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簡(jiǎn)介:1西方經(jīng)濟(jì)理論研究西方經(jīng)濟(jì)理論研究宏觀部分宏觀部分復(fù)習(xí)提綱復(fù)習(xí)提綱第一講序論一、宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)一、宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)是對(duì)整個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)行為的研究它分析長(zhǎng)期的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)以及總產(chǎn)出的周期波動(dòng)、失業(yè)率和通貨膨脹、貨幣供給和預(yù)算赤字、國(guó)際貿(mào)易和國(guó)際金融。與之相對(duì)應(yīng)的是研究個(gè)別市場(chǎng)、價(jià)格及產(chǎn)出行為的微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)。所有的市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)需要面對(duì)的三個(gè)核心的宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)問題是1產(chǎn)出和就業(yè)率為什么有時(shí)會(huì)下降如何減少失業(yè)率2通貨膨脹的原因是什么如何控制它3一國(guó)如何提高其經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)率二、現(xiàn)代宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展二、現(xiàn)代宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展1936年凱恩斯就業(yè)、利息和貨幣通論一書的出版,是現(xiàn)代宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)系統(tǒng)理論的開端。凱恩斯在理論、方法和政策三個(gè)方面都提出了不同于20世紀(jì)30年代以前居于西方經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)界正統(tǒng)地位的傳統(tǒng)的、新古典經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的觀點(diǎn)和主張。在理論上,傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)以“薩伊定律”即“供給會(huì)自動(dòng)創(chuàng)造需求”為基礎(chǔ),以供給為中心,斷定需求是供給的函數(shù)。因此堅(jiān)持在資本主義經(jīng)濟(jì)中將存在保證充分就業(yè)均衡趨勢(shì)的自動(dòng)機(jī)制這一信條。凱恩斯否定了“薩伊定律”,從而拋棄了“儲(chǔ)蓄會(huì)自動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)化為投資”的傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)。他認(rèn)為,“需求會(huì)自動(dòng)創(chuàng)造供給”即凱恩斯定律,供給就是需求的函數(shù),即產(chǎn)出量和就業(yè)量的總水平?jīng)Q定于總有效需求所謂“國(guó)民收入決定理論”。在方法上,傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)關(guān)心個(gè)別廠商和個(gè)別消費(fèi)者的行為活動(dòng),以及單個(gè)商品市場(chǎng)的交換過程及其相對(duì)價(jià)格的決定,即著重個(gè)量分析或微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)分析。凱恩斯則關(guān)心經(jīng)濟(jì)中的總量總產(chǎn)量或國(guó)民收入總量、總消費(fèi)、總投資、總就業(yè)等行為活動(dòng),特別是總產(chǎn)出投資支出、消費(fèi)支出、政府支出所產(chǎn)生的收入效應(yīng)。他開創(chuàng)了宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)分析方法,即總量分析。在政策上,凱恩斯反對(duì)傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)提倡的“自由放任”,積極主張政府干預(yù)和調(diào)節(jié)私營(yíng)經(jīng)濟(jì)。3響,這種有利影響所帶來的利益(或收益)或有害影響所帶來的損失(或成本)都不是消費(fèi)者和生產(chǎn)者本人所獲得或承擔(dān)的。外部性包括積極的和消極的二種。消除有害的外部性給社會(huì)帶來的影響,可以提高社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的效率。其政策措施之一是實(shí)行政府干預(yù)。對(duì)產(chǎn)生消極外部影響的廠商征收稅金和罰款,使它向政府支付由于污染導(dǎo)致社會(huì)所增加的成本,把廠商造成的外在成本內(nèi)部化,促使它們消除或減少消極的外部影響,必要時(shí),政府也可采用行政或法律手段,要求廠商限期整治。政策措施之二是確定產(chǎn)權(quán)。這是由美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家科斯提出來的,其理論被稱為“科斯定理”。所謂產(chǎn)權(quán),是通過法律程序確定的個(gè)體占有某種財(cái)富的權(quán)力。科斯定理強(qiáng)調(diào)了明確產(chǎn)權(quán)的重要性,認(rèn)為只要產(chǎn)權(quán)是明確的,不管產(chǎn)權(quán)的最初配置狀態(tài)如何,都可以達(dá)到資源的有效配置。三私人市場(chǎng)無法提供必要數(shù)量的公共產(chǎn)品,需要政府加以提供滿足消費(fèi)私人市場(chǎng)無法提供必要數(shù)量的公共產(chǎn)品,需要政府加以提供滿足消費(fèi)公共產(chǎn)品是指整個(gè)社會(huì)共同享用的各種服務(wù)和設(shè)施的總稱,如國(guó)防、軍隊(duì)、司法機(jī)關(guān)、文教衛(wèi)生等。特點(diǎn)有二一是消費(fèi)不具有排他性;二是供給不具有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性。這些公共產(chǎn)品一般具有“外在效益”,私人企業(yè)不愿承擔(dān),只能由政府來提供。凡具有“排他性”和“競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性”的產(chǎn)品就是私人產(chǎn)品。四市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)中的價(jià)格機(jī)制無法縮小貧富差別,需要政府兼顧效率與公平市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)中的價(jià)格機(jī)制無法縮小貧富差別,需要政府兼顧效率與公平由于市場(chǎng)供求法則導(dǎo)致社會(huì)收入分配不平均,政府應(yīng)通過稅率的調(diào)節(jié),對(duì)收入進(jìn)行適當(dāng)再分配。衡量社會(huì)收入分配平均程度的兩個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)1洛倫茨曲線,表示一國(guó)按人口數(shù)量累計(jì)的百分比與該百分比所占有的國(guó)民收入比重之間的關(guān)系。洛倫茨曲線的彎曲程度越大,收入分配越不平均;反之亦然;2基尼系數(shù),根據(jù)洛倫茨曲線,用A表示實(shí)際收入分配曲線與絕對(duì)平均線之間的面積;B表示實(shí)際收入分配線與絕對(duì)不平均線之間的面積,則基尼系數(shù)=,基尼系BAA?數(shù)值越小,則越接近于收入分配平均;基尼系數(shù)值越大,則收入分配越不平均。五市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)難以避免周期性波動(dòng),需要政府控制通貨膨脹及失業(yè)市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)難以避免周期性波動(dòng),需要政府控制通貨膨脹及失業(yè)通貨膨脹和失業(yè)是西方社會(huì)所面臨的兩大難題。經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家認(rèn)為政府可通過變動(dòng)政府稅收和支出的財(cái)政政策以及通過金融機(jī)構(gòu)增加或收縮整個(gè)社會(huì)貨幣供給量的貨幣政策來控制通脹和失業(yè),以熨平經(jīng)濟(jì)的周期性波動(dòng)。
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簡(jiǎn)介:第二節(jié)財(cái)政政策(39)??????????????????????????????第三節(jié)貨幣政策(42)??????????????????????????????第四節(jié)宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)政策及理論的演變(45)??????????????????????第十七章總需求-總供給模型(47)??????????????????????????第一節(jié)總需求曲線(47)?????????????????????????????第二節(jié)總供給的一般說明(48)??????????????????????????第三節(jié)長(zhǎng)期和短期在國(guó)民收入決定中的特殊含義(51)????????????????第四節(jié)古典總供給曲線(51)???????????????????????????第五節(jié)凱恩斯總供給曲線(52)??????????????????????????第六節(jié)常規(guī)總供給曲線(53)???????????????????????????第七節(jié)總需求總供給模型對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)的解釋(55)????????????????????第八節(jié)總需求總供給模型的數(shù)學(xué)小結(jié)(56)?????????????????????第十八章失業(yè)與通貨膨脹(57)????????????????????????????第一節(jié)失業(yè)的描述(57)?????????????????????????????第二節(jié)失業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)解釋(59)??????????????????????????第三節(jié)失業(yè)的影響與奧肯定律(59)????????????????????????第四節(jié)通貨膨脹的描述(60)???????????????????????????第五節(jié)通貨膨脹的原因(61)???????????????????????????第六節(jié)通貨膨脹的經(jīng)濟(jì)效應(yīng)(64)?????????????????????????第七節(jié)失業(yè)與通貨膨脹的關(guān)系-菲利普斯曲線(65)?????????????????第十九章開放經(jīng)濟(jì)下的短期經(jīng)濟(jì)模型(69)???????????????????????第一節(jié)匯率和對(duì)外貿(mào)易(69)???????????????????????????第二節(jié)蒙代爾-弗萊明模型(72)?????????????????????????第三節(jié)蒙代爾-弗萊明模型的應(yīng)用(74)??????????????????????第四節(jié)南-北關(guān)系的一種經(jīng)濟(jì)分析(76)??????????????????????第二十章經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)和經(jīng)濟(jì)周期理論(78)????????????????????????第一節(jié)國(guó)民收入長(zhǎng)期增長(zhǎng)趨勢(shì)和波動(dòng)(78)?????????????????????第二節(jié)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的描述和事實(shí)(79)????????????????????????第三節(jié)增長(zhǎng)核算(80)??????????????????????????????第四節(jié)新古典增長(zhǎng)模型(82)???????????????????????????第五節(jié)內(nèi)生增長(zhǎng)理論(88)????????????????????????????第六節(jié)促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的政策(88)?????????????????????????第七節(jié)經(jīng)濟(jì)周期的含義與特征(89)????????????????????????第八節(jié)經(jīng)濟(jì)周期理論的簡(jiǎn)要回顧(90)???????????????????????第九節(jié)乘數(shù)-加速數(shù)模型(92)??????????????????????????
