輕型木結(jié)構(gòu)輕木構(gòu)件

1、加拿大木業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)設(shè)計(jì)師培訓(xùn)班第一階段 – 輕型木結(jié)構(gòu)Canada Wood Level 1 - Wood-Frame Construction,構(gòu)件設(shè)計(jì)Framing ComponentsHerbert Otto B. Arch., MRAIC,鋸材 Sawn Timber膠合材 Plywood,輕型木結(jié)構(gòu)房屋使用不同的木產(chǎn)品A Variety of Wood Products are Used to Frame a Hou

2、se,木基結(jié)構(gòu)材 Wood Based Building Materials,規(guī)格材 Dimensioned framing lumber輕型木結(jié)構(gòu)使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的規(guī)格材（軟木） Standard dimension softwood lumber used in wood-frame construction名義尺寸 Nominal dimensions2x2, 2x3, 2x4, 2x6, 2x8,2x10,2x12

3、實(shí)際尺寸 Actual dimensions1 ½”x 1 ½” (38mm x 38mm)1 ½”x 2 ½” (38mm x 64mm)1 ½ ”x 3 ½” (38mm x 89mm)1 ½ ”x 5 ½” (38mm x 140mm)1 ½ ”x 7 ¼ ” (38mm x 184mm)1 ½ ”x 9 &

4、#188; ” (38mm x 235mm)1 ½ ”x 11 ¼ ” (38mm x 235mm)長(zhǎng)度 Lengths從2.4m到7.3m，每級(jí)增加600mm Increments of 2 feet (600mm) from 8 ft (2.4 m) to 24 ft (7.3 m),木基結(jié)構(gòu)材 Wood Based Building Materials,板材 Boards標(biāo)準(zhǔn)尺寸的軟木板

5、材 Standard sizes of softwood lumber boards名義尺寸 Nominal dimensions1x21x31x41x61x8實(shí)際尺寸 Actual dimensions¾” x 1 ½” (19mm x 38mm)¾” x 2 ½” (19mm x 64mm)¾” x 3 ½” (19mm x 89m

6、m)¾” x 5 ½” (19mm x 140mm)¾” x 7 ¼ ” (19mm x 184mm),框架用木材 Framing Lumber,用于輕型木結(jié)構(gòu)的軟木樹種 Species of softwood lumber used in wood frame construction花旗松 Douglas Fir西部落葉松 Western Larch西部鐵杉 We

7、stern Hemlock云杉 Spruce松 Pine冷衫 Fir材性接近的樹種放在一起使用 Species with similar characteristics given commercial group designations云杉-松-冷杉 Spruce–Pine–Fir S-P-F花旗松-落葉松 Douglas Fir-Larch D. Fir-L鐵杉-冷杉 Hemlock-F

8、ir Hem-Fir指接材 Finger Jointed Lumber較短的材料，如38x89 和 38x140指接在一起形成較長(zhǎng)的材料 Short lengths of 38x89 and 38x140 (2x4 and 2x6) joined to form longer pieces.用于墻骨柱 Used for studs沒(méi)有翹曲 Does not warp材料利用率高 Efficient use

9、of materials,規(guī)格材分等 Grading Lumber,加拿大的規(guī)格材有目測(cè)分等和機(jī)械分等(MSR) Lumber in Canada visually graded or machine stress rated (MSR)分等依據(jù) Select structural高強(qiáng)度 Highest strength良好的外觀 Best appearance一等 Number 1和上述分等依據(jù)相似，但允許

10、出現(xiàn)更大的結(jié)疤 Similar to select structural but larger knots二等 Number 2和一等的強(qiáng)度分等相似，但外觀稍差 Similar strength to number 1 but not as good visual appearance三等 Number 3大量用于施工，外觀沒(méi)有要求 Widely used in construction wher

11、e appearance is not a factor,規(guī)格材分等 Grading Lumber,墻骨柱等級(jí) Stud Grade2x4和2x6的墻骨柱用于承受豎向荷載 2x4 and 2x6 rated for vertical loading施工級(jí)材和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)級(jí)材用于結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件 Construction grade and standard grade used for structural applic

12、ations實(shí)用級(jí)和經(jīng)濟(jì)級(jí)材用于非結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件 Utility grade and economy grade for non-structural applications,,分等機(jī)構(gòu) Grading Agency,生產(chǎn)廠代碼 Mill designation,樹種 Species Group,含水率 Moisture Content,指定的等級(jí) Assigned Grade,分等認(rèn)證章 Grading Stamps

