英美國家文化概況(中英文對照)-英國

1、 英國文化概況Chapter 1 Land and People 第一章 英國的國土與人民 Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英國的不同名稱及其各組成部分 1. Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain an

2、d England. 地理名稱：不列顛群島，大不列顛和英格蘭。 2. Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 官方正式名稱：大不列顛及北愛爾蘭聯(lián)合王國。 3. The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and I

3、reland, and hundreds of small ones. 不列顛群島由兩個大島—大不列顛島（較大的一個）和愛爾蘭島，及成千上萬個小島組成。 4. Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales. 大不列顛島上有三個政治區(qū)：英格蘭、蘇格蘭和威爾士。 (1) England is in the south

4、ern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section. 英格蘭位于大不列顛島南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地區(qū)。 (2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands;

5、 the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh 蘇格蘭位于大不列顛的北部。它有三大自然區(qū)：北部高地，中部低地及南部山陵。首府：愛丁堡。 (3) Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff 威爾士位于大不列顛的西部。首府：加的夫 (4) Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. Capi

6、tal: Belfast. 北愛爾蘭是英國第四個區(qū)域。首府：貝爾法斯特。 5. The Commonwealth (of nations) is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. It was founded in 1931, and has 50 member countries until 1991. 英聯(lián)邦

7、是獨立的前英國殖民地組成的自由聯(lián)合體。它成立于 1931 年，至 1990 年止已有 50個成員國。 Chapter 2 the Origins of a Nation (5000BC-1066) 第二章 英國的起源（公元前 5000 年—1066 年） I. Arrival and settlement of the Celts 克爾特人的到來和定居 Celts were practiced farmers. The drained

8、much of marshlands and built houses of wood. They were ironworkers, too. Their languages, the Celts languages, are the basis of the language which is still used by some people in Scotland and Wales. Their religion was Dr

9、uidism (n.德魯伊教). 克爾特人是有經(jīng)驗的農(nóng)民，他們排干沼澤地，用木材建造房屋。他們還打造鐵器。蘇格蘭和威爾士語就是以他們的語言為基礎(chǔ)發(fā)展而來的。 1、 The Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 BC. 約公元前 700 年，克爾特人來到不列顛島。 是普通人的皈依很大程度上歸功于北方修道們的傳教活動。 3．The Early Anglo-Saxons make the contri

10、butions to the English state.(formation of the English nation) 早期盎格魯—撒克遜人為英國做出的貢獻(xiàn)。 The Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state. Firstly, they divided the country into shires (which the Normans later called

11、 counties), with shire courts and shire reeves, or sheriffs, responsible for administering law. Secondly, they devised the narrow-strip, three-field ②farming system which continued to the 18th century. Thirdly, they also

12、 ③established the manorial system(莊園制). Finally, they ④created the Witan（council or meeting of the wiremen） to advise the king, the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today. 盎格魯—撒克遜人構(gòu)筑了英國的國家基礎(chǔ)。首先，他們把國家劃分為郡，郡法庭

13、和郡法官、或行政司法長官負(fù)責(zé)執(zhí)法。其次，他們設(shè)計的窄條三區(qū)輪作制延用至 18 世紀(jì)。此外，他們還建立了領(lǐng)地制。最后，他們還創(chuàng)立了咨議會(賢人會議)，向國王提供建議，這就成為了今天尚存的樞密院的前身。 IV．Viking and Danish invasions 北歐海盜和丹麥人的入侵 1．The invaders were the Norwegians and the Danes. They attacked various parts

14、 of England from the end of the 8th century. They became a serious problem in the 9th century, especially between 835 and 878. They even managed to capture York, an important center of Christianity in 867. By the middle

15、of 9th century, the Viking and the Danes were posing a threat to the Saxon kingdom of Wessex. 入 侵者是挪威人和丹麥人，從 8 世紀(jì)末開始，他們不斷襲擊英格蘭的各個地方。9 世紀(jì)，尤其是公元 835-878 年間已成為嚴(yán)重問題。他們甚至占領(lǐng)了約克郡，公元 867 年時的基督教中心。到 9 世紀(jì)中葉，北歐海盜和丹麥人威脅到撒克遜人的威撒克斯王國的

16、安全。 2．King Alfred (849-899) and his contributions 艾爾弗雷德國王（849-899）和他所做出的貢獻(xiàn) Alfred was a king of Wessex. He defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them in 879. The Danes gained control of the north and e

17、ast, while he ruled the rest. He also converted some leading Danes into Christians. He founded a strong fleet and is known as “the father of the British navy”. He reorganized the Saxon army, making it more efficient. He

18、translated a Latin book into English. He also established schools and formulated a legal system. All this earns him the title “Alfred the Great.” 阿爾弗雷德是威塞克斯的國王。他打敗了丹麥人，并于公元 879 年與他們達(dá)成了友好協(xié)議。協(xié)議規(guī)定丹麥人控制英格蘭北部和西部（丹麥法區(qū)） ，而他統(tǒng)治其他