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簡(jiǎn)介:西方經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)平時(shí)作業(yè)(1)(第一章至第五章)一、填空題1.“生產(chǎn)什么”、“如何生產(chǎn)”和“為誰生產(chǎn)”是人類社會(huì)所必須解決的基本問題,這三個(gè)問題被稱為_資源配置___問題。2市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)與計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)的差別主要表現(xiàn)在三個(gè)基本問題上,一是決策機(jī)制不同,二是協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制不同,三是激勵(lì)機(jī)制不同。3微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)解決的問題是資源配置,宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)解決的問題是資源利用。4是否以一定的價(jià)值判斷為依據(jù),是實(shí)證方法與規(guī)范方法的重要區(qū)別之一。5兩種互補(bǔ)商品之間價(jià)格與需求成反方向變動(dòng),兩種替代商品之間價(jià)格與需求成同方向變動(dòng)。6需求定理表明的商品價(jià)格與需求量反方向變動(dòng)的關(guān)系是替代_效應(yīng)和收入效應(yīng)共同作用的結(jié)果。7在供給與供給量的變動(dòng)中,價(jià)格變動(dòng)引起供給量變動(dòng),而生產(chǎn)技術(shù)的變動(dòng)引起供給的變動(dòng)。8需求的變動(dòng)引起均衡價(jià)格與均衡數(shù)量同方向變動(dòng)。9市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)就是一種用價(jià)格機(jī)制來決定資源配置的經(jīng)濟(jì)體制。10當(dāng)某商品的價(jià)格上升5%,而需求量減少8%時(shí),該商品屬于需求富有彈性。當(dāng)某商品的價(jià)格下降5%而需求量增加2%時(shí),該商品屬于需求缺乏彈性。11如果交叉彈性為負(fù)值,則兩種商品為互補(bǔ)關(guān)系。12能夠做到薄利多銷的商品是需求富有彈性的商品。13如果某種商品需求缺乏彈性而供給富有彈性,則稅收就主要落在消費(fèi)者身上。14基數(shù)效用論采用的是邊際效用分析法,序數(shù)效用論采用的是無差異曲線分析法。15如果把無差異曲線與消費(fèi)可能線合在一個(gè)圖上,那么消費(fèi)可能線必定與無數(shù)條無差異曲線中的一條相切于一點(diǎn),在這個(gè)切點(diǎn)上就實(shí)現(xiàn)了消費(fèi)者均衡。16消費(fèi)者愿意對(duì)某種物品所支付的價(jià)格與他實(shí)際支付的價(jià)格的差額稱為消費(fèi)者剩余。17技術(shù)效率是投入的生產(chǎn)要素與產(chǎn)量的關(guān)系,經(jīng)濟(jì)效率是成本與收益的關(guān)系。18代理人在不違背合約的情況下,以違背委托人的利益為代價(jià)來實(shí)現(xiàn)自己的利益,代理人的這種行為被稱為機(jī)會(huì)主義行為。19總產(chǎn)量曲線、平均產(chǎn)量曲線、邊際產(chǎn)量曲線都是先上升而后下降,這反映了邊際產(chǎn)量遞減規(guī)律。20邊際產(chǎn)量曲線與平均產(chǎn)量曲線相交于平均產(chǎn)量的曲線的最高點(diǎn)。21適度規(guī)模就是指生產(chǎn)規(guī)模的擴(kuò)大正好使收益遞增達(dá)到最大。22不同的等成本線與不同的等產(chǎn)量線相切,形成不同的生產(chǎn)要素最適組合點(diǎn),將這些點(diǎn)連接在一起就可得出生產(chǎn)擴(kuò)張線。二、選擇題1.稀缺性的存在意味著(D)C邊際產(chǎn)量曲線一定在平均產(chǎn)量曲線的最高點(diǎn)與之相交D只要平均產(chǎn)量增加,邊際產(chǎn)量就大于平均產(chǎn)量15等產(chǎn)量曲線向右上方移動(dòng)表明(B)A技術(shù)水平提高B產(chǎn)量增加C產(chǎn)量不變D成本增加三、判斷題1生產(chǎn)可能性曲線凹向原點(diǎn)說明了隨著一種物品生產(chǎn)的增加,機(jī)會(huì)成本在遞增。(√)2微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)和宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)是相互補(bǔ)充的。(√)32001年12月31日的外匯儲(chǔ)備量是流量。()4世界石油價(jià)格下降有助于減少汽車的需求。()5一場(chǎng)臺(tái)風(fēng)摧毀了某地區(qū)的荔枝樹,市場(chǎng)上的荔枝少了,這稱為供給減少。(√)6所有商品的供給量都隨價(jià)格的上升而增加。()7某種產(chǎn)品的價(jià)格上限一定高于其均衡價(jià)格。()8同一條線形需求曲線上不同點(diǎn)的彈性系數(shù)是相同的。()9漢堡包與熱狗之間的需求交叉彈性為正值。(√)10只要商品的數(shù)量在增加,消費(fèi)者得到的總效用就一定在增加。()11在無差異曲線與消費(fèi)可能線的切點(diǎn)上,消費(fèi)者所得到的效用達(dá)到最大。(√)12工資的變動(dòng)通過替代效應(yīng)和收入效應(yīng)來影響勞動(dòng)供給。(√)13當(dāng)其他生產(chǎn)要素不變時(shí),一種生產(chǎn)要素投入越多,則產(chǎn)量越高。()14無論哪個(gè)行業(yè),企業(yè)的規(guī)模并不是越大越好。(√)15在同一平面圖上,可以有三條不同的等產(chǎn)量線。()四、計(jì)算題1已知某種商品的需求函數(shù)為D=350-3P,供給函數(shù)為S=-250+5P。求該商品的均衡價(jià)格和均衡數(shù)量。解根據(jù)均衡時(shí)需求量等于供給量即DS所以3503P2505P解得P75將P代入D=350-3P得DS350375125均衡價(jià)格為75元,均衡數(shù)量為125。2某種商品原來的價(jià)格為每公斤120元,銷售量為800公斤,該商品的需求彈性系數(shù)為24,請(qǐng)問該商品價(jià)格下降25%之后,總收益發(fā)生了什么變化解已知ED25P112元Q1800斤△P/P251)由得PPQQED???60254???????PPEQQD即銷售量增加了60則降價(jià)后的銷售量Q2800(160)1280(公斤)2)降價(jià)后的價(jià)格P212125093降價(jià)前總收益TR1P1Q112800960元降價(jià)后總收益TR2P2Q209128011524總收益增加了1152960192元該商品價(jià)格下降25%之后,總收益發(fā)生了增加了192元3如果某消費(fèi)者有100元,X商品的價(jià)格為10元,Y商品的價(jià)格為20元。X商品與Y商品的邊際效用為下表X商品邊際效用Y商品邊際效用
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簡(jiǎn)介:1844年經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)哲學(xué)手稿節(jié)選馬克思1844年5月底6月初8月[異化勞動(dòng)和私有財(cái)產(chǎn)]我們是從國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的各個(gè)前提出發(fā)的我們采用了它的語言和它的規(guī)律我們把私有財(cái)產(chǎn),把勞動(dòng)資本土地的互相分離,工資資本利潤(rùn)地租的互相分離以及分工競(jìng)爭(zhēng)交換價(jià)值概念等等當(dāng)作前提我們從國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)本身出發(fā),用它自己的話指出,工人降低為商品,而且降低為最賤的商品;工人的貧困同他的產(chǎn)品的力量和數(shù)量成反比;競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的必然結(jié)果是資本在少數(shù)人手中積累起來,也就是壟斷的更驚人的恢復(fù);最后,資本家和地租所得者之間農(nóng)民和工人之間的區(qū)別消失了,而整個(gè)社會(huì)必然分化為兩個(gè)階級(jí),即有產(chǎn)者階級(jí)和沒有財(cái)產(chǎn)的工人階級(jí)。國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)從私有財(cái)產(chǎn)的事實(shí)出發(fā)它沒有給我們說明這個(gè)事實(shí)39它把私有財(cái)產(chǎn)在現(xiàn)實(shí)中所經(jīng)歷的物質(zhì)過程,放進(jìn)一般的抽象的公式,然后把這些公式當(dāng)作規(guī)律它不理解這些規(guī)律,就是說,它沒有指明這些規(guī)律是怎樣從私有財(cái)產(chǎn)的本質(zhì)中產(chǎn)生出來的國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)沒有向我們說明勞動(dòng)和資本分離以及資本和土地分離的原因例如,當(dāng)它確定工資和資本利潤(rùn)之間的關(guān)系時(shí),它把資本家的利益當(dāng)作最終原因;就是說,它把應(yīng)當(dāng)加以闡明的東西當(dāng)作前提同樣,競(jìng)爭(zhēng)到處出現(xiàn),對(duì)此則用外部情況來說明至于這種似乎偶然的外部情況在多大程度上僅僅是一種必然的發(fā)展過程的表現(xiàn),國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)根本沒有向我們講明我們已經(jīng)看到,交換本身在它看來是偶然的事實(shí)貪欲以及貪欲者之間的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)即競(jìng)爭(zhēng),是國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家所推動(dòng)的僅有的車輪。[]正因?yàn)閲?guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)不理解運(yùn)動(dòng)的聯(lián)系,所以才把例如競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的學(xué)說同壟斷的學(xué)說,行業(yè)自由的學(xué)說同同業(yè)公會(huì)的學(xué)說,地產(chǎn)分割的學(xué)說同大地產(chǎn)的學(xué)說對(duì)立起來因?yàn)楦?jìng)爭(zhēng)行業(yè)自由地產(chǎn)分割僅僅被闡述和理解為壟斷同業(yè)公會(huì)和封建所有制的偶然的蓄意的強(qiáng)制的結(jié)果,而不是必然的不可避免的自然的結(jié)果。因此,我們現(xiàn)在必須弄清楚私有制,貪欲和勞動(dòng)資本地產(chǎn)三者的分離之間,交換和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)之間,人的價(jià)值和人的貶值之間,壟斷和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)等等之間,這全部異化和貨幣制度之間的本質(zhì)聯(lián)系。不要像國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家那樣,當(dāng)他想說明什么的時(shí)候,總是置身于一種虛構(gòu)的原始狀態(tài)40這樣的原始狀態(tài)什么問題也說明不了國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家只是使問題墮入五里霧中他把應(yīng)當(dāng)加以推論的東西即兩個(gè)事物之間的例如分工和交換之間的必然關(guān)系,假定為事實(shí)事件神學(xué)家也是這樣用原罪來說明惡的起源,就是說,他把他應(yīng)當(dāng)加以說明的東西假定為一種具有歷史形式的事實(shí)。我們且從當(dāng)前的經(jīng)濟(jì)事實(shí)出發(fā)。工人生產(chǎn)的財(cái)富越多,他的產(chǎn)品的力量和數(shù)量越大,他就越貧窮41工人創(chuàng)造的商品越多,他就越變成廉價(jià)的商品物的世界的增值同人的世界的貶值成正比勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)的不僅是商品,它生產(chǎn)作為商品的勞動(dòng)自身和工人,而且是按它一般生產(chǎn)商品的比例生產(chǎn)的。面加以考察因此,當(dāng)我們問勞動(dòng)的本質(zhì)關(guān)系是什么的時(shí)候,我們問的是工人對(duì)生產(chǎn)的關(guān)系。