13、,規(guī)格材每600mm有一個(gè)分等認(rèn)證章 Grading stamps are placed on lumber every 600mm (2 ft.)只有經(jīng)認(rèn)證的機(jī)構(gòu)才能敲章 Only issued by accredited associations or agencies,,根據(jù)樹種，木材被鋸成標(biāo)準(zhǔn)尺寸，并按照指定的產(chǎn)品強(qiáng)度和性能進(jìn)行分等Lumber is sorted by species, sawn into

14、 standard sizes and is graded which results in a predictable product with known strength and performance characteristics,加拿大輕型木結(jié)構(gòu) Canadian Wood Frame Housing,木基覆面板材 Wood Based Sheathings,在輕型木結(jié)構(gòu)中廣泛使用，也可以和輕型鋼結(jié)構(gòu)一起使用

15、 Widely used in wood-frame construction and in combination with steel framing墻骨柱、擱柵和椽條之間的跨度 Spans between studs, joists and rafters可以提高墻體、樓蓋和屋頂?shù)挚拐駝?dòng)、靜荷以及地震作用的能力 Contributes to racking, load bearing and earthqu

16、ake resistance of wall, floor and roof assemblies,用于樓蓋、墻體和屋面的膠合板Plywood Floor , Wall and Roof Sheathing,覆面板材料由薄木片膠合成 Panel material made of thin wood veneers 良好的雙向強(qiáng)度和剛度，抵抗沖擊破壞和受潮時(shí)的尺寸變形 Excellent two way stre

17、ngth and stiffness, resistance to impact damage and dimensional stability when wet采用企口板以保證樓面的平整和連續(xù)性，并考慮是否需要使用填塊 T&G used to a ensure continuous flat floor and eliminate need for blocking. 保證平滑的表面，可以鋪地毯或者其他的地面

18、做法Provides smooth surface for carpeting and resilient flooring. 根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)需要，為了支承陶瓦，需要增加覆面板厚度Thicker floor sheathing for increased structural support required for ceramic tile,Courtesy of the Canadian Wood Council,定向刨花板Orien

19、ted Strand Board (OSB) Sheathing,定向刨花板采用速生材鋸末、碎屑等細(xì)料膠合而成，其速生材可以用楊樹和白楊 Panel material made from adhesive and strands, flakes or wafers produced from small diameter logs of fast growing species such as Poplar and Aspen

20、.墻體、樓蓋和屋頂也可以使用相近厚度的膠合板 Wall, floor and roof sheathing with similar thicknesses a plywood.可以參考結(jié)構(gòu)板材協(xié)會(huì)的網(wǎng)站獲得技術(shù)資料和正確的安裝步驟 Refer to Structural Board Association for web site for technical information and correct ins

21、tallation procedures,Courtesy of the Structural Board Association,其它覆面板產(chǎn)品 Other Sheathing Products,瀝青基防火板 Asphalt impregnated fibre board瀝青處理過(guò)的石膏板 Asphalt treated gypsum board (gyplap)內(nèi)墻用石膏板 Interior gyps

22、um board剛性保溫覆面板 Rigid insulation sheathings聚苯乙烯擠塑板 Extruded polystyrene發(fā)泡聚苯乙烯板 Expanded polystyrene多異氰脲酸酯 板 Polyisocyanurate水泥板 Cement board,工程木產(chǎn)品 Engineered Wood Products,擱柵、梁和框架構(gòu)件可以用

23、規(guī)格材、木纖維或刨花合成材 Joists, beams and framing made from dimension lumber, wood fibres or strands held together with a binder.保護(hù)森林資源 Conserves forest resources 降低建筑浪費(fèi) Reduces construction waste實(shí)現(xiàn)更大的建筑凈跨 Allo

24、ws longer clear spans類型 Types木工字型擱柵 Wood I joists平行木片膠合木 Parallel strand beams and posts層疊木片膠合木 Laminated veneer lumber (LVL)腹板開洞擱柵 Open web joists,工字型擱柵 Wood I joists,弦桿由規(guī)格材或?qū)盈B木片膠合木構(gòu)成，腹板由定向刨花板

25、或膠合板構(gòu)成Dimension lumber or LVL cords and OSB or plywood web相同跨度時(shí)，比規(guī)格材輕 Lighter weight for same span as dimensioned lumber實(shí)現(xiàn)的跨度比規(guī)格材更大 Capable of longer spans than dimensioned lumber風(fēng)道和電線在擱柵中穿越的空間更大 Deeper j

26、oists can allow for ductwork as well as electrical and plumbing當(dāng)用于屋頂椽條時(shí)，可以建造較大層高的天花板 When used as rafters can allow for high levels of insulation above cathedral ceilings深度可以從241mm到508mm Depths range from 241mm

