, etc. So robustness here means more than simple reliable transmission, but entails suc</p><p>　　Human Machine Interfaces</p><p>　　As we have already seen, the intelligent building i

43、mplies the existence of a sophisticated and highly robust computer/telecommunications systems infrastructure. What this additionally implies is the presence of viable human-machine interfaces, ranging from telephone sets

44、 on up to voice-well. The design of such interfaces has much more than a technological side in that a wide range of human engineering considerations must be handled; this means attention to the use of colors, the physica

45、l aspects</p><p>　　Optical Fibers and Other Emerging Technologies</p><p>　　The authors have been particularly interested in the use of optical fibers and other new related technologies in the bu

46、ilding context. They on occasion encountered outright resistance to their use, based on more than economic arguments. With the emergence of single-mode fibers as the fibers of choice in the outside plant, we advance the

47、thesis that they will also become such in building applications. Whether this will be the case or not is to be seen, but much attention has already been paid to </p><p>　　Observations on Our Own Experience&l

48、t;/p><p>　　In the light of our own experience with intelligent buildings, we would like to make a few simple observations. First of all, we found that there was a big gap between the idealistic image of the int

49、elligent building and the reality of implementing one. For example, the various groups involved in constructing a building seem not to talk to each other very much; the construction people, the telecommunications workers

50、, and the electrical/mechanical equipment groups seem to go their own merry way. </p><p>　　We also deeply felt the need for some of the software tools mentioned in the preceding section. Preparing the call f

51、or bids was extremely onerous, as was the comparison of the results simulate a number of different configurations and scenarios. </p><p>　　The set of value-added services to be offered requires careful study

52、, marketing, and implementation. While these services may attract clientele (tenants), one must not assume they in fact will do so; consequently, a flexible core system must be installed that can expand gracefully as use

53、r needs expand and change.</p><p>　　Conclusions</p><p>　　We have attempted to give the reader a quick glance at a number of general issues raised by intelligent buildings. The field is still you

54、ng and much work remains to be done before we even approach the idealized version of intelligent buildings described by us. All the same, a number of extremely interesting and viable buildings have been and are being bui

55、lt, and we expect this trend to continue, especially as we must provide to our office workers ever more sophisticated working environments so a</p><p><b>　　中文譯文：</b></p><p><b>

56、　　智能建筑概念的調查</b></p><p><b>　　智能建筑的范例</b></p><p>　　在前面的段落中，我們已經確定了兩個大型智能建筑類：多租戶和單租戶。隸屬于租賃機構的多租戶建筑物希望使用增值的智能樓宇提供服務，增加其收入，不僅把辦公空間出租或租賃給住戶，而且還有一個吸引人的捆綁服務。在這種情況下，許多企業(yè)租戶占用建筑物和共享服務。單個企

57、業(yè)占用了單租戶樓房，例如企業(yè)總部或分支機構為適應其企業(yè)目標而安排的“情報”的建設。通常在這類建筑的租戶也就是它的主人。此樓提供情報的動機不是為了多租戶大樓業(yè)主的收入，而是為了更有效地幫助企業(yè)實現其企業(yè)目標。</p><p>　　大學，醫(yī)院，政府和工業(yè)園里形成了一種特殊情況下的單租戶樓房。例如，高校為學生、教師和管理員提供廣泛的計算機和電信服務，并更有效地聘請教授的工作人員，例如尋找方法讓教授給他們課程的分類越來越

58、大。因此，我們看到出現的所謂的“有線校園”，是解決這種情況的智能建筑技術方案的第一個步驟。</p><p><b>　　多租戶大樓</b></p><p>　　這一類建筑物的例子包括：</p><p>　　*紐約的洛克菲勒中心</p><p>　　*維吉尼亞州亨頓的軟件生產率促進聯盟</p><p&g

59、t;<b>　　*達拉斯廣場</b></p><p><b>　　*在達拉斯的線人</b></p><p><b>　　*紐約華爾街</b></p><p>　　*舊金山馬拉松廣場大廈</p><p>　　*舊金山市作物大樓1號樓</p><p>　　在

60、大多數情況下，這些建筑物是大型的高層大廈（三十至五十層）和這類的大廈群。電梯可以“講話”給乘客，如果乘客要求的話甚至可以提供天氣消息。在另一項研究中，當居住者進入辦公室時紅外探測器將燈打開，當所有人離開12分鐘后紅外探測器將燈關閉。成千上萬的傳感器檢測到內部環(huán)境中的溫度在一定程度的變化。在發(fā)生火災時，其他傳感器將發(fā)出報警和通知消防部門和警察以及將電梯移動到戰(zhàn)略位置。</p><p>　　這些建筑物是由先進的電話系