以上我們只是從一個(gè)方面,就是從工人對(duì)他的勞動(dòng)產(chǎn)品的關(guān)系這個(gè)方面,考察了工人的異化外化但是,異化不僅表現(xiàn)在結(jié)果上,而且表現(xiàn)在生產(chǎn)行為中,表現(xiàn)在生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)本身中如果工人不是在生產(chǎn)行為本身中使自身異化,那么工人活動(dòng)的產(chǎn)品怎么會(huì)作為相異的東西同工人對(duì)立呢產(chǎn)品不過是活動(dòng)生產(chǎn)的總結(jié)因此,如果勞動(dòng)的產(chǎn)品是外化,那么生產(chǎn)本身必然是能動(dòng)的外化,或活動(dòng)的外化,外化的活動(dòng)在勞動(dòng)對(duì)象的異化中不過總結(jié)了勞動(dòng)活動(dòng)本身的異化外化。那么,勞動(dòng)的外化表現(xiàn)在什么地方呢首先,勞動(dòng)對(duì)工人來說是外在的東西,也就是說,不屬于他的本質(zhì);因此,他在自己的勞動(dòng)中不是肯定自己,而是否定自己,不是感到幸福,而是感到不幸,不是自由地發(fā)揮自己的體力和智力,而是使自己的肉體受折磨精神遭摧殘因此,工人只有在勞動(dòng)之外才感到自在,而在勞動(dòng)中則感到不自在,他在不勞動(dòng)時(shí)覺得舒暢,而在勞動(dòng)時(shí)就覺得不舒暢因此,他的勞動(dòng)不是自愿的勞動(dòng),而是被迫的強(qiáng)制勞動(dòng)因此,它不是滿足勞動(dòng)需要,而只是滿足勞動(dòng)需要以外的那些需要的一種手段勞動(dòng)的異己性完全表現(xiàn)在只要肉體的強(qiáng)制或其他強(qiáng)制一停止,人們會(huì)像逃避瘟疫那樣逃避勞動(dòng)外在的勞動(dòng),人在其中使自己外化的勞動(dòng),是一種自我犧牲自我折磨的勞動(dòng)最后,對(duì)工人來說,勞動(dòng)的外在性表現(xiàn)在這種勞動(dòng)不是他自己的,而是別人的;勞動(dòng)不屬于他;他在勞動(dòng)中也不屬于他自己,而是屬于別人在宗教中,人的幻想人的頭腦和人的心靈的自主活動(dòng)對(duì)個(gè)人發(fā)生作用不取決于他個(gè)人,就是說,是作為某種異己的活動(dòng),神靈的或魔鬼的活動(dòng)發(fā)生作用,同樣,工人的活動(dòng)也不是他的自主活動(dòng)45他的活動(dòng)屬于別人,這種活動(dòng)是他自身的喪失。因此,結(jié)果是,人工人只有在運(yùn)用自己的動(dòng)物機(jī)能吃喝生殖,至多還有居住修飾等等的時(shí)候,才覺得自己在自由活動(dòng),而在運(yùn)用人的機(jī)能時(shí),覺得自己只不過是動(dòng)物動(dòng)物的東西成為人的東西,而人的東西成為動(dòng)物的東西。吃喝生殖等等,固然也是真正的人的機(jī)能但是,如果加以抽象,使這些機(jī)能脫離人的其他活動(dòng)領(lǐng)域并成為最后的和唯一的終極目的,那它們就是動(dòng)物的機(jī)能。我們從兩個(gè)方面考察了實(shí)踐的人的活動(dòng)即勞動(dòng)的異化行為第一,工人對(duì)勞動(dòng)產(chǎn)品這個(gè)異己的統(tǒng)治著他的對(duì)象的關(guān)系這種關(guān)系同時(shí)也是工人對(duì)感性的外部世界對(duì)自然對(duì)象異己的與他敵對(duì)的世界的關(guān)系第二,在勞動(dòng)過程中勞動(dòng)對(duì)生產(chǎn)行為的關(guān)系這種關(guān)系是工人對(duì)他自己的活動(dòng)一種異己的不屬于他的活動(dòng)的關(guān)系在這里,活動(dòng)是受動(dòng);力量是無力;生殖是去勢(shì);工人自己的體力和智力,他個(gè)人的生命因?yàn)椋绻皇腔顒?dòng),又是什么呢是不依賴于他不屬于他轉(zhuǎn)過來反對(duì)他自身的活動(dòng)這是自我異化,而上面所談的是物的異化。我們現(xiàn)在還要根據(jù)在此以前考察的異化勞動(dòng)的兩個(gè)規(guī)定推出它的第三個(gè)規(guī)定。人是類存在物,不僅因?yàn)槿嗽趯?shí)踐上和理論上都把類他自身的類以及其他物的類當(dāng)作自己的對(duì)象;而且因?yàn)檫@只是同一種事物的另一種說法人把自身當(dāng)作現(xiàn)有的有生命的類來對(duì)待,因?yàn)槿税炎陨懋?dāng)作普遍的因而也是自由的存在物來對(duì)待46。無論是在人那里還是在動(dòng)物那里,類生活從肉體方面來說就在于人和動(dòng)物一樣靠無機(jī)界生活,而人和動(dòng)物相比越有普遍性,人賴以生活的無機(jī)界的范圍就越廣闊從理論領(lǐng)域來說,植物動(dòng)物石頭空氣光等等,一方面作為自然科學(xué)的對(duì)象,一方面作為藝術(shù)的對(duì)象,都是人的意識(shí)的一部分,是人的精神的無機(jī)界,是人必須事先進(jìn)行加工以便享用和消化的精神食糧;同樣,從實(shí)踐領(lǐng)域來說,這些東西也是人的生活和人的活動(dòng)的一部分人在肉體上只有靠這些自然產(chǎn)品才能生活,不管這些產(chǎn)品是以食物燃料衣著的形式還是以住房等等的形式表現(xiàn)出來在實(shí)踐上,人的普遍性正表現(xiàn)為這樣的普遍性,它把整個(gè)自然界首先作為人的直接的生活資料,其次作為人的生命活動(dòng)的對(duì)象材料[]和工具變成人的無機(jī)的身體自然界,就它自身不是人的身體而言,是人的無機(jī)的身體人靠自然界生活這就是說,自然界是人為了不致死亡而必須與之處于持續(xù)不斷地交互作用過程的人的身體所謂人的肉體生活和精神生活同自然界相聯(lián)系,不外是說自
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簡(jiǎn)介:0088900889經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)二20212021年4月份歷年真題月份歷年真題2021年4月高等教育自學(xué)考試全國(guó)卷經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)(二)試題課程代碼00889本試卷滿分100分,考試時(shí)間150分鐘??忌痤}注意事項(xiàng)1本卷所有試卷必須在答題卡上作答。答在試卷和草稿紙上的無效。2第一部分為選擇題。必須對(duì)應(yīng)試卷上的題號(hào)使用2B鉛筆將“答題卡”的相應(yīng)代碼涂黑。3第二部分為非選擇題。必須注明大、小題號(hào),使用05毫米黑色字跡簽字筆作答。4合理安排答題空間,超出答題區(qū)域無效。一、單項(xiàng)選擇題本大題共20小題,每小題1分,共20分在每小題列出的四個(gè)備選項(xiàng)中只有一個(gè)是符合題目要求的,請(qǐng)將其代碼填寫在題后的括號(hào)內(nèi)。錯(cuò)選、多選或未選均無分。1生產(chǎn)可能性曲線的向外平移表明()A經(jīng)濟(jì)效率下降B收入平等C該國(guó)可利用的資源減少6由于紡織行業(yè)的不景氣而導(dǎo)致的失業(yè)屬于()A周期性失業(yè)B摩擦性失業(yè)C季節(jié)性失業(yè)D結(jié)構(gòu)性失業(yè)7貨幣的交易需求與收入變動(dòng)的關(guān)系是()A同方向B沒有關(guān)系C反方向D不能確定8一個(gè)國(guó)家的貨幣折算成另一個(gè)國(guó)家貨幣的比率稱為()A貿(mào)易余額B匯率C國(guó)際收支D金融帳戶9表示所有支付相同的要素組合曲線是()A邊際成本線B等成本線C平均成本線D等產(chǎn)量線10宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的核心理論是()A國(guó)民收入決定理論
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簡(jiǎn)介:目錄摘要1第一章任務(wù)與分析211任務(wù)要求212工作內(nèi)容2第二章交通量及通行費(fèi)收入預(yù)測(cè)321交通量預(yù)測(cè)3高速公路未來全線加權(quán)平均日交通量及通行費(fèi)預(yù)測(cè)成果表4第三章營(yíng)運(yùn)養(yǎng)護(hù)成本評(píng)估531高速公路營(yíng)運(yùn)養(yǎng)護(hù)費(fèi)用內(nèi)容532營(yíng)運(yùn)養(yǎng)護(hù)費(fèi)用評(píng)估6第四章財(cái)務(wù)評(píng)價(jià)741財(cái)務(wù)評(píng)價(jià)方法742財(cái)務(wù)評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)7421分析方法7422融資方案7423分析參數(shù)和基本假設(shè)7424財(cái)務(wù)評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)計(jì)算8財(cái)務(wù)評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)表9第五章不確定性分析10致謝112第一章第一章任務(wù)與分析任務(wù)與分析1111任務(wù)要求任務(wù)要求本課題所選研究對(duì)象為某高速公路,并對(duì)這個(gè)項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行財(cái)務(wù)評(píng)價(jià),然后在財(cái)務(wù)評(píng)價(jià)的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行不確定性分析。辨別出現(xiàn)金流量中的收入和支出,并制作出相關(guān)的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表和敏感性分析表,并做出總結(jié)。任務(wù)分析本項(xiàng)目的財(cái)務(wù)評(píng)價(jià)主要是以動(dòng)態(tài)評(píng)價(jià)為主,制作出相應(yīng)的現(xiàn)金流量表,計(jì)算動(dòng)態(tài)評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo),主要包括動(dòng)態(tài)投資回收期,內(nèi)部收益率;不確定性分析主要是以敏感性分析為主,計(jì)算在投資增加10,收入減少10,運(yùn)營(yíng)費(fèi)增加10,以及投資增加10同時(shí)收費(fèi)收入減少10這幾種變化情況下的動(dòng)態(tài)評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)。1212工作內(nèi)容工作內(nèi)容(1本報(bào)告的主要工作內(nèi)容包括(2項(xiàng)目運(yùn)營(yíng)期間(2012年9月2041年10月)的交通量預(yù)測(cè)研究;(3依據(jù)交通量預(yù)測(cè)研究成果計(jì)算項(xiàng)目運(yùn)營(yíng)期間年通行費(fèi)收入;(4評(píng)估項(xiàng)目運(yùn)營(yíng)期間的營(yíng)運(yùn)養(yǎng)護(hù)費(fèi)用;(5進(jìn)行項(xiàng)目財(cái)務(wù)評(píng)價(jià)。(6不確定性分析。
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簡(jiǎn)介:工程經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)課程設(shè)計(jì)工程經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)課程設(shè)計(jì)、設(shè)計(jì)題目某直屬糧庫(kù)項(xiàng)目財(cái)務(wù)評(píng)價(jià)(方案2)專業(yè)班級(jí)工程管理0801組別第1組姓名XXX學(xué)號(hào)指導(dǎo)教師XXX成績(jī)資缺口部分由中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)銀行貸款解決,年利率4。流動(dòng)資金有中國(guó)工商銀行提供,年利率為531。具體見投資使用計(jì)劃與資金籌措表(表一)。資本使用計(jì)劃與資金籌措表(表一)單位萬元12345序號(hào)年份項(xiàng)目合計(jì)人民幣人民幣人民幣人民幣人民幣人民幣1總投資5147745201672830705604232012091604611建設(shè)投資49860971994439299165812建設(shè)期利息101191222897890213流動(dòng)資金60457423201209160462資金運(yùn)籌50872882016728307056021項(xiàng)目資本金22000008800001320000211用于建設(shè)投資22000008800001320000212用于流動(dòng)資金000213用于建設(shè)期利息00022債務(wù)資金29477451136728175056042320120916046221用于建設(shè)投資278609711144391671658222用于流動(dòng)資金6045742320120916046223用于建設(shè)期利息10119122289789025、銷售收入和稅金及附加計(jì)算。按本項(xiàng)目設(shè)計(jì)功能,糧庫(kù)運(yùn)營(yíng)收入主要有糧食儲(chǔ)備費(fèi)用,輪換收入和中轉(zhuǎn)服務(wù)收費(fèi)和補(bǔ)貼收入,各種收入依據(jù)調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)估算如下(1)儲(chǔ)備糧收入按每噸糧食120元/年計(jì)算;(2)糧食輪換收入按每噸糧45元/年,每年10萬噸。