27、 (9-1/2") to 508mm (20")長(zhǎng)度最大可達(dá)到18.3m Lengths up to 18.3m (60 ft),平行木片膠合木 Parallel Strand Lumber (PSL),花旗松的小木片膠合成梁，過(guò)梁和柱 Strips of Douglas Fir glued to form beams, lintels and posts材性穩(wěn)定，不會(huì)出現(xiàn)收縮、翹曲、扭轉(zhuǎn)、

28、開裂和隆起 Stable predictable performance, will not shrink, warp, twist, split or crown 平行木片膠合木 的厚度從45mm到178mm PSL beams are sold in thicknesses ranging from 45mm (1-3/4"), to 178mm (7"). 長(zhǎng)度最大可以達(dá)到20m

29、 Up to 20m (66 feet) in length,層疊木片膠合木 Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL),軟木薄片木紋方向交錯(cuò)膠合而成的梁 Plies of softwood veneer with the grain running in the long direction, glued together to form a beam.結(jié)構(gòu)性能可靠 Reliable stru

30、ctural characteristics也適用于建筑上暴露的構(gòu)件 Also available in architectural grade for use where exposed厚度從19mm到89mm Thicknesses from l9mm (3/4") to 89mm (3-1/2").長(zhǎng)度最大可以達(dá)到24.4m Lengths up to 24.4m (80 f

31、t.),Courtesy of the Canadian Wood Council,腹板開洞平行弦桁架Open Web Parallel Cord Trusses,上下弦桿采用規(guī)格材，腹板采用金屬桿或規(guī)格材 Dimensioned lumber top and bottom cord with web made of metal straps of dimensioned lumber跨度更大 Can span la

32、rge distances自重輕 Light weight材料利用率高 Efficient use of materials管道和電線的排布穿越方便 Can allow for easy installation of ductwork, plumbing and wiring現(xiàn)場(chǎng)不易調(diào)整長(zhǎng)度 Limited ability to adjust length on site,釘 Nails,

33、木結(jié)構(gòu) Framing大多數(shù)輕型木結(jié)構(gòu)用的釘都是低碳鋼制作的 Most nails used in wood frame construction are made from mild steel當(dāng)用于室外或易腐蝕環(huán)境中時(shí)，要使用熱浸鍍鋅釘，不銹鋼釘或表面處理過(guò)的釘 For exterior use and where corrosion is a concern galvanized, stainless stee

34、l or coated nails are used頂?shù)某叽鐝?2mm到150mm，最常用的釘為83mm Nail sizes range in size form 12mm (1/2”) to 150mm (6”) with the most common framing nails being 83mm (3 ¼”),釘?shù)念愋?Nail Types普通釘 Common帶頭的低碳鋼釘 Mild st

35、eel nail with head雙頭釘 Double headed用于臨時(shí)固定 Used for temporary fastening光圓釘 Finishing用于需要隱蔽的連接 Used where nail is to be concealed螺紋釘 Spiral可以增加握釘力 Provides extra holding power環(huán)紋釘 Ringed握釘力最大，永久性固定 Highest

36、holding power, permanent fastening屋面釘 Roofing大而平的釘頭防止撕裂 Large flat head for tear resistance掛板釘 Cladding and Decking圓頭可以保證搭接時(shí)必要的間隙 Rounded head provides gaps between lapped siding,Courtesy Canadian Wood Council

37、,釘 Nails,金屬連接件 Metal Framing Connectors,用于木框架的連接All purpose framing anchor,抗拔連接件Tie down framing anchor,用于抵抗地震荷載和風(fēng)的上拔力For resisting earthquake and wind uplift,Courtesy Canadian Wood Council,金屬連接件 Metal Framing Conne

38、ctors,三向連接件Triple grip framing anchor,直角連接件 Framing angle,Courtesy Canadian Wood Council,金屬連接件 Metal Framing Connectors,擱柵和檁條掛鉤Joist and purlin hangers,桁架齒板Truss plates,Courtesy Canadian Wood Council,金屬連接件 Metal Fram

39、ing Connectors,抗震錨固件Seismic anchors,輕型木結(jié)構(gòu)建造方法 Framing Methods,規(guī)格材的建造有三種基本的方法 Construction using lumber can be broken into three basic methods一體通柱建造法 Balloon frame construction多用于過(guò)去，現(xiàn)在很少使用 Used more in the pa

