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1、1Unit1ASurveyofModernMedicihehistyofmodernmedicineInancientGreecethediseasewasconsideredtobedivinecastigation.Thesymboladoptedfmedicinewastheserpentthoughtofasasacredcreatureimmunetoalldiseases.Withthepassageoftimemedici
2、nemovedfurtherfurtherawayfromreligionmagic:530BC:Pythagasdevelopedtheideaofbalancesoppositesinmattersofhealth.430BC:HippocratesdevelopedtheideaoftheFourHumourssignalingtheboundarybetweenrationalitymagic.Hippocratesconsid
3、eredthebodyasawholeratherthanthesumofacollectionofpartsbelievedthatgoodhealthwasanaturalstatethatdiseaseanabnmality.Thefocusofhisideaswastopreventdiseaseimprovegeneralhealthtoassistnatureinhelpingthebodyreachitsnaturalhe
4、althystate.330BC:Aristotlelinkedthefourhumourstomenstemperaments—cholericphlegmaticsanguinemelancholic—acholericsubjecthadtoomuchbileaphlegmaticonetoomuchmucussoon.IntheearlyyearsofthefirstmillenniumGalen(129AD200AD)indi
5、ssectinganimalsclearedupagreatnumberofbasicanatomicproblems:theiginofbloodvesselsintheheartofnervesinthecentralnervoussystem.Hisdeionofanatomyofbonesmuscleswasexcellenthelpedtoattainabasicunderstingofhumananatomy.Inthe14
6、00yearsbetweenGalenVesaliusmedicinewasstagnantdominatedbytheideaoftheFourHumours.Lifewasnastybrutishshtmedicalcaredidnothelp.TherearemanyreasonsthatlittleprogresswasmadeinclinicalmedicineuntiltheRenaissancebutoneofthemwa
7、ssurelythattheonlyfitpursuitfscholarsinthosecenturieswasconsideredtobeknowledgeofGodnotofman.OnlywiththefloweringofhumanismthatacterizedtheRenaissancedidthatchangeitchangedveryrapidly.Sothelatterpartofthesecondmillennium
8、embracedtheadventofthegreatmilestonesinthehistyofmodernmedicine.Thesymbolofmedicine3DNAwaselucidatedbyJamesWatsonFrancisCrickMauriceWilkins.TenyearslaterJacquesMonodFranoisJacoblinkedDNAtoproteinwiththeirtheyofmessengerR
9、NA.in1970FrederickSangerWalterGilbertdevisedwaysofdeterminingthesequenceofbasesinDNA.SimultaneouslyDavidBaltimeHaroldTeminopenedthewaytogeicengineering(treatmentsofhumanimmunodeficiencyvirusinfection)withtheirdiscoveryof
10、reversetranasewhichconvertsRNAintoDNA.Geicallyengineeredinsulinwasmarketedin1982alicensetosellgeicallymodifiedlivingganismsfthepurposeofmanufacturingrecombinantproteinswasgrantedin1986.Inthatsameyearageicallyengineeredva
11、ccinefhepatitisBwasapprovedbytheFoodDrugAdministration.KnowledgeoftheimmunesystemImmunologyemergedattheendofthe19thcenturywhenEdwardJenner(17491823)usedpustularfluidfromcowpoxlesionstovaccinateagainstsmallpox.Pasteurbega
12、nhisepochalwkontheprotectiveimmunityinducedbyattenuatedmicrobesin1880.Immunologyreallybeganin1890whenEmilBehringKitasatoShibasaburodevelopedtheirdiphtheriaantitoxindiscoveredantibodies.AlmostsimultaneouslyElieMetchnikoff
13、identifiedphagocyteschampionedthecellulartheyofimmunity.Within20yearsthemainelementsofclinicalimmunology—allergyautoimmunitytransplantationimmunity—weredescribedimmunochemistrybecameaquantitativescience.Attheendofthe1950
14、stheclonalionthey—theideathatlymphocytesaregeicallydistinctclones—signaledthestartofthenewerainwhichthefocusshiftedfromserologytocells.Adetailedunderstingoftheimmuneresponsewasachieved.Meovertherapeuticsinimmunologyacqui
15、redalogicalbasis.Itisnocoincidencethattransplantationsurgeryevolvedfromtheimpossibletotheroutineduringthattime.Vaccinationsagainstsmallpoxmeaslespoliomyelitisweremultidisciplinaryachievementsalmarkinthehistyofvaccineswas
16、thehepatitisBsurfaceantigenthefirstvaccineproducedbyDNAtechnology.Untilnowproteinspolysacideshavebeenthemainstaysofvaccines.ThenewmillenniumpromisesapotentiallyrevolutionaryfmofvaccinationbasedonsequencesofDNAthatencodem
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