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簡(jiǎn)介:1中文中文11500字中文譯名針對(duì)意大利非金融企業(yè)的外匯風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和利率風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的管理外文原文名RISKMANAGEMENTFORITALIANNONFINANCIALFIRMSCURRENCYANDINTERESTRATEEXPOSURE外文原文版出處EUROPEANFINANCIALMANAGEMENT,2013,195887–910譯文意大利非金融企業(yè)的匯率和利率風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理意大利非金融企業(yè)的匯率和利率風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理摘要本文調(diào)查意大利非金融企業(yè)間的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理實(shí)踐。這篇文章的貢獻(xiàn)在于調(diào)查了對(duì)于特定的意大利企業(yè)的衍生品使用情況,通常這類企業(yè)不需要公開披露衍生工具。意大利的特點(diǎn)之一是中小型家庭經(jīng)營(yíng)的公司占很高的比例。調(diào)查從外匯和公司規(guī)模、地理位置、評(píng)級(jí)、行業(yè),是否進(jìn)入資本市場(chǎng)和教育管理這幾個(gè)方面研究決定外匯和利率衍生品使用的因素。邏輯回歸的結(jié)果表明,意大利非金融公司是否使用衍生品合約,受這幾個(gè)因素明顯影響。關(guān)鍵詞風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理;衍生品;對(duì)沖;企業(yè)融資1介紹企業(yè)對(duì)金融衍生工具的廣泛使用清楚地表明他們積極參與金融風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理,應(yīng)對(duì)各種各樣的波動(dòng),特別是匯率、利率和商品價(jià)格的波動(dòng)。意大利公司使用金融衍生工具不明顯是由于家庭所有企業(yè)的優(yōu)勢(shì)和家庭經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)這一事實(shí),通常來說,意大利公司通常不披露這些業(yè)務(wù)。一般來說,歐洲公司在他們的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告中提供的使用金融衍生工具的信息很少。測(cè)量它們是獲得這些數(shù)據(jù)的一個(gè)手段。BODNARANDGEBHARDT1998是最早對(duì)衍生品在歐洲公司中的使用提供依據(jù)的。他們調(diào)查了德國(guó)公司,同時(shí)與美國(guó)類似的企業(yè)比較結(jié)果。在意大利,一個(gè)衍生品使用不容易也不樂意在財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表上被精確的披露。意大利這個(gè)信息的主要來源是來自監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)REGULATORYAGENCIESFRASCA,2004ROSATI,2004。他們從資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表和銀行的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告編譯企業(yè)的衍生品頭寸信息。這個(gè)信息仍然比較普通,關(guān)于衍生品合約的使用程度、態(tài)度和政策方面透露的很少。本文的目的是想糾正這種信息缺乏和研究可能的反應(yīng)模式。以往大部分的研究檢驗(yàn)了提高金融風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理的經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值動(dòng)機(jī)。MILLERANDMODIGLIANI,1958提出了一組經(jīng)典預(yù)測(cè)模型范例。后續(xù)在文章有拓展如SMITH和STULZ1985,SMITH1995和FENNETAL1996提出對(duì)沖的收益來源于減少現(xiàn)金流的波動(dòng)。這包括減少預(yù)期稅收的累進(jìn)稅;降低債務(wù)代理成本,允許債務(wù)能力的提高和更大的利息稅盾GRAHAMANDSMITH,1999,通過降低財(cái)務(wù)困境的預(yù)期成本和消除資金流以提高現(xiàn)金流,以3有三篇報(bào)告對(duì)美國(guó)非金融公司的衍生品工具使用進(jìn)行了廣泛調(diào)查,均來自沃頓調(diào)查。BODNAR1995是所有研究中最先探討衍生品工具的使用的。他們的研究嘗試以美國(guó)所有非金融的上市公司作為樣本。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)衍生品工具的使用并不是普遍的,只有不到一半的公司使用衍生品工具并且其中越大的公司使用越常見。他們同樣為這種現(xiàn)象找到了原因。他們接下來基于1996到1998美國(guó)的研究為后續(xù)的很多研究提供了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。早期的研究大部分跟隨沃頓研究,研究美國(guó)公司。從90年代中期開始,很多后沃頓時(shí)代的研究著眼于歐洲公司的衍生品使用,關(guān)注衍生品使用的廣泛性、用或不用的原因以及對(duì)不同衍生品工具的偏好,包括風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理與內(nèi)部控制。BODNAR和GEBHARDT1999完成了沃頓研究在德國(guó)的兩個(gè)直接應(yīng)用,2003年完成了對(duì)挪威的應(yīng)用。他們1999年的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)德國(guó)公司比美國(guó)公司更傾向于使用衍生品合約。ALKEBA¨CK和HAGELIN1999對(duì)比BODNAR1995年的研究結(jié)果,不控制公司規(guī)模的差異與行業(yè)劃分,解釋了瑞典非金融公司對(duì)衍生品的使用。他們的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)瑞典公司明顯對(duì)衍生品認(rèn)知不足。MALLIN2001調(diào)查了英國(guó)上市的非金融公司對(duì)衍生品工具的使用,并與BODNAR的結(jié)果進(jìn)行對(duì)比。與其他研究一致,他們發(fā)現(xiàn)越大的英國(guó)公司越常用衍生品,但與美國(guó)公司相比,英國(guó)公司把管理會(huì)計(jì)利潤(rùn)的波動(dòng)性作為衍生品使用的主要原因。其他獨(dú)立于沃頓研究的對(duì)歐洲公司的研究提出了有趣的觀點(diǎn)。HAKKARAINEN1997在1994年研究芬蘭非金融公司100強(qiáng)的利率風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理。JALILVAND和SWITZER2000發(fā)現(xiàn)并解釋了加拿大、美國(guó)與歐洲風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理者對(duì)于衍生品使用的相似之處與不同之處。他們的研究表明在加拿大衍生品產(chǎn)品的使用比在美國(guó)和歐洲大陸都要普遍。LODERER和PICHLER2000研究瑞士的工業(yè)企業(yè)對(duì)匯率風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的管理實(shí)踐。他們主要結(jié)論是工業(yè)企業(yè)沒有能力去確定自己的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)暴露。FATEMI和GLAUM2000在德國(guó)發(fā)起一個(gè)調(diào)查,旨在引出被調(diào)查者對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理中不同目標(biāo)的重要性評(píng)級(jí)的評(píng)價(jià)。PRAMBORG2005比較了瑞典與韓國(guó)衍生品工具的使用。結(jié)果揭示了兩國(guó)的相似性與差異性。韓國(guó)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理著更傾向于關(guān)注最小化現(xiàn)金流的波動(dòng)性,二瑞典的則偏好于最小化利潤(rùn)的波動(dòng)性或保護(hù)資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表的表現(xiàn)。ELMASRY2006調(diào)查了173家倫敦交易所上市公司關(guān)于以下領(lǐng)域的問題衍生品使用、匯率衍生品、利率衍生品、期權(quán)合約及控制與報(bào)告政策。他們的研究肯定了JUDGE2006和MALLIN2001的研究結(jié)果。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)中心化的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理行為極為普遍,同時(shí)對(duì)于使用衍生品的公司,外匯風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是最普遍被使用衍生品來進(jìn)行管理的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),其次是利率風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。3數(shù)據(jù)這項(xiàng)研究的數(shù)據(jù)來自一個(gè)意大利非金融公司的作者的調(diào)查。這項(xiàng)調(diào)查是基于網(wǎng)絡(luò)的,包括風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理實(shí)踐和衍生品工具來管理風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的問題。該調(diào)查從2007年9月至2007年1月。作答的公司的匿名性會(huì)受到保擔(dān)保。被調(diào)查的非金融公司從AIDA數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)剔除,由