61、統(tǒng)服務，讓每一個住戶擁有自己的電話線和獲得大范圍的電話和電信服務選項。我們過后會審查這些選項，但是，舉例來說，在長途電話的情況下，本系統(tǒng)將嘗試為租客確定最有利的呼叫線路。我們必須了解在這里，特別是在美國，這種服務不可忽視的重要性歸功于電信放松的一般管理制度;先前提供的本地電話公司自動服務現在往往必須由用戶決定，他們經常發(fā)現自己面對令人眼花繚亂的選擇時，將面對頗為陌生的語言（基本上沒有興趣）。因此，由大廈經理接手了令智能建筑服務一體化的任

62、務。我們注意到其他工業(yè)國家已經采取了一些放寬管制的措施，允許客戶選擇決定其內部電話系統(tǒng)。</p><p><b>　　智能大廈的范例</b></p><p>　　這個智能大廈的例子，在美國真實的歷史上，顯示了智能建筑的一些特性。</p><p><b>　　租戶共享服務有：</b></p><p>

63、　　*頂層通信：衛(wèi)星和微波</p><p>　　*安全性：可選控制卡的訪問</p><p>　　*數據處理：安裝局域網和商業(yè)軟件的能力</p><p>　　*電視/視頻：共享網絡和衛(wèi)星廣播天線（的發(fā)送和接收）</p><p><b>　　綜合建設管理的是：</b></p><p>　　* 能源管理

64、控制系統(tǒng):自動化和計算機化，擁有共同的電纜廠，并自動保持溫度，濕度和通風</p><p>　　*安全性：計算機控制電梯，應急電力和照明，煙霧和火災探測，控制樓宇在緊急情況下的疏散和發(fā)送指示給整個建筑，俯瞰停車場（如果租戶需要立即修改租戶狀態(tài)）</p><p><b>　　單租戶大樓</b></p><p>　　單個建筑以各大型企業(yè)的總部大樓為例

65、。一些公司正在建設新的或改造他們已有的總部，例如，一個這類公司已經在大樓里安裝基于有線電視網絡寬帶的同軸電纜，以補充內部的電話系統(tǒng)。很明顯,構造一個新大廈從一開始就能預見所需的建筑智能，這比改建舊建筑具有更好的可選擇性。因為,后者的情形,就建筑結構性能來說,有利于安裝系統(tǒng),如現代企業(yè)內部局域網,PBXs, 能源管理控制系統(tǒng),諸如此類。</p><p>　　一個典型的例子是一個有150萬平方英尺面積的44層，200

66、米的大廈。樓層劃分如下：</p><p>　　1層：大堂，小型時裝店</p><p><b>　　2層：廚房和服務</b></p><p>　　3層：食堂（1000個座位）</p><p><b>　　4層：會議室</b></p><p>　　5層：會議室，機械室</p

67、><p>　　6層：電視節(jié)目室，機械室</p><p>　　7至41層：一般辦公室</p><p>　　42層：高級管理辦公室</p><p>　　43至44層：機械室</p><p>　　電梯供應三家銀行：一家從1層到18層，另外一家從18層到30層，最后一家從30層到43層。每個樓層如果有24500平方英尺的面積，將組

68、成拉長六邊形的形式。此外，每層可容納185個工作站，平均為130至140個。一個以太網兼容的局域網使用光纖而不是同軸電纜的作為連傳輸介質的工作站。它被譽為是世界上最大的運營以太網，最多可容納3萬工作站。還有一個光纖網絡互連的大約一千同步終端。電話系統(tǒng)和報警系統(tǒng)共享使用雙絞線電纜。在大樓里沒有用戶級交換機，，而是使用虛擬小交換機。該公司預計，這些網絡將足以用到2000年。</p><p>　　根據理想化的智能大廈前

69、面給出的描述，這棟樓是也許只有輕微的“智能”。同樣，一些在現場的基本要素，并預見到這類建筑智能版本是現代企業(yè)的現實替代品。 </p><p><b>　　有線大學校園</b></p><p>　　今天我們強有力地推動大學在通信基礎設施安裝足夠強大的工作站互連線，從大學社區(qū)各部門，學生工作站，實驗室，教室，宿舍房間，教授和管理者的辦公室，圖書館和計算機中

70、心。由于在大多數情況下，改造舊樓的問題有時嚴重制約我們所做事情（以免破壞歷史價值的建筑物），而不是興建新的，這也許是一個典型的智能建筑活動，即使當然存在智能建筑的二次元素。一個典型的項目是一個正在安裝可覆蓋10000工作站，2個大型機，35超級小型機和圖書館的廣泛的校園網絡。寬帶同軸電纜網絡正在使用連接到城市的有線電視網絡。在這種裝置中，光纖已經取代金屬介質的校園骨干網。</p><p><b>　　為