40、st, limited use today 梁柱建造法 Post and beam construction利基市場(chǎng)建造方法 Niche market construction method 平臺(tái)式建造法 Platform frame construction加拿大最常用的建造方法 The most common method used in Canada,一體通柱建造法 Balloon Framing,一體通柱

41、建造法 Balloon framing外墻墻骨柱從基礎(chǔ)到屋頂椽條是連續(xù)的 The exterior walls made from continuous studs that run from the foundation roof rafters.樓蓋擱柵支承在板條上 Floor joists are supported on ribbon boards較長(zhǎng)的墻骨柱不容易施工 Long stud len

42、gths more difficult to handle收縮小于平臺(tái)式建造法 Less shrinkage than platform frame construction墻體內(nèi)的保溫層可以從基礎(chǔ)到屋頂連續(xù)布置 Allows full depth wall insulation from the foundation to the roof.墻體空腔內(nèi)要設(shè)置防火擋塊 Fire blocking mayb

43、e required in wall cavity,梁柱式或重型木結(jié)構(gòu) Post and Beam or Heavy Timber Framing,主要的結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件采用大尺寸的規(guī)格材做梁和柱 Major structural members are large dimension lumber posts and beams可以使用膠合木或平行木片膠合木 May use glue laminated or parall

44、el strand components通常結(jié)構(gòu)在室內(nèi)是暴露的 Structure typically exposed inside 非承重墻體由墻骨柱和預(yù)制面板構(gòu)成 Wall infill panels consist of stud framed walls or prefabricated panels,平臺(tái)式建造法 Platform Framing,平臺(tái)式建造法 Platform framing一種簡(jiǎn)便

45、的建造方式，可以使用小斷面的規(guī)格材 A simple construction method that allows the use of standard small dimension lumber 每一層樓蓋都能提供一個(gè)施工平臺(tái)用以布置和搭建內(nèi)外墻體 Each floor provides a working platform for the layout and framing of the interior

46、and exterior walls理論上說(shuō)靈活的施工方法可以建造各種形狀和風(fēng)格的建筑 Flexibility allows virtually any shape or style of building to be constructed 修改方便 Can be easily modified.,平臺(tái)式建造法 Platform Framing,屋頂桁架Roof trusses,38 x 89 or 38 x

47、140mm 墻骨柱38 x 89 or 38 x 140mm ( 2x4 or 2x6) stud walls,樓蓋覆面板Floor sheathing,樓蓋擱柵Floor joists,基礎(chǔ)Foundation,,,,,,,,結(jié)構(gòu)概念和構(gòu)件Structural Concepts and Components,可以指定一或兩個(gè)構(gòu)件來(lái)解釋和抵抗下述任何一種結(jié)構(gòu)概念和受力 For each of the followin

48、g structural concepts and forces, identify one or 2 wood frame building components that are used to resist these受壓 Compression受拉 Tension水平支撐 Lateral bracing受剪 Shear樓蓋 /墻體 Diaphragms懸挑 Cantilevers,結(jié)構(gòu)概念和構(gòu)件Stru

49、ctural Concepts and Components,受壓 Compression墻骨柱 Studs柱 Posts地梁板 Sill plates過(guò)梁 Lintels梁 Beams支撐 Blocking擱柵 Joists,結(jié)構(gòu)概念和構(gòu)件Structural Concepts and Components,受拉 Tension擱柵 Joists梁 Beams桁架 Trusses木板條

50、Straps錨固件 Anchors,結(jié)構(gòu)概念和構(gòu)件Structural Concepts and Components,水平支撐 Lateral Bracing橫撐 Struts覆面板（膠合板、定向刨花板和石膏板） Sheet goods (plywood, OSB, gypsum board)金屬拉條 Metal straps,結(jié)構(gòu)概念和構(gòu)件Structural Concepts and Componen

51、ts,受剪 Shear膠合板 Plywood釘 Nails連接板 Gusset plates節(jié)點(diǎn) Joists梁 Beams,結(jié)構(gòu)概念和構(gòu)件Structural Concepts and Components,樓蓋或墻體 Diaphragms膠合板和定向刨花板 Plywood and OSB石膏板 Gypsum board椽條和擱柵 Rafters and joists剪刀撐 Cross b

52、racing,結(jié)構(gòu)概念和構(gòu)件Structural Concepts and Components,懸挑 Cantilevers擱柵 Joists梁 Beams椽條 Rafters桁架 Trusses,規(guī)格材含水率 Framing Lumber Moisture Content,木材含水率 Moisture content in wood濕材含水率為30%到300% Green lumber m