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簡(jiǎn)介:1中文中文10500字中文譯名資本流動(dòng)性和市場(chǎng)效率基于納斯達(dá)克上市公司的分析外文原文名LIQUIDITYANDMARKETEFFICIENCYANALYSISOFNASDAQFIRMS外文原文版出處GLOBALFINANCEJOURNAL,2010,21262274譯文資本流動(dòng)性和市場(chǎng)效率基于納斯達(dá)克上市公司的分析資本流動(dòng)性和市場(chǎng)效率基于納斯達(dá)克上市公司的分析DENNISYCHUNG,KARELHRAZDIL摘要摘要我們分析納斯達(dá)克所有公司的短期收益可預(yù)測(cè)性,將短期收益可預(yù)測(cè)性作為市場(chǎng)效率一個(gè)逆向指標(biāo)。我們的研究結(jié)果證實(shí),資本流動(dòng)性的增強(qiáng)促進(jìn)了市場(chǎng)效率的提高,并且加入了新信息變量后,資本流動(dòng)性對(duì)資本市場(chǎng)效率的影響程度更強(qiáng)。在對(duì)資本流動(dòng)性和信息影響加以控制之后,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)只在十六分之一報(bào)價(jià)單位到十進(jìn)制報(bào)價(jià)單位制度的納斯達(dá)克公司的市場(chǎng)效率有所提高。我們進(jìn)一步證明,在交易頻率、數(shù)量和市值的基礎(chǔ)上形成的不同證券投資組合,其市場(chǎng)效率的推論是不統(tǒng)一的。關(guān)鍵詞流動(dòng)性;收益可預(yù)見性;市場(chǎng)效率;納斯達(dá)克1、簡(jiǎn)介、簡(jiǎn)介CHORDIA,ROLL和SUBRAHMANYAM2008年,以下稱為CRS研究了三個(gè)報(bào)價(jià)單位制度的市場(chǎng)效率,并記錄下紐約證交所NYSE上市公司的短期收益可預(yù)見性大幅下降的樣本。論據(jù)是,從以往的訂單流獲得股票收益的短期收益可預(yù)見性是市場(chǎng)效率的一個(gè)逆向指標(biāo),CRS提供的令人信服的證據(jù)表明,隨著指標(biāo)體量的下降,市場(chǎng)效率變得更加高效。CRS研究的一個(gè)重要意義是,他們的預(yù)測(cè)方法為預(yù)測(cè)信息對(duì)市場(chǎng)效率的影響程度打下了基礎(chǔ)。對(duì)與紐交所相關(guān)的公司的研究也開始出現(xiàn)在文獻(xiàn)中如AKTAS,DEBODT,VISALTANACHOTIYANG,2010。然而,在CRS的研究結(jié)果可以在所有美國(guó)公司推廣或應(yīng)用在各種研究設(shè)置之前,需要對(duì)其它更全面的樣本進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的分析。事實(shí)上,CRS明確表態(tài)說,“未來的調(diào)查應(yīng)該將分析擴(kuò)展到更小公司,其他交易周期,交易所和國(guó)家之上”252頁。CRS只是從紐約證券交易所的公司中選擇其研究樣本。他們進(jìn)一步把樣本限制在最大、交易活躍的公司,以盡量減少短時(shí)間間隔設(shè)置的非交易影響。由于紐交所的具體組織和機(jī)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)的原因,所以也不太確定不同交易的特征,如交易規(guī)則,限價(jià)訂單,或打開定價(jià)機(jī)制在資本流動(dòng)性與市場(chǎng)效率中所發(fā)揮作用的程度。本研究的主要目的是把CRS的分析運(yùn)用到在納斯達(dá)克交易的美國(guó)公司的大樣本中去,納斯達(dá)克在相似的時(shí)期經(jīng)歷了與紐交所經(jīng)歷的外生變化最小的買賣價(jià)差。我們首先解決在1993年1月1日至1993年6月30日3此導(dǎo)致較低的收益可預(yù)見性和更高的市場(chǎng)效率。在這種情況下,資本的流動(dòng)性是與市場(chǎng)效率呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系。第二,如果市場(chǎng)商未能利用訂單流中的信息和消除收益可預(yù)見性,那么其他市場(chǎng)參與者就有激情來收集訂單流和貿(mào)易方面的新信息。盡管市場(chǎng)商面對(duì)逐漸增加的逆向選擇降低了資本的流動(dòng)性的情況,但隨著更多信息體現(xiàn)在價(jià)格中,市場(chǎng)的效率也就會(huì)更高。在這種情況下,資本的流動(dòng)性與市場(chǎng)效率負(fù)相關(guān)。運(yùn)用紐約證券交易所193家公司紐約證券交易所最大的500家公司在整個(gè)樣本期間的每日交易的短期收益和滯后訂單不平衡測(cè)量數(shù)據(jù),CRS的研究表明,三個(gè)報(bào)價(jià)單位制度公司的收益可預(yù)見性的大幅下降和資本流動(dòng)性的增強(qiáng)均促使市場(chǎng)效率得到提高。資本流動(dòng)性與市場(chǎng)效率之間的正相關(guān)關(guān)系有力的支持了他們的第一個(gè)假設(shè)和結(jié)論,即資本的高流動(dòng)性促進(jìn)了套利交易,從而降低了收益的可預(yù)見性并提高了市場(chǎng)的效率。通過使用收益方差比率和自相關(guān)性,CRS進(jìn)行了額外的分析,并提供證據(jù)表明,新信息在資本流動(dòng)性方面能更有效地影響價(jià)格。CRS得出這樣的結(jié)論“通過兩個(gè)不同的渠道增加資本流動(dòng)性有助于促進(jìn)市場(chǎng)的效率。首先,來自訂單流的收益可預(yù)測(cè)性在高流動(dòng)性時(shí)期是呈下降趨勢(shì)的,因?yàn)樵诖藭r(shí)期,套利者在吸收訂單方面能夠更好地協(xié)助專家。第二,最低價(jià)格變化的減少允許收集更多的信息,反過來,又通過允許價(jià)格反映基本面的更多信息的方式增加了信息的效率”第266頁。隨著市場(chǎng)新信息的增加,流動(dòng)性和市場(chǎng)效率的動(dòng)態(tài)關(guān)系也很可能會(huì)改變。我們?cè)谘芯恐杏脤?shí)證樣本去解決這個(gè)問題。我們把增加的逆向選擇的時(shí)期作為市場(chǎng)新信息的指標(biāo),并給出高逆向選擇與流動(dòng)性的積極互動(dòng)可以對(duì)市場(chǎng)效率產(chǎn)生明顯的,積極作用的證據(jù)。我們進(jìn)一步發(fā)現(xiàn),流動(dòng)性的增強(qiáng)和新信息二者都有助于提高市場(chǎng)效率,同時(shí)也進(jìn)一步印證了CRS的結(jié)論,并驗(yàn)證了收益可預(yù)見性作為市場(chǎng)效率的未來研究設(shè)計(jì)指標(biāo)的作用。當(dāng)他們決定盤中回報(bào)和訂單流時(shí)間間隔的適當(dāng)長(zhǎng)度時(shí),CRS承認(rèn)了非頻繁交易的問題1,。此外,CRS通過在他們的研究中排除中小股票的方式,繞過罕見的交易問題,并且最終樣本要求是在整個(gè)樣本期間每天都進(jìn)行交易的所有公司。對(duì)于我們的研究,我們囊括了所有納斯達(dá)克公司,我們也研究交易頻率如何影響流動(dòng)性和市場(chǎng)效率之間的關(guān)系,訂單流信息在評(píng)估收益可預(yù)見性時(shí)是否有用和是否可以從一個(gè)5分鐘的間隔到下一個(gè)間隔得到交易信息。22機(jī)制詳情機(jī)制詳情交換的差異特征,如交易規(guī)則,限價(jià)訂單,或打開定價(jià)機(jī)制可以說是在流動(dòng)性與市場(chǎng)效率發(fā)揮作用程度的因素。例如,盡管紐約證券交易所和美國(guó)證券交易所是指令驅(qū)動(dòng)的拍賣市場(chǎng)(壟斷和專業(yè)經(jīng)銷商),但納斯達(dá)克NASDAQ是一個(gè)更有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力,擁有多個(gè)經(jīng)銷商的市場(chǎng)。除了擁有自己的賬戶,專家通過限價(jià)訂單的方式促進(jìn)交易的流動(dòng)性,給紐約證券交易所和美國(guó)證券交易所提供了較大的流動(dòng)性的組合,而在納斯達(dá)克上市公司沒有中心極限訂單,經(jīng)銷商在電子屏幕上不斷發(fā)布公司收購(gòu),問報(bào)價(jià)。進(jìn)一步,發(fā)布與價(jià)格相關(guān)的新
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簡(jiǎn)介:中文中文7350字,字,4400英文單詞,英文單詞,25500英文字符英文字符文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處LAMTYMECONOMICPERSPECTIVEONOUTSOURCINGOFPROPERTYMANAGEMENTSERVICESJPROPERTYMANAGEMENT,2012,VOLUME30431833215ECONOMICPERSPECTIVEONOUTSOURCINGOFPROPERTYMANAGEMENTSERVICESTERENCEYMLAMABSTRACTPURPOSE–THEPURPOSEOFTHISPAPERISTOIDENTIFYTHEECONOMICFORCESINFLUENCINGTHEOUTSOURCINGPROCESSOFPROPERTYMANAGEMENTSERVICES,ANDINVESTIGATEHOWTHESEFORCESSHOULDBEAPPLIEDINORDERTOMAXIMIZETHEPRODUCTIVEEFFICIENCYANDPERFORMANCEQUALITY,THUSENSURINGOPTIMALUSEOFRESOURCESDESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH–MARKETCOMPETITIONANDTRANSACTIONMONITORINGWEREIDENTIFIEDTOBETHEFUNDAMENTALFACTORSSINGLECASESTUDYMETHODWASUSEDTOQUANTITATIVELYEXAMINETHEIMPACTOFTHESEECONOMICFORCESONTHEOUTSOURCINGOFPROPERTYMANAGEMENTSERVICESOFTHEHONGKONGHOUSINGAUTHORITYFINDINGS–THEPROPERTYSERVICESMARKETWASCONTESTABLE,ANDTHROUGHCOMPETITIVETENDERINGTHELEVELOFCOMPETITIONHADASIGNIFICANTNEGATIVEIMPACTONPRODUCTIONCOSTANDASIGNIFICANTPOSITIVERELATIONSHIPWITHSERVICEQUALITYFEELEVELWASALSOFOUNDTOHAVENOSIGNIFICANTEFFECTONSERVICEQUALITYPROFESSIONALMAINTENANCESERVICESWEREFOUNDTOBECOMPLEXANDASSOCIATEDWITHSIGNIFICANTTRANSACTIONCOSTS,ESPECIALLYWHERETHEREWASAHIGHDEGREEOFCONTACTWITHTENANTSRESEARCHLIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS–THEOUTSOURCINGSTRATEGYFORMSACONCEPTUALBASELINEONWHICHFURTHERRESEARCHCANBUILDTOTESTITSSIGNIFICANCEINMANYOTHERSETTINGS,THUSRESULTINGINAMOREROBUSTECONOMICTHEORYFOROUTSOURCINGOFPROPERTYMANAGEMENTSERVICESPRACTICALIMPLICATIONS–COMPETITIVETENDERINGSHOULDBEADOPTEDFOROUTSOURCINGTOMINIMIZEPRODUCTIONCOSTANDMAXIMIZESERVICEQUALITYTHEOVERALLTRANSACTIONCOSTSSHOULDBEMINIMIZEDBYFOCUSINGTHELIMITEDRESOURCESONMONITORINGOFTHECOMPLEXPROFESSIONALMAINTENANCESERVICES,ESPECIALLYTHESERVICESFORMAJORPLANNEDMAINTENANCEWORKSWHERETHEREAREMANYOCCUPIERSINVOLVEDORIGINALITY/VALUE–THECONFIRMATORYTESTSINDICATETHATTHESTRATEGICOBJECTIVESOFCOSTANDQUALITYIMPROVEMENTFROMOUTSOURCING,ASEXPECTEDBYTHESTAKEHOLDERS,CANBEACHIEVEDHENCETHERESEARCHCONTRIBUTESTOTHEPROPERTYMANAGEMENTPRACTICEBYDEVELOPINGANECONOMICSTRATEGYWHICHOPTIMIZESTHEUSEOFRESOURCESFORTHEBENEFITOFCORPORATEORGANIZATIONSWHICHOWNAPROPERTYPORTFOLIO,WHILSTATTHESAMETIMESATISFYINGTHEPOWERANDNEEDSOFTHETENANTSANDOTHERSTAKEHOLDERSKEYWORDSHONGKONG,PROPERTYMANAGEMENT,RESOURCEMANAGEMENT,OUTSOURCING,STAKEHOLDERANALYSIS,ECONOMICFORCES,OPTIMALUSEOFRESOURCES,STAKEHOLDERNEEDSINTRODUCTIONINNEWPUBLICMANAGEMENT,ITISARGUEDTHATOUTSOURCINGANDMARKETCOMPETITIONAREOFTENADOPTEDTODELIVERPUBLICSERVICES,BASEDONTHEARGUMENTTHATSUCHAPPROACHCANIMPROVEPRODUCTIVEEFFICIENCYANDSERVICEQUALITYWALSH,1995INTHEPRIVATESECTOR,COSTSANDPERFORMANCEQUALITYOFTHEOUTSOURCEDSERVICESSHOULDTHEREFOREBECONSIDEREDWHATARETHEECONOMICFORCESDRIVINGTHECOSTANDQUALITYPERFORMANCEINTHEOUTSOURCINGPROCESSTHISRESEARCHAIMSTOIDENTIFYTHEECONOMICFORCESINFLUENCINGTHEPERFORMANCEOFPROPERTYMANAGEMENTSERVICESINTHEOUTSOURCINGPROCESSFORCORPORATEORGANIZATIONSWHICHOWNAPROPERTYPORTFOLIOFORBUSINESSOPERATIONSORLETTING,