簡(jiǎn)介:THEREARE18MAMMALIANFIBROBLASTGROWTHFACTORSFGF1–FGF10ANDFGF16–FGF23WHICHAREGROUPEDINTO6SUBFAMILIESBASEDONDIFFERENCESINSEQUENCEHOMOLOGYANDPHYLOGENYFGF1ANDFGF2FGF3,FGF7,FGF10,FGF22FGF4,FGF5ANDFGF6FGF8,FGF17ANDFGF18FGF9,FGF16ANDFGF20ANDFGF19,FGF21ANDFGF23REF1THENUMBERED‘FGFS’THATAREUNASSIGNEDTOSUBFAMILIESTHEFGFHOMOLOGOUSFACTORSPREVIOUSLYKNOWNASFGF11–FGF14HAVEHIGHSEQUENCEIDENTITYWITHTHEFGFFAMILYBUTDONOTACTIVATEFGFRECEPTORSFGFRSANDARETHEREFORENOTGENERALLYCONSIDEREDMEMBERSOFTHEFGFFAMILY2BOX1FGF15ISTHEMOUSEORTHOLOGUEOFHUMANFGF19FGFSARECLASSICALLYCONSIDEREDTOBEPARACRINEFACTORSANDAREKNOWNFORTHEIRROLESINTISSUEPATTERNINGANDORGANOGENESISDURINGEMBRYOGENESISTHEFIRSTFIVESUBFAMILIESFALLINTOTHISCATEGORYBYCONTRAST,THEFGF19,FGF21ANDFGF23SUBFAMILYHASRECENTLYBEENSHOWNTOFUNCTIONINANENDOCRINEMANNER,DEPENDENTONTHEPRESENCEOFKLOTHOPROTEINSINTHEIRTARGETTISSUES,TOREGULATEBILEACID,CHOLESTEROL,GLUCOSE,VITAMINDANDPHOSPHATEHOMEOSTASIS3–6THEINVOLVEMENTOFFGFSIGNALLINGINHUMANDISEASEISWELLDOCUMENTEDDEREGULATEDFGFSIGNALLINGCANCONTRIBUTETOPATHOLOGICALCONDITIONSEITHERTHROUGHGAINORLOSSOFFUNCTIONMUTATIONSINTHELIGANDSTHEMSELVESFOREXAMPLE,FGF23GAINOFFUNCTIONINAUTOSOMALDOMINANTHYPOPHOSPHATAEMICRICKETS7,FGF10LOSSOFFUNCTIONINLACRIMOAURICULODENTODIGITALSYNDROMELADDSYNDROME8,FGF3LOSSOFFUNCTIONINDEAFNESS9ANDFGF8LOSSOFFUNCTIONINKALLMANNSYNDROME10ORTHROUGHGAINORLOSSOFFUNCTIONMUTATIONSINFGFRS,WHICHCONTRIBUTETOMANYSKELETALSYNDROMES41,KALLMANNSYNDROME36,LADDSYNDROME54ANDCANCERTHERAPEUTICAPPROACHESUSINGEXOGENOUSFGFS,ANTIBODIESORSMALLMOLECULESARESTILLRELATIVELYNEW,ANDMANYAVENUESOFINVESTIGATIONREMAINOPENRECOMBINANTFGF7ISALREADYINUSEFORTHETREATMENTOFCHEMORADIATIONINDUCEDORALMUCOSITISFUTUREAPPLICATIONOFTHEFGFSINRENALDISEASE,GLUCOSEANDPHOSPHATEHOMEOSTASIS,STEMCELLRESEARCH,TISSUEREPAIRANDBIOENGINEERING,ANDANGIOGENESISISEXPECTEDCONTINUEDEFFORTSTOUNDERSTANDTHESTRUCTURALBIOLOGYOFFGF–FGFRINTERACTIONSWILLPLAYAKEYPARTINDRIVINGTHEDISCOVERYOFNEWTHERAPIESINTHISARTICLE,WEBRIEFLYREVIEWCURRENTKNOWLEDGEREGARDINGFGF–FGFRSIGNALLINGANDTHENFOCUSONTHEBIOLOGY,PATHOLOGYANDRECENTDEVELOPMENTSREGARDINGTHEPHARMACOLOGICALAPPLICATIONSOFEACHLIGANDTHEFGF–FGFRSIGNALLINGSYSTEMFGFSALLFGFS,EXCEPTTHOSEINSUBFAMILIESFGF1ANDFGF