53、oisture content 30% to 300%木材干燥時(shí)收縮 As wood dries shrinkage occurs順紋方向出現(xiàn)最大的收縮 Largest shrinkage parallel to grain規(guī)格材含水率為19%或更低 Framing lumber considered dry when 19% or less干燥材 Dried lumber is尺寸更穩(wěn)定

54、 More dimensionally stable更輕 Lighter運(yùn)輸更經(jīng)濟(jì) More economical to ship,Typically 8% shrinkage,Typically4% shrinkage,Typically 0.1% shrinkage,,,,規(guī)格材的干燥 Framing Lumber Drying,氣干 Air Drying防止雨水的侵蝕 Protected from

55、 rain需要數(shù)月時(shí)間 Process takes months不需要使用能源 No energy required窯干 Kiln Drying熱量和相對(duì)濕度可以控制，空氣可以循環(huán)流通 Heat and relative humidity are controlled, air is circulated through lumber高溫可以殺死昆蟲和其它大部分有機(jī)物質(zhì)，和干燥材一樣 Temperatur

56、es kill insects and most other organisms as well as dry lumber需要幾天時(shí)間 Process takes days需要使用能源，會(huì)間接影響規(guī)格材成本 Energy required to heat kilns potentially affecting cost of lumber窯干的規(guī)格材需要敲章S-DRY 或 S-GDN Kiln dri

57、ed lumber stamped S-DRY or S-GDN,Photo © Nick Morley,Courtesy Canadian Wood Council,規(guī)格材 Framing Lumber,堆放和防潮 Storage and Protection From Moisture當(dāng)干燥到19%的含水率后必須保持干燥 Once dried to 19% must be kept dry需要遮蓋

58、 Under cover用防水材料包裹 Wrapped in water resistant wrapping (house wrap),現(xiàn)場(chǎng)含水率測(cè)試 Field Moisture Measurement,測(cè)試規(guī)格材含水率 Measuring moisture content of framing lumber插入式含水率測(cè)量?jī)x是最常用的 Pin type DC resistance moistur

59、e meter most commonly used必須插入木材8mm才能精確測(cè)量 Must penetrate wood 8mm (5/16”) for accurate reading 不同的樹種需要進(jìn)行調(diào)整 Must be adjusted for each species,現(xiàn)場(chǎng)含水率測(cè)試 Field Moisture Measurement,所有的木材在完工前含水率必須控制在19%或以下 A

60、ll framing must 19% moisture content or less before closing in檢測(cè)含水率的關(guān)鍵 Key areas to check for moisture外墻 Exterior Walls木材大面積集中的地方 Areas of large wood mass門窗過(guò)梁 Window and door headers組合梁 Built up beams組合柱

61、 Built up columns外墻地梁板 Exterior wall bottom plates墻骨柱底部 Bottom of studs封頭擱柵 Rim joists,木結(jié)構(gòu)防護(hù) Wood Preservative Treatments,銅鉻砷合劑(CCA) Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA) 現(xiàn)在只允許用于地下室木材的防腐處理 Now only allowed fo

62、r preserved wood basements氨溶季氨銅(ACQ)用于地面以上的木材防腐處理(露臺(tái)，排水格柵等） Alkaline Copper Quaternary (ACQ) used for above grade applications (decks, trellises etc.)類型B：ACQ-B Type B: ACQ-B 用于易浸注的樹種，如花旗松 used to better

63、penetrate species such as Douglas-fir 類型C：ACQ-C Type C: ACQ-C 更普通的配方 more commonly found formulation 銅唑(CA)用于地面以上的木材防腐處理 Copper Azole (CA) used for above grade applications,木結(jié)構(gòu)防護(hù) Wood Preservative T

64、reatments,氨溶季氨銅和銅唑 ACQ and CA 這兩種防腐劑都有很高的含銅量，所以緊固件，金屬拉條和連接件在和銅接觸時(shí)不能發(fā)生腐蝕 Both use high concentrations of copper so fasteners, straps and ties must not corrode in contact with copper不銹鋼或銅質(zhì)緊固件 Stainless steel

65、or copper fasteners or 熱浸鍍鋅鋼釘，金屬拉條，掛鉤和錨固件應(yīng)符合G185的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求 Hot dipped galvanized steel nails, straps, hangers and anchors rated to G185 galvanizing must be used.,Courtesy Forintek Canada Corp,木結(jié)構(gòu)防護(hù) Wood Preservative Tre

66、atments,硼酸鹽處理的木材 Borate treated lumber常用的透明涂料 Typically clear finish無(wú)毒 Non toxic 水溶性，常用于木材 Will leach out if located in water so most applicable for framing lumber規(guī)格材可用硼酸鈉處理 Sodium borate used in