ANDTOINVESTIGATEHOWTHESEFORCESSHOULDBEAPPLIEDINORDERTOMAXIMIZEPRODUCTIVEEFFICIENCYANDPERFORMANCEQUALITY,ANDHENCEOPTIMALUSEOFRESOURCESFERRISANDGRADDY1991REVEALSTHAT,BASEDONANEMPIRICALANALYSISOFTHREEFREQUENTLYCONTRACTEDHEALTHSERVICES,MINIMIZATIONOFSERVICEDELIVERYCOSTSANDCHOICESETOFAVAILABLEQUALITYSUPPLIERSAREIMPORTANTTOLOCALGOVERNMENT’SDECISIONTOCONTRACTORCHOICETHESERVICEDELIVERYCOSTSCOMPRISEOFPRODUCTIONANDTRANSACTIONCOSTSWITHREGARDTOPERFORMANCEQUALITY,HARTEANDDALE1995CONDUCTEDAQUALITATIVEREVIEWONTHEQUALITYDIMENSIONSUSEDBYCLIENTSWHENSELECTINGPROFESSIONALSERVICEPROVIDERSFROMACCOUNTING,ARCHITECTURAL,ENGINEERING,MANAGEMENTCONSULTINGANDGENERALSERVICEFIRMSTHEREVIEWSHOWSTHATTHESERVICEQUALITYREQUIREDBYMOSTCLIENTSISMULTIDIMENSIONALANDITCOVERSFIVEKEYAREASTIMELINESSPROMPTSERVICE,EMPATHYUNDERSTANDINGTHECLIENT’SNEEDS,ASSURANCETECHNICALCORRECTNESSFORTHEWORK,TANGIBLESEVIDENCEFORTHEWORKPERFORMEDCORRECTLY,RELIABILITYDOINGWHATYOUSAYYOUWILLDOITISTHEAIMOFTHISSTUDYTOEXAMINEHOWTHESEPRODUCTIONANDTRANSACTIONCOSTSASWELLASPERFORMANCEQUALITYAREINFLUENCEDBYTHEECONOMICFORCESOWNERSHIPANDPERFORMANCEINTHECASEOFOUTSOURCINGOFSERVICESINTHEPUBLICSECTOR,THETHEORYOFPROPERTYRIGHTSEXPLAINSTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENOWNERSHIPANDORGANIZATIONALPERFORMANCEBYREFERRINGTOTHEDIFFERENCEINPROFITMOTIVEBETWEENPUBLICANDPRIVATEORGANIZATIONSINPRIVATEORGANIZATIONS,THERIGHTSTOPROFITARECLEARLYDEFINEDSOTHEIRMANAGEMENTHASTHEFINANCIALINCENTIVETOACHIEVEHIGHERPRODUCTIVITYANDBETTERSERVICEQUALITYFORPUBLICSECTOR,THEPROFITMOTIVEISABSENTANDGOVERNMENTDEPARTMENTSTENDTOPURSUEGOALSSUCHASBUDGETMAXIMIZATION,RISKAVERSIONANDEMPLOYMENTALTHOUGHPROPERTYRIGHTSARGUMENTMAYBEINITIALLYATTRACTIVEANDFAVOURTHECHOICEOFPRIVATESECTOROVERPUBLICSECTORINDELIVERINGPUBLICSERVICES,ITDOESNOTGOUNCHALLENGEDPARKER1985ARGUESTHATPOLITICIANSANDBUREAUCRATSDOINDEEDPURSUEPUBLICINTEREST,ANDTHATLIKETHEIRPRIVATESECTORCOUNTERPARTS,GOVERNMENTEMPLOYEESMAYFINDSATISFACTIONINAJOBWELLDONEGIVENTHATSENIORMANAGEMENTINTHEPUBLICANDPRIVATESECTORSAREDRAWNFROMTHESAMESOCIALANDCULTURALBACKGROUNDS,ITWOULDBESURPRISINGIFTHEYDONOTHOLDSIMILARVALUESASITCANNOTBEDEFINITELYDETERMINEDONAPRIORIBASISWHETHERPRIVA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簡(jiǎn)介:ALENAANDREJOVSKáANDVERONIKAPULIKOVá/MONTENEGRINJOURNALOFECONOMICS,VOL14,NO12018,133141133‘‘TAXREVENUESINTHECONTEXTOFECONOMICDETERMINANTSTAXREVENUESINTHECONTEXTOFECONOMICDETERMINANTSALENAANDREJOVSKá1ANDVERONIKAPULIKOVá21ASSOCIATEPROFESSOR,PHD,DEPARTMENTOFHUMANITIES,FACULTYOFECONOMICS,TECHNICALUNIVERSITYOFKO?ICE,SLOVAKREPUBLIC,EMAILALENAANDREOVSKATUKESK2GRADUATE,FACULTYOFECONOMICS,TECHNICALUNIVERSITYOFKO?ICE,SLOVAKREPUBLIC,EMAILVERONIKAPULIKOVATUKESKARTICLEINFOABSTRACTRECEIVEDDECEMBER12,2017REVISEDFROMJANUARY21,2018ACCEPTEDFEBRUARY24,2018AVAILABLEONLINEMARCH15,2018DESPITETHEGENERALRECOGNITIONTHATTAXESAREGENERALLYASTRONGPOLICYTOOLFORASSESSINGTHEMACROECONOMICIMPACTOFTHECOUNTRYSALTERNATIVETAXPOLICIES,TAXESAREOFTENWEAKENEDBYRESTRICTIONSONTAXREVENUEMEASUREMENTTHEAIMOFTHECONTRIBUTIONISTOQUANTIFYTHEIMPACTOFSELECTEDMACROECONOMICINDICATORSGROSSDOMESTICPRODUCT,LEVELOFEMPLOYMENT,PUBLICDEBT,FOREIGNDIRECTINVESTMENTS,EFFECTIVETAXRATE,STATUTORYTAXRATEONTHETOTALAMOUNTOFTAXREVENUES,TAKINGINTOACCOUNTTHETAXCOMPETITIVENESSOFTHE28EUMEMBERSTATESTHEREWASUSEDMETHODSOFTHREEMODELSOFREGRESSIONANALYSISTHEPOOLINGMODEL,THEFIXEDEFFECTSMODELANDTHERANDOMEFFECTSMODELTHEHYPOTHESISTHATTHEGROSSDOMESTICPRODUCTHASTHEGREATESTIMPACTONTAXREVENUEHASBEENTESTEDINCONCLUSION,THEANALYSISCONFIRMEDTHATTHESTRONGESTCORRELATIONISBETWEENTAXREVENUESANDEMPLOYMENTRATEFOLLOWEDBYFOREIGNDIRECTINVESTMENTANDGROSSDOMESTICPRODUCTINCREASINGTHESEDETERMINANTSBY1MIL€INCREASEINEMPLOYMENTBY1WOULDINCREASETAXREVENUESBY10072MIL€ATTHEEMPLOYMENTRATE,BY3831THOUSAND€FORGROSSDOMESTICPRODUCTANDBY4342THOUSAND€FORFOREIGNDIRECTINVESTMENTJELCLASSIFICATIONJELCLASSIFICATIONH21,H25DOIDOI1014254/18005845/201814110KEYWORDSKEYWORDSTAXCOMPETITION,CORPORATETAXATION,TAXREVENUE,CAPITALMOBILITYINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONCORPORATETAXESREPRESENTTHEDRIVINGFORCEOFTHEECONOMYWHICHMAKESINDIVIDUALCOUNTRIESMOREATTRACTIVEFORINVESTMENTITHELPSCREATINGNEWJOBSANDULTIMATELYINCREASEWELFAREINTHECOUNTRYANDBRINGSSUFFICIENTTAXREVENUESTONATIONALBUDGETSHOWEVER,ITISNOTEASYTODETERMINEITSOPTIMALLEVELLOWERTAXESATTRACTINVESTORS,BUTHIGHERTAXESBRINGHIGHERREVENUESTONATIONALBUDGETSEVENWHENHIGHTAXESARELINKEDTOTAXAVOIDANCEWHENASSESSINGCORPORATETAXESATEUROPEANUNIONLEVEL,ITHASTOBESAIDTHATDESPITETHEEXISTENCEOFFREETRADEANDTHECOMMONCURRENCY,THEREARE28DIFFERENTTAXSYSTEMSWITHDIFFERENTLEVELSOFCORPORATETAXATIONGOVERNMENTSHAVETOSERIOUSLYADDRESSTHEISSUEOFTAXHARMONIZATIONANDCOORDINATIONOFEUTAXPOLICIESTOMAINTAINECONOMICPROGRESSANDSTABILITYTHEREISACONTRADICTIONONTHEONEHAND,ITISTHEDUTYOFTHEMEMBERSTATESTOCOMPLYWITHTHELEGALNORMSANDACTSINFORCEINTHEEUONTHEOTHERMONTENEGRINJOURNALOFECONOMICSVOL14,NO12018,133141ALENAANDREJOVSKáANDVERONIKAPULIKOVá/MONTENEGRINJOURNALOFECONOMICS,VOL14,NO12018,133141135INGVARIABLEANDSONOMINALGDPTHERESULTOFTHEANALYSISISTHEFACTTHATGROWTHOFPROFITINMONITOREDTIMEWASDIRECTPROPORTIONALLYEQUALWITHTEMPOOFGDPGROWTHTHEYCONCLUDETHATTEMPOOFINCREASEOFTAXREVENUESHOULDN′TSIGNIFICANTLYOVERSTEPTHETEMPOOFGDPGROWTHTHEINFLUENCEOFGDPONREVENUEOFCORPORATETAXBYTHEMEANSOFDIFFERENTANALYSISEXAMINEDMOREAUTHORSKUBáTOVáAND?