2,ANDFGF9,FGF16ANDFGF20,HAVESIGNALPEPTIDESTHEFGF9,FGF16ANDFGF20SUBFAMILYISNONETHELESSSECRETEDTHROUGHTHETRADITIONALENDOPLASMICRETICULUMER–GOLGISECRETORYPATHWAY11,WHEREASTHEFGF1ANDFGF2SUBFAMILYISSECRETEDINDEPENDENTLY12FGFSHAVEAHOMOLOGOUSCOREREGIONTHATCONSISTSOF120–130AMINOACIDSORDEREDINTO12ANTIPARALLELΒSTRANDSΒ1–Β12FLANKEDBYDIVERGENTAMINOANDCARBOXYLTERMINIFIG1AINGENERAL,PRIMARYSEQUENCEVARIATIONOFTHENANDCTERMINALTAILSOFFGFSACCOUNTSFORTHEDIFFERENTBIOLOGYOFTHELIGANDS13FIG1BTHEHEPARANSULPHATEGLYCOSAMINOGLYCANHSGAGBINDINGSITEHBSWITHINTHEFGFCOREISCOMPOSEDOFTHEΒ1–Β2LOOPANDPARTSOFTHEREGIONSPANNINGΒ10ANDΒ12FORPARACRINEFGFS,DEPARTMENTOFPHARMACOLOGY,NEWYORKUNIVERSITYSCHOOLOFMEDICINE,NEWYORK,NEWYORK10016,USAEMAILSANDREWBEENKENMEDNYUEDUMOOSAMOHAMMADINYUMCORGDOI101038/NRD2792AUTOSOMALDOMINANTHYPOPHOSPHATAEMICRICKETSAHEREDITARYDISORDEROFPHOSPHATEWASTINGCHARACTERIZEDBYRICKETS,LOWEREXTREMITYDEFORMITIESANDOSTEOMALACIALACRIMOAURICULODENTODIGITALSYNDROMELADDASYNDROMECHARACTERIZEDBYABNORMALITIESOFTHEDIGITSANDTEETH,LOWSETEARSANDAPLASIAOFTHELACRIMALANDSALIVARYGLANDSMUTATIONSINFGFR2ANDFGF10AREKNOWNTOCAUSELADDKALLMANNSYNDROMETHISSYNDROMERESULTSFROMADEFICIENCYOFGONADOTROPINRELEASINGHORMONE,WHICHLEADSTOHYPOGONADISMMUTATIONSINFGFR1CANDFGF8AREKNOWNTOCAUSEKALLMANNSYNDROMETHEFGFFAMILYBIOLOGY,PATHOPHYSIOLOGYANDTHERAPYANDREWBEENKENANDMOOSAMOHAMMADIABSTRACT|THEFAMILYOFFIBROBLASTGROWTHFACTORSFGFSREGULATESAPLETHORAOFDEVELOPMENTALPROCESSES,INCLUDINGBRAINPATTERNING,BRANCHINGMORPHOGENESISANDLIMBDEVELOPMENTSEVERALMITOGENIC,CYTOPROTECTIVEANDANGIOGENICTHERAPEUTICAPPLICATIONSOFFGFSAREALREADYBEINGEXPLORED,ANDTHERECENTDISCOVERYOFTHECRUCIALROLESOFTHEENDOCRINEACTINGFGF19SUBFAMILYINBILEACID,GLUCOSEANDPHOSPHATEHOMEOSTASISHASSPARKEDRENEWEDINTERESTINTHEPHARMACOLOGICALPOTENTIALOFTHISFAMILYTHISREVIEWDISCUSSESTRADITIONALAPPLICATIONSOFRECOMBINANTFGFSANDSMALLMOLECULEFGFRECEPTORKINASEINHIBITORSINTHETREATMENTOFCANCERANDCARDIOVASCULARDISEASEANDTHEIREMERGINGPOTENTIALINTHETREATMENTOFMETABOLICSYNDROMEANDHYPOPHOSPHATAEMICDISEASESREVIEWSNATUREREVIEWS|DRUGDISCOVERYVOLUME8|MARCH2009|235?2009MACMILLANPUBLISHERSLIMITEDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDCANATUREREVIEWS|DRUGDISCOVERYFGF1FGF2