[雙語翻譯]--外文翻譯--基于歷史回顧聚落、城市和鄉(xiāng)村街區(qū)的依存關(guān)系

1、中文 3540 字，2130 單詞，12350 英文字符出處：Vukajlov L. Historical review of the interdependence of settlements and urban and rural blocks[J]. Facta universitatis-series: Architecture and Civil Engineering, 2009, 7(2): 121-133. DOI:

2、 10.2298/FUACE0902121VHISTORICAL REVIEW OF THE INTERDEPENDENCE OF SETTLEMENTS AND URBAN AND RURAL BLOCKSLjiljana VukajlovUniversity of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences Department of Architecture and Urbanism, Ser

3、biaE-mail: ljiljavukajlov@sbb.rsAbstract: Due to the emergence of a new way of shaping settlement space, process when the basic characteristics of the traditionally formed blocks are lost, an idea about searching the r

4、ole of the urban and rural block in forming the structure and the identity of a settlement is initiated.1 The basic aim of the research is to prove that the block has always been an integral part, and sometimes even in

5、separable part of a settlement structure, its recognizable element and a significant place of neighboring, and that due to this it is important to preserve its values in future interventions in settlements. In order to

6、 understand the cause for the disappearance of the traditional block, its characteristics have been researched in the settlements from the past and the interdependence between the forms of settlements and the blocks h

7、as been established.Key words: Settlements, urban block, rural block, interdependence, morphology1. INTRODUCTIONBlock existed in most of the settlements built in different historical periods on all continents. It had sp

8、ecial significance in the ancient world, because it represented a module in planning and organizing settlements, also in the Renaissance, when it was an inseparable part of towns. During all historical periods block re

9、presented also the community of the people who were mutually connected within the block, in different ways (in terms of religion, race, class). During the 20th century, one of whose characteristics are broken connecti

10、ons with the past in all areas of life and negation of tradition, there was a change of attitude towards forming and shaping space, and at the same time towards the basic elements of the settlement structure. Because o

11、f that, the basic characteristics of the block were changed. Its disappearance was observed as well. At the end of the 20th century blocks in older parts of settlements were radically reconstructed, due to this the ide

12、ntity of these areas was changed. The physical transformations of a block also caused new social conditions and contacts among people. Neighboring units started to disappear, and people became more and more alienated f

13、rom each other.Block is “an area of inhabited territory, determined for building, or already built, limited by streets, square, park, river bank, etc.“ or some other areas. Most commonly it is a group of buildings, hou

14、ses, or a combination of both, and there are cases that the whole block is one house (unit block) . It has been proven that the history of mankind is connected to the appearance and development of settlements, and ther

15、efore data on settlements can be traced back to the appearance of the first organized human communities. By researching settlements from the earliest times, until nowadays, the development of the rural and urban block

16、 can be followed as well. Block as an element of settlement structure existed in all periods, ancient times, Middle Ages, and modern age. Some of its characteristics which have survived during several thousands of year

17、s, remained even nowadays, and are of great importance for determining not only the way the settlements were created. Those settlements that were formed as complete in a very short period, were most frequently built fr

18、om the outer borders, walls towards the centre, in which process blocks of regular shapes were most commonly formed, and the settlements which were continually formed, during a longer period of time, were spread- ing

19、from the center towards the outskirts of the settlements, and the blocks were most fre- quently of irregular shape. There are settlements which were formed within regularly po- sitioned walls, and the blocks are of reg

20、ular shapes. There are also settlements which were created by multiplication of regularly shaped blocks; therefore the regular bases of the settlements were formed. Thus, it can be concluded that the regularity of blo

21、cks was the consequence of the settlement organization, but also the regularity of blocks influenced the regularity of the shape of the settlements' bases. The square block shape is noted in Roman military fortifi

22、cations, castra, whose bases are of regular shapes, such as in Timgad in Africa or in Korsabad. All of the blocks are of the same shape and size.Within the Workers settlement, of a square base, which was built near Ak

23、- hetaton (Akhetaton around 1350 BC, today Tel el Amarn), elongated rectangular blocks were formed only for staff builders residential.Rectangular shape of settlements and blocks existed also in Babylon (2,500 BC.), Ka

24、- hun (2,500 BC), Mompazje, Elblong (1237), Brasilia (1960). The specific characteristics of Mompazje that the rectangular block, whose shape originated in the shape and size of the building lot, was used as a module i

25、n forming of the settlement. Trapezoidal, hexagon or “L“ shapes of blocks are the consequence of forming regular star-like, nonago- nal shape of the base of Palmanova and characteristic shaped defense system (1593). T

26、he specific shapes of blocks in Palmanova were necessary elements for forming streets and squares, and at the same time inseparable part of the town completeness.Irregular shape of the settlement has not always been th

27、e consequence of block irregularity, but also it depended on the specific natural surroundings. Thus, for example, Milet (479 BC), which is organized with the regular blocks, has irregular shape of the base due to jagged

28、 shore. The similar examples are also Priene (300 BC), Dubrovnik (7th century) and New York (1625).Although the natural conditions greatly influenced the location of settlements and its design, the influence of rulers

29、must not be neglected. Already, several rulers in Babylon continuously built and edit a city on the banks of the Euphrates. Nebuchadnezzar had built Ishtarian gate, rebuilt the Etamenan temple and built Semiramis'

30、hanging gardens (one of the Seven Wonders of the World) .One of the most significant factors of forming, organizing and developing town settlements was traffic. The development of traffic caused “reduction“ of distances

31、 between settlements, thus the settlements became more closely connected, but also it influenced the spreading of ex- isting settlements, thus they became larger and larger (e.g.. New York). Some new settlements (e.g.

32、Brasilia) were built over large areas, which could be easily travelled owing to complex and developed traffic systems. Specific shapes and sizes of blocks were formed as the consequence of traffic networks. Irregular s

33、hapes of blocks exist in irregularly shaped settlements, and they were formed as the consequence of irregular street networks, for example in Athens (702), San Gimignano (12th century), Avignon (12th century), Carcasso

34、nne (13th century), Orvietto (13th century), Welwyn (1920) and Redbarn (1929).4. CONCLUSIONOn the basis on the comparative analysis of the structure and identity of settlements and their blocks from different historical

35、 periods, and by observing the ways of their creation, several conclusions were drawn. Although there is a great diversity of the base shapes of the settlements and blocks, settlements and blocks can be divided into tw

36、o cate- gories: regular and irregular. The significant interdependence of the shape of settlement base and blocks within them is noticeable. Regularity of the shape of settle- ment base is most frequently consequence