室內(nèi)環(huán)境健康-建環(huán)專業(yè)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

1、建環(huán)專業(yè)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯1 1Indoor Environmental HealthIndoor environmental health comprises those aspects of human health and disease that are determined by factors in the indoor environment. It also refers to the theory and practice

2、 of assessing and controlling factors in the indoor environment that can potentially affect health. The practice of indoor environmental health requires consideration of chemical, biological, physical and ergonomic ha

3、zards.室內(nèi)環(huán)境健康包括那些方面的人類健康和疾病是由室內(nèi)的因素決定的environment. It also refers to the theory and practice of assessing and controlling factors in the indoor environment that can potentially affect health. The practice of indoor enviro

4、nmental health requires consideration of chemical, biological, physical and ergonomic hazards. 環(huán)境。它也指的是理論和實(shí)踐的評(píng)估和室內(nèi)環(huán)境的控制性因素，可能會(huì)影響健康。室內(nèi)環(huán)境健康的實(shí)踐需要考慮化學(xué)，生物，物理和符合人體工程學(xué)的危害It is essential for engineers to understand the fundamen

5、tals of indoor environmental health because the design, operation, and maintenance of buildings and their HVAC systems significantly affect the health of building occupants. In many cases,buildings and systems can be d

6、esigned and operated to reduce the exposure of occupants to potential hazards. Unfortunately, neglecting to consider indoor environmental health can lead to conditions that create or worsen those hazards.工程師要了解基本是必不可少的

7、室內(nèi)環(huán)境健康因?yàn)樵O(shè)計(jì)，操作，和建筑和 HVAC 系統(tǒng)的維護(hù)明顯影響建筑物的居住者的健康。在許多情況下，建筑和系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)和操作，減少人員暴露于潛在危險(xiǎn)。不幸的是，沒有考慮室內(nèi)環(huán)境健BACKGROUND背景The most clearly defined area of indoor environmental health is occupational health, particularly as it pertains to wo

8、rkplace airborne contaminants. Evaluation of exposure incidents and laboratory studies with humans and animals have generated reasonable consensus on safe and unsafe workplace exposures for about 1000 chemicals and par

9、ticles. Consequently, many countries regulate exposures of workers to these agents. However, chemical and dust contaminant concentrations that meet occupational health criteria usually exceed levels found acceptable to

10、 occupants in nonindustrial spaces such as offices, schools, and residences, where exposures often last longer and may involve mixtures of many contaminants and a less robust population (e.g., infants, the elderly,and

11、 the infirm) (NAS 1981).室內(nèi)環(huán)境健康最明確的地區(qū)是職業(yè)健康，特別是因?yàn)樗婕暗焦ぷ鲌?chǎng)所空氣中的污染物。曝光事件和實(shí)驗(yàn)室研究與人類和動(dòng)物的評(píng)價(jià)產(chǎn)生的安全和不安全的工作場(chǎng)所暴露約 1000化學(xué)品和顆粒合理的共識(shí)。因此，許多國家規(guī)定工人這些藥物暴露。然而，化學(xué)和粉塵污染濃度符合職業(yè)衛(wèi)生標(biāo)準(zhǔn)通常高于發(fā)現(xiàn)在非工業(yè)場(chǎng)所如辦公室，學(xué)校，住宅，居住者在可接受的水平，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)往往持續(xù)時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)，可能涉及許多污染物的混合物和一個(gè)不太可靠的

12、人口（例如嬰幼兒，老年人，和體弱者）（NAS 1981）。Operational definitions of health, disease, and discomfort are controversial (Cain et al. 1995). However, the most generally accepted definition is that in the constitution of the World Heal

13、th Organization (WHO): “Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”建環(huán)專業(yè)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯1 3? Sensory irritation in the eyes, nose, or throat 眼睛，鼻子和喉嚨過

14、敏? Skin irritation 皮膚過敏? Neurotoxic symptoms 神經(jīng)毒性癥狀? Odor and taste complaints 嗅覺味覺過敏Sick building syndrome is characterized by an absence of routine physical signs and clinical laboratory abnormalities. The term nonspe

15、cific is sometimes used to imply that the pattern of symptoms reported by afflicted building occupants is not consistent with that for a particular disease. Additional symptoms can include nosebleeds, chest tightness,

16、and fever.Some investigations have sought to correlate SBS symptoms with reduced neurological and physiological performance. In controlled studies, SBS symptoms can reduce performance in susceptible individuals (Mø

17、;lhave et al. 1986).Building-related illnesses, in contrast, have a known origin, may have a different set of symptoms, and are often accompanied by physical signs and abnormalities that can be clinically identified w

18、ith laboratory measurements. For example, hypersensitivity illnesses, including hypersensitivity pneumonitis, humidifier fever,asthma, and allergic rhinitis, are caused by individual sensitization to bioaerosols.疾病大廈綜合

19、征的特征是缺乏常規(guī)的體征和臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查異常。這個(gè)術(shù)語有時(shí)用來表明非特異性的癥狀困擾住戶的模式是不一致的，對(duì)于一個(gè)特定的疾病。其他癥狀包括胸悶，發(fā)熱流鼻血了，一些研究尋找相關(guān)。SBS 神經(jīng)生理表現(xiàn)癥狀與減少。在癥狀控制領(lǐng)域，SBS 癥狀可以減輕敏感個(gè)人 (Mølhave 等人. 1986)，與建筑有關(guān)的疾病，?！?，有可能會(huì)有不同的起源，往往建立癥狀，伴隨著異常體征是臨床和實(shí)驗(yàn)室測(cè)量。比如，包括過敏性肺炎，過敏癥毛病，濕熱癥包括

20、，氣喘，和過敏性鼻炎，，是由于個(gè)人對(duì)于空氣中的病毒、細(xì)菌、花粉等生物氣膠的過敏造成的。Iiinesses associated with exposure in indoor environments are listed in Table 1. Laboratory testing and development of linkages should be performed under direction of a qualifi

21、ed health care professional.與室內(nèi)環(huán)境的接觸有關(guān)疾病都列在表 1。實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測(cè)和關(guān)聯(lián)開展應(yīng)當(dāng)在具備保健資格的專業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)里進(jìn)行。DESCRIPTIONS OF SELECTED HEALTH SCIENCES健康科學(xué)之闡述The study of health effects in indoor environments includes a number of scientific disciplines.

22、A few are briefly described here to further the engineer’s understanding of which health sciences may be applicable to a given environmental health problem. Epidemiology and Biostatistics Epidemiology studies the cause

23、, distribution, and control of disease in human and animal populations. It represents the application of quantitative methods to evaluate health-related events and effects. Epidemiology is traditionally subdivided into

24、 observational and analytical components; the focus may be descriptive, or may attempt to identify causal relationships. Some classical criteria for determining causal relationships in epidemiology are consis