71、進一步研究的主題</b></p><p>　　有幾個領域是很多工作需要，如果我們希望實現在本文開頭提及的智能建筑的理想化形式。我們提出以下幾點。</p><p>　　智能大廈的協議和軟件工具</p><p>　　一個建筑代表了一個極其多樣化的電信環(huán)境，其骨干網絡是相互聯系的大量附屬網絡和設備，有廣泛的工作特性（比特率，編碼格式等）。 這意味著網絡協議必須

72、能夠適應這一切。此外，與ISDN和BISDN逐步滲透，我們有過多的必須連接到建筑物網絡的外部網絡協議。這表明，我們可以定義一個智能建筑的協議，將處理所有建筑物的內部和外部接口需求。 在我們自己的工作之外，我們只知道智能建筑研究所顯然已經參與研究這個話題。我們自己的工作還處在初步階段，但我們得遵守面向對象的規(guī)范/模擬方法來的接近主題。</p><p>　　智能建筑的實施，需要大量以知識為基礎的規(guī)范/仿真系統(tǒng)，將允許

73、設計者檢查各種網絡配置和模擬更有前途的實際可用的產品，允許設計師最終將內部通信系統(tǒng)的細節(jié)設計完整。</p><p>　　最后，內部通信網絡與其他網絡實現共享，一些網絡管理功能可以通過適當調整專家系統(tǒng)進行處理。內部通信系統(tǒng)必須是強大的，所以這些功能應認真注意（例如，人們希望管理系統(tǒng)對存在有毒氣體，火災等進行報告并采取適當的措施，所以這里的魯棒性不僅僅指簡單可靠的傳輸，而且需要設置報警，引起人們注意，并警告居民出現危

74、及生命的情況）。</p><p><b>　　人機界面</b></p><p>　　正如我們已經看到，智能建筑意味著存在著一個復雜的和高度可靠的計算機/電信系統(tǒng)基礎設施。其額外之意是存在可行的人機界面。這樣的接口設計可比在廣泛的人體工程學中考慮處理技術可強多了；這意味著需注意使用的顏色，用戶設備，菜單布局，鼠標，觸摸屏的物理方面的注意等等。計算機/通訊工程師則必須與這

75、些領域的專家進行合作。</p><p><b>　　光纖和其他新興技術</b></p><p>　　筆者對建筑方面使用的光纖和其它相關的新技術特別感興趣。他們會遇到基于超過經濟參數的強大阻力。在選擇在廠外的纖維時單模光纖的出現，將提升我們的理論，他們也將建筑中得到應用。這種情況是否出現在將來才能看到，但已非常重視在智能建筑的應用纖維。此外，或許無線電技術將取代有線媒體

76、。但為確定智能建筑的物理互連方案我們必須做很多工作。</p><p><b>　　自己觀察到的經驗</b></p><p>　　根據我們自己對智能建筑的經驗，我們應進行一些簡單的觀察。首先，我們發(fā)現，智能建筑的理想情況和現場實施之間存在較大的差距。例如，施工過程中所涉及的各個部門之間幾乎沒有交流，，建筑工人，電信工人，電氣/機械設備部門都按自己的方式行事。設計師經常脫

77、離他們必須親自參與的工程建設。投資者往往只看到工程的短期潛在利潤。在一個案例中，我們被告知將空調和能源管理控制系統(tǒng)留給他人，將自己限制在電信基礎設施中。租戶共享服務，是一個迷人的想法，但并不是沒有缺陷，它可能無法正常工作在更嚴格的監(jiān)管環(huán)境中。當我們詢問有關光纖連接的護墻板的可行性時，電信公司房間里的我們都笑了（雖然競爭者設置了這樣的一個系統(tǒng)主要的項目在另一個城市）。在同行中有一個強烈的傾向，就是按照配方類似的方法進行建筑設計，根據有多少

78、平方英尺來確定需要多少終端；因此，我們必須具有預見這樣或那樣情況的能力，等等。如果按照這樣的估計，我們會嚴重破壞項目的目標。</p><p>　　我們也深切地感受到在上一節(jié)中提到的一些軟件工具的需求。準備招標是非常麻煩的，根據比較的結果來模擬不同的配置和場景。</p><p>　　提供附加服務的設置，需要認真研究、市場推廣和落實。 雖然這些服務會吸引客戶（租戶），不要假設他們肯定會這樣做；

79、因此，必須安裝一個靈活的核心系統(tǒng)，可以根據用戶的需要優(yōu)雅地展開擴大和變化。</p><p><b>　　結論</b></p><p>　　我們試圖讓讀者快速瀏覽一些智能樓宇提出的一般問題。，在接近我們所描述的智能樓宇的理想化的版本之前，這個領域仍然是年輕的，有許多工作有待我們去完成。同樣，一些非常有趣的和可行的樓宇已經或正在興建，預計這一趨勢將繼續(xù)下去，尤其是必須提供