旅游管理外文翻譯--加勒比海地區(qū)旅游業(yè)教育和培訓(xùn)為21世紀(jì)做好準(zhǔn)備（英文）

1、 Tourism Education and Training in the Caribbean: Preparing for the 21st CenturyKwame R. Charles*University of the West Indies, Institute of Business, Trinidad and TobagoABSTRACTThis paper reviews the current state of to

2、urism and hospitality education and training in the Caribbean. Tourism education and training are examined at the public school, post-secondary and tertiary levels. The importance of human resource development to the eco

3、nomic viability of Caribbean tourism and the Caribbean as a whole is highlighted, as is the need to adopt a strategic approach to tourism education and training on the part of both educators and policy makers. It is also

4、 suggested that the Caribbean must prepare for tourism in the 21st century through proper selection of people for the industry and through quality educational and training opportunities. © 1997 by John Wiley Accept

5、ed 4 November 1996 Progr. Tourism Hospit. Res. 3, 189–197 (1997) No. of Figures: 1 No. of Tables: 2 No. of Refs: 15Keywords: Carribean; tourism education and training; economic developmentINTRODUCTION The Caribbean regio

6、n encompasses the archipelagic arc of islands starting with the Bahamas in the north, just off the coast of Florida, USA, and ending with Trinidad and Tobago in the south, just off the coast of Venezuela, South America.

7、It also includes the mainland shores washed by the Caribbean Sea in Central and South America (Fig. 1). The region comprises former European colonies of the New World ‘discovered’ by Columbus 500 years ago. Its inhabitan

8、ts, therefore, speak European lan- guages, including Spanish, English, French and Dutch. Almost every part of the Caribbean possesses year-round ‘sun, sea and sand’ and in addition, many of the countries boast of exotic

9、flora and fuana, coral seas and rain forests. The Caribbean therefore caters to many market niches.Tourism in the CaribbeanTourism is the lifeblood of many of the countries of the Caribbean. In 1994, tourist expenditure

10、accounted for over one-third of the gross domes- tic product (GDP) of four of the 12 member countries of the Caribbean Tourism Organization (CTO) for which data are available. In the case of Antigua and Barbuda, tourism

11、accounted for as much as 93% of GDP. Visitor per capita expendi- ture in 1994 was over US$1,000 for 17 of the CTO member countries, and was as high as US$12,370 for one country, St Maarten (CTO, 1995) (see Tables 1 and 2

12、). In 1994, close to 14 million visitors came to the Caribbean and spent in excess of US$11 billion. This is an increase of almost a million people and * Correspondence to: K. R. Charles.PROGRESS IN TOURISM AND HOSPITALI

13、TY RESEARCH, VOL. 3, 189–197 (1997)CCC 1077–3509/97/030189–09 $17.50 © 1997 by John Wiley airline personnel; taxi drivers; work- ers in bars, restaurants, casinos, retail stores and other related industries; and pu

14、blic servants employed in relevant parts of the government. When all of these workers are aggregated, we find that a large proportion of the region’s labour force is directly or indirectly dependent on tourism for their

15、livelihood. This gives the tourism industry the potential of being the largest single employer of people in the region.The critical importance of tourism to the Caribbean, the increase in world tourism and in tourist dem

16、and for quality goods and services, the concomitant requirement for tourist destina- tions such as the Caribbean to deliver quality service and products, and the labour-intensive nature of the industry, all suggest the n

17、eed for a well-educated and trained cadre of hospitality and tourism professionals. This, in turn, suggests that education and training in tourism are vital to the development of the industry in the region (Conlin, 1993)

18、. In the Caribbean, tourism educa- tion and training needs can be identified at threeTable 1. Visitor expenditure as a percentage of gross domestic product in the Caribbean regionCountry 1993 1994Anguilla 83.87 91.40 Ant

19、igua and Barbuda 96.08 93.27 Aruba n.a. n.a. Bahamas 42.54 n.a. Barbados 37.83 40.88 Belize 15.56 15.88 Bermuda 32.84 32.07 Cayman Islands n.a. n.a. Cuba n.a. n.a. Curacao 15.72 n.a. Dominica 19.02 n.a. Dominican Republi

20、c 12.63 11.78 Grenada n.a. n.a. Guyana 11.38 10.71 Haiti 5.09 5.13 Jamaica n.a. n.a. Martinique n.a. n.a. Montserrat 29.21 n.a. Puerto Rico 4.42 4.42 St Kitts and Nevis n.a. n.a. St Lucia 58.95 58.32 St Vincent and Grena

21、dines 25.05 22.97 Suriname n.a. n.a. Trinidad and Tobago 1.85 1.73 Turks and Caicos Islands n.a. n.a. US Virgin Islands n.a. n.a. Venezuela n.a. n.a.n.a.: not available. Source: Caribbean Tourism Statistical Report 1994,

22、 Car- ibbean Tourism Organization, Barbados (1995).Table 2. Visitor expenditure per capita (US dollars) in the Caribbean regionCountry 1993 1994Anguilla 4681 5346 Antigua and Barbuda 5811 6133 Aruba 6205 5712 Bahamas 484

23、8 4881 Barbados 2004 2263 Belize 340 355 Bermuda 8532 8808 Bonaire 2941 2807 British Virgin Islands 10356 10456 Cayman Islands 9241 10943 Cuba 66 78 Curacao 1642 1684 Dominica 383 419 Dominican Republic 153 160 Grenada 4

24、98 615 Guadeloupe 785 961 Guyana 59 61 Haiti 7 7 Jamaica 381 371 Martinique 921 1053 Montserrat 1700 1850 Puerto Rico 450 471 St Kitts and Nevis 1727 1814 St Lucia 1580 1571 St Maarten 11806 2370 St Vincent and Grenadine

25、s 474 457 Suriname 27 26 Trinidad and Tobago 66 64 Turks and Caicos Islands 4077 4346 US Virgin Islands 8328 8427 Venezuela n.a. n.a.n.a.: not available. Source: Caribbean Tourism Statistical Report 1994, Car- ibbean Tou