FGF3FGF7FGF10FGF22FGF4FGF5FGF6FGF8FGF17FGF18FGF9FGF16FGF20FGF19FGF21FGF23EKFNLPPGNYKKPKLLYCGSGAFPPGHFKDPKRLYCGGVYEHLGGAPRRRKLYCRSYDYMEGGDIRVRRLFCVRSYNHLQGDVRWRKLFSPRSYPHLEGDVRWRRLFSSGAGDYLLGIKRLRRLYCQSSFQWSPSGRRTGSLYCNWESGYLVGIKRQRRLYCLVTDQLSRRLIRTYQLYSAMTDQLSRRQIREYQLYSRARDDVSRKQLRLYQLYSVTDLDHLKGILRRRQLYCPTDFAHLKGILRRRQLYCAAQLAHLHGILRRRQLYCPHVHYGWGDPIRLRHLYTSSPLLQFGGQVRQRYLYTNASPLLGSSWGGLIHLYT143734556831726774424343494852333527313451728548898491596060666569505244BΒ1CTERMINUSNTERMINUSΒ9Β8Β6Β4Β7Β5Β3Β2Β10Β11Β1Β12FGFR1ATLEASTTHREEGENETICDISORDERSCANBEATTRIBUTEDTOMUTATIONSINFGFR1KALLMAN’SSYNDROME36,OSTEOGLOPHONICDYPLASIAANDPFEIFFER’SSYNDROME37PATHOLOGICALFGFR1SIGNALLINGALSOOCCURSINVARIOUSMALIGNANCIESGLIOBLASTOMABRAINTUMOURSEXHIBITFGFR1KINASEDOMAINGAINOFFUNCTIONMUTATIONS38,ANDFGFR1ISABNORMALLYACTIVATEDCRANIOSYNOSTOSISTHISCONDITIONRESULTSFROMTHEPREMATURECLOSUREOFSUTURESOFADEVELOPINGSKULLBEFORETHECOMPLETIONOFBRAINGROWTHTHEBRAINCONTINUESTOGROWINAREASOFTHESKULLWHERESUTURESHAVENOTCLOSED,LEADINGTOAMALFORMEDCRANIUMAPERT’SSYNDROMEONEOFTHEMOSTCOMMONCRANIOSYNOSTOSISSYNDROMESTHATEXHIBITSSEVERESYNDACTYLYDIGITFUSIONOFTHEHANDSANDFEETAPERT’SSYNDROMEISOFTENASSOCIATEDWITHVISCERALABNORMALITIESOFTHECARDIOVASCULAR,RESPIRATORYANDUROGENITALSYSTEMSOSTEOGLOPHONICDYSPLASIAABONEDISORDERPRESENTINGWITHDWARFISM,VERTEBRALFRAGILITY,CRANIOSYNOSTOSISANDFAILURETOTHRIVETHETERMOSTEOGLOPHONICREFERSTOTHE‘HOLLOWEDOUT’APPEARANCEOFTHEMETAPHYSESINXRAYS,WHICHARETHEGROWTHZONESOFLONGBONESPFEIFFER’SSYNDROMEACRANIOSYNOSTOSISDISORDERTHATCANALSOPRESENTWITHPOLYDACTYLYGLIOBLASTOMAANAGGRESSIVETUMOURDERIVEDFROMGLIALCELLSTHATEXHIBITSHIGHLEVELSOFNEOVASCULARIZATIONMODULATORSOFFGFSIGNALLINGFGFBINDINGPROTEINFGFBPISACARRIERPROTEIN27THATACTIVATESFGFSBYRELEASINGTHEMFROMTHEEXTRACELLULARMATRIX,WHERETHEYAREBOUNDBYHSGAGS28FGFBPHASBEENSHOWNTOINCREASEFGF2DEPENDENTPROLIFERATIONOFFIBROBLASTCELLS29ANDMAYHAVEANIMPORTANTROLEINTHEDEVELOPMENTOFSOMECANCERS30OTHERACTIVATORSOFFGFSIGNALLINGINCLUDEFIBRONECTINLEUCINERICHTRANSMEMBRANEPROTEIN3FLRT3,WHICHFACILITATESFGF8ACTIVITYTHROUGHTHEMAPKPATHWAY31THESPROUTYFAMILYOFPROTEINSPLAYANIMPORTANTPARTININHIBITINGRECEPTORTYROSINEKINASERTKSIGNALLINGANDWEREFIRSTDISCOVEREDASINHIBITORSOFFGFSINDROSOPHILAMELANOGASTER32FGFSIGNALLINGACTIVATESSPROUTYPROTEINS,WHICHCANTHENINTURNINHIBITFGFSTIMULATIONOFTHEMAPKPATHWAYBYINTERACTINGWITHGRB2GROWTHFACTORRECEPTORBOUNDPROTEIN2,SOS1ORRAF1REF33MKP3MAPKPHOSPHATASE3ISANOTHERGENERALINHIBITOROFRTKSIGNALLINGTHATALSOIMPINGESONFGFACTIVITYBYDEPHOSPHORYLATINGEXTRACELLULARSIGNALREGULATEDKINASEERK34SEFISASPECIFICINHIBITOROFFGFSTHATCANFUNCTIONATMULTIPLEPOINTSALONGTHESIGNALLINGPATHWAYTOATTENUATESIGNALLING34FGFRPATHOPHYSIOLOGYANDTHERAPYGERMLINEGAINOFFUNCTIONMUTATIONSINFGFRSARERESPONSIBLEFORVARIOUSDISEASES,SUCHASCRANIOSYNOSTOSIS,DWARFINGSYNDROMESANDCANCERMOSTOFTHEFGFRMUTATIONSARELIGANDINDEPENDENT,BUTAFEWSUCHASSER252TRPANDPRO253ARGINTHEECTODOMAINOFFGFR2MANIFESTONLYDURINGLIGANDBINDINGTHESEMUTATIONSCAUSEAPERT’SSYNDROMEBYENHANCINGLIGANDBINDINGAFFINITYANDPROMOTINGTHEBINDINGOFINAPPROPRIATELIGANDS35,278–280REMARKABLY,MANYOFTHEGERMLINEMUTATIONSTHATCAUSESKELETALSYNDROMESALSOCONTRIBUTE,THROUGHSOMATICMUTATIONS,TOTHEDEVELOPMENTOFCANCERFURTHERMORE,MUTATIONSINFGFR1–FGFR3OFTENOCCURINHOMOLOGOUSRESIDUESANDACCOUNTFORMULTIPLEPATHOLOGIESFIGURE1|STRUCTURALFEATURESOFFIBROBLASTGROWTHFACTORSFGFSA|FGF1,SHOWINGITS12ANTIPARALLELΒSHEETSANDAMINOANDCARBOXYLTERMINIB|THE18FGFS,GROUPEDACCORDINGTOSUBFAMILYTHESEQUENCEALIGNMENTINTHEREGIONOFTHEDIVERGENTNTERMINUSPROXIMALTOTHEΒTREFOILCOREISGIVENTHEΒ1STRANDOFFGF1ISPROVIDEDTOINDICATETHELIMITOFTHENTERMINUSC|FGF19SUPERIMPOSEDONTOFGF2FROMTHEFGF2–FGFRECEPTOR1–HEPARINTERNARYSTRUCTUREPROTEINDATABANKFGF2ANDFGF19ARERENDEREDASRIBBONSANDHEPARINISSHOWNASSTICKSOXYGENRED,NITROGENBLUE,CARBONBEIGE,ANDSULPHURGREENATOMSARESHOWNTHECOREREGIONSOFBOTHLIGANDSARECOLOUREDGREY,ANDTHEHEPARINBINDINGREGIONSOFFGF2ANDFGF19ARECOLOUREDCYANANDORANGE,RESPECTIVELYHEPARINFROM1FQ9CLASHESWITHTHERIDGESINTHEHEPARINBINDINGREGIONOFFGF19TOELIMINATETHESECLASHES,HEPARINMUSTTRANSLOCATEAWAYFROMFGF19BUT,INDOINGSO,CRUCIALCONTACTSBETWEENHEPARINANDTHEFGF19BACKBONECANNOTBEMADETHEWEAKENEDHEPARINBINDINGOBSERVEDINTHEFGF19SUBFAMILYMEMBERSISRESPONSIBLEFORTHEIRENDOCRINEBEHAVIOURREVIEWSNATUREREVIEWS|DRUGDISCOVERYVOLUME8|MARCH2009|237?2009MACMILLANPUBLISHERSLIMITEDALLRIGHTSRESERVED
下載積分: 10 賞幣
上傳時(shí)間:2024-03-13
頁(yè)數(shù): 19
大?。?0.81(MB)
子文件數(shù):