íHOVá2009,BAYER2011,BáNOCIOVáANDPAVLíKOVá2013,SIMIONESCUETAL2016,KARNITISANDKARNITIS2017THROUGHPANELREGRESSIONANALYSIS,THEPOSITIVEBILATERALRELATIONSHIPBETWEENGDPANDTAXREVENUESWASCLAIMEDTHERESEARCHRESULTSSUGGESTTHATDEMOGRAPHICCHANGEINTHEEUCOUNTRIESISAFFECTINGTAXREVENUESGOUDSWAARDANDVANDEKAR1994,ALMAMUN,ENTEBANG,MANSORANDYASSER2014,HASSELDINE1999,DEVOS2008,FELIXANDWATKINS2013TOTALTAXREVENUEWILLINCREASEWITHTHEOVERALLPOPULATIONGROWTHINMOSTCOUNTRIESACCORDINGTOGOUDSWAARDANDVANDEKAR1994,TAXREVENUESWILLINCREASEWITHPOPULATIONGROWTHANDANINCREASEOFTHERELATIVELYOLDERWORKFORCEHISFORECASTSINDICATETHATAFTER2030REVENUESWILLDECLINEASARESULTOFTHEDECLININGPOPULATIONANDTHERAPIDLYAGINGPOPULATIONKENNEDY,MCMILLENANDSIMMONS2015POINTTOTHEPOSITIVERELATIONSHIPBETWEENEMPLOYMENTGROWTHANDREVENUESFROMCORPORATETAXATTHESAMETIME,THEYPOINTOUTTHATTHEHIGHLEVELOFUNEMPLOYMENTISINANEGATIVECORRELATIONWITHTHETAXRATE,SOGOVERNMENTSHAVETOSTIMULATETHEECONOMYATATIMEOFECONOMICDOWNTURNWITHLOWERTAXRATESSCHWELLNUSSANDARNOLD2008ASSESSTHEIMPACTOFTHENEGATIVEDEPENDENCEBETWEENDOMESTICANDFOREIGNINVESTMENTANDTHECORPORATETAXRATETHISNEGATIVEDEPENDENCEWASALSOCONFIRMEDATTHEINDUSTRIALLEVELANIMPORTANTROLEWASPLAYEDBYTHESPECIFICTAXRATEFORCORPORATIONSTHEHIGHERTHECORPORATETAXRATEIS,THEMORENEGATIVEISITSIMPACTONTHEFUTUREGROWTHOFTHEINVESTMENTASIMILARVIEWISEXPRESSEDBYABBABSANDKLEMM2012,WHONOTETHATEXCESSIVETAXINCREASES,WHICHARELINKEDTOTHEINCREASEINTAXREVENUES,REDUCETHEINFLOWOFFOREIGNINVESTMENTANDVICEVERSATHELOWERRATESMEANTHEINCREASETHEINFLOWOFFOREIGNINVESTMENTTHESTATEBUDGETANDTHEPUBLICDEBTBALANCEAREOTHERMACROECONOMICINDICATORSTHATMONITORTHEGOVERNMENTSABILITYTOEFFECTIVELYMANAGESTATEBUDGETRESOURCESANDHAVEADIRECTIMPACTONTHESTATESFISCALPOLICYDRáBANDMIHóKOVá,2013IMPACTONDEBT,TAXSYSTEMS,PRIMARYEXPENDITURESANDTAXCOMPETITIONWASGIVENBYKROGSTRUP2002ASPARTOFTHEEUROPEANCENTRALBANKSTUDYHEFOCUSEDONTHECAUSALITYBETWEENTAXBURDENANDFISCALIMBALANCEOSTERLOHANDHEINEMANN2013CONCLUDEDTHATOTHERSOCIOECONOMICANDGEOGRAPHICFACTORS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簡(jiǎn)介:LIQUIDITYANDMARKETEFFICIENCYANALYSISOFNASDAQFIRMSDENNISYCHUNG?,KARELHRAZDILFACULTYOFBUSINESSADMINISTRATION,SIMONFRASERUNIVERSITY,BURNABY,BC,V5A1S6,CANADAARTICLEINFOABSTRACTARTICLEHISTORYRECEIVED13MAY2010ACCEPTED3JUNE2010AVAILABLEONLINE17SEPTEMBER2010WEANALYZEALLNASDAQFIRMSWITHRESPECTTOTHEIRSHORTHORIZONRETURNPREDICTABILITY,WHICHCHORDIAETAL2008FORMULATEASANINVERSEINDICATOROFMARKETEFFICIENCYOURRESULTSCONFIRMTHATINCREASEDLIQUIDITYENHANCESMARKETEFFICIENCY,ANDSHOWTHATTHISEFFECTISAMPLIFIEDDURINGPERIODSWITHNEWINFORMATIONAFTERCONTROLLINGFORLIQUIDITYANDINFORMATIONEFFECTS,WEFINDTHATNASDAQFIRMSEXPERIENCEANIMPROVEMENTINMARKETEFFICIENCYONLYFROMTHESIXTEENTHTOTHEDECIMALTICKSIZEREGIMESWEFURTHERDEMONSTRATETHATINFERENCESOFMARKETEFFICIENCYARENOTUNIFORMACROSSTHEDIFFERENTPORTFOLIOSFORMEDONTHEBASISOFTRADINGFREQUENCY,VOLUMEANDMARKETCAPITALIZATION?2010ELSEVIERINCALLRIGHTSRESERVEDJELCLASSIFICATIONG10G14KEYWORDSLIQUIDITYRETURNPREDICTABILITYMARKETEFFICIENCYNASDAQ1INTRODUCTIONCHORDIA,ROLL,ANDSUBRAHMANYAM2008,HEREAFTERREFERREDTOASCRSEXAMINEMARKETEFFICIENCYACROSSTHREETICKSIZEREGIMESANDDOCUMENTASUBSTANTIALDECLINEINSHORTHORIZONRETURNPREDICTABILITYFORASAMPLEOFNEWYORKSTOCKEXCHANGENYSECOMPANIESTHEARGUMENTISTHATTHESHORTHORIZONPREDICTABILITYOFSTOCKRETURNSFROMPASTORDERFLOWSISANINVERSEINDICATOROFMARKETEFFICIENCYANDCRSPROVIDECOMPELLINGEVIDENCETHATTHEMARKETISBECOMINGMOREEFFICIENTASTHETICKSIZEDECREASES1ONEIMPORTANTIMPLICATIONOFTHECRSSTUDYISTHATTHEIRAPPROACHPROVIDESAFEASIBLEBASISFORESTIMATINGTHEDEGREEOFINFORMATIONALEFFICIENCYINAMARKETRESEARCHUTILIZINGTHISAPPROACHINCONNECTIONWITHNYSEFIRMSISALSOBEGINNINGTOAPPEARINTHELITERATUREEG,AKTAS,DEBODT,VISALTANACHOTIFAX17787824920EMAILADDRESSESDYCHUNGSFUCADYCHUNG,KAREL_HRAZDILSFUCAKHRAZDIL1CRSANALYZEAPERIODOFTHREETICKSIZEREGIMESBETWEEN1993AND2002INWHICHTHENYSECHANGEDITSMINIMUMTICKSIZEFROM1/8TO1/16ONJUNE24,1997,ANDFURTHERTO001ONJANUARY29,200110440283/–SEEFRONTMATTER?2010ELSEVIERINCALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JGFJ201009004CONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEATSCIENCEDIRECTGLOBALFINANCEJOURNALJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/GFJEFFICIENCYLIQUIDITY,INTHISCASE,ISPOSITIVELYASSOCIATEDWITHMARKETEFFICIENCYSECOND,IFMARKETMAKERSFAILTOUTILIZETHEINFORMATIONINORDERFLOWSANDELIMINATERETURNPREDICTABILITY,THENOTHERMARKETPARTICIPANTSHAVEINCENTIVESTOGATHERNEWINFORMATIONABOUTORDERFLOWSANDTRADEONSUCHINFORMATIONWHILETHEINCREASEDADVERSESELECTIONFACEDBYMARKETMAKERSLOWERSLIQUIDITY,MARKETISMOREEFFICIENTASMOREINFORMATIONISINCORPORATEDINPRICESLIQUIDITY,INTHISCASE,ISNEGATIVELYASSOCIATEDWITHMARKETEFFICIENCYUSINGSHORTHORIZONRETURNSANDLAGGEDORDERIMBALANCEMEASURESON193NYSEFIRMSTHELARGEST500FIRMSONTHENYSEWITHDAILYTRADINGTHROUGHOUTTHESAMPLEPERIOD,CRSSHOWTHATRETURNPREDICTABILITYDROPPEDSUBSTANTIALLYANDMARKETEFFICIENCYINCREASEDOVERTHETHREETICKSIZEREGIMESOFIMPROVEDLIQUIDITY2THEPOSITIVEASSOCIATIONBETWEENLIQUIDITYANDMARKETEFFICIENCYSUPPORTSTHEIRFIRSTHYPOTHESISANDCONCLUSIONTHATHIGHERLIQUIDITYFACILITATESARBITRAGETRADINGWHICHREDUCESRETURNPREDICTABILITYANDENHANCESMARKETEFFICIENCYCRSPERFORMADDITIONALANALYSISUSINGRETURNVARIANCERATIOSANDRETURNAUTOCORRELATIONSANDPROVIDEEVIDENCESUGGESTINGTHATNEWINFORMATIONISMOREEFFECTIVELYINCORPORATEDINTOPRICESDURINGMORELIQUIDREGIMESCRSCONCLUDETHAT“INCREASESINLIQUIDITYFACILITATEEFFICIENCYVIATWODISTINCTCHANNELSFIRST,RETURNPREDICTABILITYFROMORDERFLOWSISDIMINISHEDDURINGPERIODSOFHIGHLIQUIDITYBECAUSEARBITRAGEURSAREBETTERABLETOASSISTSPECIALISTSINABSORBINGORDERFLOWSDURINGSUCHPERIODSSECOND,AREDUCTIONINTHEMINIMUMPRICECHANGEALLOWSFORTHECOLLECTIONOFMOREINFORMATIONTHAT,INTURN,INCREASESINFORMATIONALEFFICIENCYBYALLOWINGPRICESTOREFLECTMOREINFORMATIONABOUTFUNDAMENTALS”P266WITHNEWINFORMATIONINTRODUCEDTOTHEMARKET,ITISLIKELYTHATTHEDYNAMICINTHELIQUIDITYANDMARKETEFFICIENCYRELATIONWILLALSOCHANGEWEADDRESSTHISISSUEEMPIRICALLYINOURSTUDYWEIDENTIFYPERIODSOFINCREASEDADVERSESELECTIONASINDICATIONSOFNEWINFORMATIONINTHEMARKETANDPRESENTEVIDENCETHATHIGHADVERSESELECTIONINTERACTSPOSITIVELYWITHLIQUIDITYTOPRODUCESIGNIFICANTLYSTRONGERPOSITIVEEFFECTONMARKETEFFICIENCYWEFURTHERFINDTHATIMPROVEDLIQUIDITYANDNEWINFORMATIONBOTHCONTRIBUTETOENHANCEMARKETEFFICIENCY,WHICHSTRENGTHENSCONCLUSIONSBYCRSANDVALIDATESTHEUSEFULNESSOFRETURNPREDICTABILITYASANINDICATOROFMARKETEFFICIENCYFORFUTURERESEARCHDESIGNSCRSACKNOWLEDGETHEISSUEOFINFREQUENTTRADINGWHENTHEYDECIDEONTHEAPPROPRIATELENGTHOFTHEINTRADAYINTERVALOVERWHICHRETURNSANDORDERFLOWSAREMEASURED3FURTHERMORE,CRSCIRCUMVENTTHEINFREQUENTTRADINGISSUEBYEXCLUDINGMEDIUMANDSMALLSTOCKSFROMTHEIRSTUDYANDREQUIRINGALLFIRMSINTHEIRFINALSAMPLETOHAVETRADEDEVERYDAYTHROUGHOUTTHEIRSAMPLEPERIODFOROURSTUDY,WEINCLUDEALLNASDAQFIRMSANDWEEXAMINEHOWTRADINGFREQUENCYIMPACTSTHERELATIONBETWEENLIQUIDITYANDMARKETEFFICIENCYANDWHETHERORDERFLOWINFORMATIONISUSEFULINASSESSINGRETURNPREDICTABILITYWHENORDERFLOWANDTRADINGINFORMATIONISAVAILABLEFROMONEFIVEMINUTEINTERVALTOTHENEXT22INSTITUTIONALDETAILSTHEDIFFERENCESINTHEEXCHANGECHARACTERISTICS,SUCHASTRADINGRULES,TREATMENTOFLIMITORDERS,OROPENINGPRICESETTINGMECHANISMSARGUABLYPLAYAROLEINTHEEXTENTTOWHICHLIQUIDITYISRELATEDTOMARKETEFFICIENCY4FORINSTANCE,WHILEBOTHNYSEANDAMEXAREORDERDRIVENAUCTIONMARKETSWITHMONOPOLISTICANDSPECIALISTDEALERS,NASDAQISAMORECOMPETITIVE,MULTIPLEDEALERSHIPMARKETAPARTFROMTHEIROWNACCOUNTS,SPECIALISTSFACILITATETRADINGTHROUGHLIMITORDERSTHATPROVIDEALARGECOMPONENTOFLIQUIDITYONTHENYSE/AMEX,WHEREASONNASDAQ,WITHNOCENTRALLIMITORDERBOOK,DEALERSCONTINUOUSLYPOSTFIRMBIDANDASKQUOTESONANELECTRONICSCREENFURTHER,FOLLOWINGPRICERELEVANTNEWSRELEASES,LIMITPRICESONNYSECANTEMPORARILYDEVIATEFROMEQUILIBRIUMLEVELSDUETOTHE“UPTICKRULE”THATPREVENTSARBITRAGEURSFROMSHORTSELLINGTHESECURITYONAPRICEDOWNTICKORAZEROTICKFOLLOWINGADOWNTICKEGALEXANDERHOWEVER,CRSCONSIDERONLYTHE10LARGESTNASDAQCOMPANIESINTHISPARTOFTHEIRANALYSIS3CRSUSETHEFIVEMINUTEINTERVALSFORTWOREASONS“FIRST,THOUGHSHORTERINTERVALSARETECHNICALLYPOSSIBLE,NONTRADINGBECOMESANISSUESECOND,THOUGHLONGERINTERVALSAREFEASIBLE,SHORTLIVEDMARKETINEFFICIENCIESWOULDPROBABLYBELESSCONSPICUOUSOVERSUCHINTERVALS,SINCEAPREDICTIVERELATIONBETWEENORDERIMBALANCESANDFUTURERETURNSISUNLIKELYTOLASTVERYLONGFIVEMINUTESSEEMSLIKEAGOODCOMPROMISE”P2524FORATHOROUGHANALYSISOFVARIOUSINSTITUTIONALFEATURES,SEEMASULISANDSHIVAKUMAR2002264DYCHUNG,KHRAZDIL/GLOBALFINANCEJOURNAL212010262–274
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簡(jiǎn)介:PROPERTYMANAGEMENTECONOMICPERSPECTIVEONOUTSOURCINGOFPROPERTYMANAGEMENTSERVICESTERENCEYMLAMARTICLEINFORMATIONTOCITETHISDOCUMENTTERENCEYMLAM,2012,“ECONOMICPERSPECTIVEONOUTSOURCINGOFPROPERTYMANAGEMENTSERVICES“,PROPERTYMANAGEMENT,VOL30ISS4PP318332PERMANENTLINKTOTHISDOCUMENTHTTP//DXDOIORG/101108/02637471211249470DOWNLOADEDON30JUNE2016,AT1118PTREFERENCESTHISDOCUMENTCONTAINSREFERENCESTO54OTHERDOCUMENTSTOCOPYTHISDOCUMENTPERMISSIONSEMERALDINSIGHTCOMTHEFULLTEXTOFTHISDOCUMENTHASBEENDOWNLOADED1059TIMESSINCE2012USERSWHODOWNLOADEDTHISARTICLEALSODOWNLOADED2014,“THEVALUEOFPROPERTYMANAGEMENTSERVICESANEXPERIMENT“,PROPERTYMANAGEMENT,VOL32ISS3PP213223HTTP//DXDOIORG/101108/PM06201300352013,“STRATEGIESINREALESTATEMANAGEMENTTWOSTRATEGICPATHWAYS“,PROPERTYMANAGEMENT,VOL31ISS4PP311325HTTP//DXDOIORG/101108/PM10201200341994,“PROPERTYMANAGEMENTINHONGKONGANOVERVIEW“,PROPERTYMANAGEMENT,VOL12ISS4PP1823HTTP//DXDOIORG/101108/02637479410071027ACCESSTOTHISDOCUMENTWASGRANTEDTHROUGHANEMERALDSUBSCRIPTIONPROVIDEDBYEMERALDSRM414921FORAUTHORSIFYOUWOULDLIKETOWRITEFORTHIS,ORANYOTHEREMERALDPUBLICATION,THENPLEASEUSEOUREMERALDFORAUTHORSSERVICEINFORMATIONABOUTHOWTOCHOOSEWHICHPUBLICATIONTOWRITEFORANDSUBMISSIONGUIDELINESAREAVAILABLEFORALLPLEASEVISITWWWEMERALDINSIGHTCOM/AUTHORSFORMOREINFORMATIONABOUTEMERALDWWWEMERALDINSIGHTCOMEMERALDISAGLOBALPUBLISHERLINKINGRESEARCHANDPRACTICETOTHEBENEFITOFSOCIETYTHECOMPANYMANAGESAPORTFOLIOOFMORETHAN290JOURNALSANDOVER2,350BOOKSANDBOOKSERIESVOLUMES,ASWELLASPROVIDINGANEXTENSIVERANGEOFONLINEPRODUCTSANDADDITIONALCUSTOMERRESOURCESANDSERVICESDOWNLOADEDBYFLORIDASTATEUNIVERSITYAT111830JUNE2016PTECONOMICPERSPECTIVEONOUTSOURCINGOFPROPERTYMANAGEMENTSERVICESTERENCEYMLAMDEPARTMENTOFTHEBUILTENVIRONMENT,ANGLIARUSKINUNIVERSITY,CHELMSFORD,UKABSTRACTPURPOSE–THEPURPOSEOFTHISPAPERISTOIDENTIFYTHEECONOMICFORCESINFLUENCINGTHEOUTSOURCINGPROCESSOFPROPERTYMANAGEMENTSERVICES,ANDINVESTIGATEHOWTHESEFORCESSHOULDBEAPPLIEDINORDERTOMAXIMIZETHEPRODUCTIVEEFFICIENCYANDPERFORMANCEQUALITY,THUSENSURINGOPTIMALUSEOFRESOURCESDESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH–MARKETCOMPETITIONANDTRANSACTIONMONITORINGWEREIDENTIFIEDTOBETHEFUNDAMENTALFACTORSSINGLECASESTUDYMETHODWASUSEDTOQUANTITATIVELYEXAMINETHEIMPACTOFTHESEECONOMICFORCESONTHEOUTSOURCINGOFPROPERTYMANAGEMENTSERVICESOFTHEHONGKONGHOUSINGAUTHORITYFINDINGS–THEPROPERTYSERVICESMARKETWASCONTESTABLE,ANDTHROUGHCOMPETITIVETENDERINGTHELEVELOFCOMPETITIONHADASIGNIFICANTNEGATIVEIMPACTONPRODUCTIONCOSTANDASIGNIFICANTPOSITIVERELATIONSHIPWITHSERVICEQUALITYFEELEVELWASALSOFOUNDTOHAVENOSIGNIFICANTEFFECTONSERVICEQUALITYPROFESSIONALMAINTENANCESERVICESWEREFOUNDTOBECOMPLEXANDASSOCIATEDWITHSIGNIFICANTTRANSACTIONCOSTS,ESPECIALLYWHERETHEREWASAHIGHDEGREEOFCONTACTWITHTENANTSRESEARCHLIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS–THEOUTSOURCINGSTRATEGYFORMSACONCEPTUALBASELINEONWHICHFURTHERRESEARCHCANBUILDTOTESTITSSIGNIFICANCEINMANYOTHERSETTINGS,THUSRESULTINGINAMOREROBUSTECONOMICTHEORYFOROUTSOURCINGOFPROPERTYMANAGEMENTSERVICESPRACTICALIMPLICATIONS–COMPETITIVETENDERINGSHOULDBEADOPTEDFOROUTSOURCINGTOMINIMIZEPRODUCTIONCOSTANDMAXIMIZESERVICEQUALITYTHEOVERALLTRANSACTIONCOSTSSHOULDBEMINIMIZEDBYFOCUSINGTHELIMITEDRESOURCESONMONITORINGOFTHECOMPLEXPROFESSIONALMAINTENANCESERVICES,ESPECIALLYTHESERVICESFORMAJORPLANNEDMAINTENANCEWORKSWHERETHEREAREMANYOCCUPIERSINVOLVEDORIGINALITY/VALUE–THECONFIRMATORYTESTSINDICATETHATTHESTRATEGICOBJECTIVESOFCOSTANDQUALITYIMPROVEMENTFROMOUTSOURCING,ASEXPECTEDBYTHESTAKEHOLDERS,CANBEACHIEVEDHENCETHERESEARCHCONTRIBUTESTOTHEPROPERTYMANAGEMENTPRACTICEBYDEVELOPINGANECONOMICSTRATEGYWHICHOPTIMIZESTHEUSEOFRESOURCESFORTHEBENEFITOFCORPORATEORGANIZATIONSWHICHOWNAPROPERTYPORTFOLIO,WHILSTATTHESAMETIMESATISFYINGTHEPOWERANDNEEDSOFTHETENANTSANDOTHERSTAKEHOLDERSKEYWORDSHONGKONG,PROPERTYMANAGEMENT,RESOURCEMANAGEMENT,OUTSOURCING,STAKEHOLDERANALYSIS,ECONOMICFORCES,OPTIMALUSEOFRESOURCES,STAKEHOLDERNEEDSPAPERTYPERESEARCHPAPERINTRODUCTIONINNEWPUBLICMANAGEMENT,ITISARGUEDTHATOUTSOURCINGANDMARKETCOMPETITIONAREOFTENADOPTEDTODELIVERPUBLICSERVICES,BASEDONTHEARGUMENTTHATSUCHAPPROACHCANIMPROVEPRODUCTIVEEFFICIENCYANDSERVICEQUALITYWALSH,1995INTHEPRIVATESECTOR,OUTSOURCINGOFSERVICESHASPROLIFERATEDTHROUGHVARIOUSINDUSTRIESANDPROPERTYSERVICESARECOMMONLYCONTRACTEDOUTFIELDFISHERWATERHOUSEANDREMITCONSULTING,2004THEINTERNATIONALFACILITIESMANAGEMENTASSOCIATIONIFMA,2006CONDUCTEDAQUESTIONNAIRESURVEYONOUTSOURCINGOFFACILITIESANDPROPERTYSERVICESTOITSNORTHAMERICAMEMBERSANDCONFIRMEDTHATTHEPERCENTAGEOFFIRMSOUTSOURCINGONEORMORESERVICESWAS77PERCENTIN2006INTHEUK,OUTSOURCINGOFPUBLICSERVICESHASBECOMETHECURRENTISSUEANDFULLTEXTARCHIVEOFTHISJOURNALISAVAILABLEATWWWEMERALDINSIGHTCOM/02637472HTMRECEIVED7OCTOBER2011REVISED30DECEMBER2011ACCEPTED19JANUARY2012PROPERTYMANAGEMENTVOL30NO4,2012PP318332REMERALDGROUPPUBLISHINGLIMITED02637472DOI101108/02637471211249470318PM30,4DOWNLOADEDBYFLORIDASTATEUNIVERSITYAT111830JUNE2016PT
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