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1、ThermalcomftinthefutureExcellenceexpectationP.OleFangerJrnToftumInternationalCentrefIndoEnvironmentEnergyTechnicalUniversityofDenmarkAbstractThispaperpredictssometrendsfeseeninthenewcenturyasregardstheindoenvironmentther

2、malcomft.Onetrenddiscussedisthesearchfexcellenceupgradingpresentstardsthataimmerelyatan“acceptable”conditionwithasubstantialnumberofdissatisfied.Animptantelementinthisconnectionisindividualthermalcontrol.Asecondtrendisto

3、acknowledgethatelevatedairtemperaturehuityhaveastrongnegativeimpactonperceivedairqualityventilationrequirements.FuturethermalcomftIAQstardsshouldincludetheserelationshipsasabasisfdesign.ThePMVmodelhasbeenvalidatedinthefi

4、eldinbuildingswithHVACsystemsthatweresituatedincoldtemperatewarmclimateswerestudiedduringbothsummerwinter.InnonairconditionedbuildingsinwarmclimatesoccupantsmaysensethewarmthasbeinglessseverethanthePMVpredictsduetolowexp

5、ectations.AnextensionofthePMVmodelthatincludesanexpectancyfactisproposedfuseinnonairconditionedbuildingsinwarmclimates.TheextendedPMVmodelagreeswellwithfieldstudiesinonairconditionedbuildingsofthreecontinents.Keywds:PMVT

6、hermalsensationIndividualcontrolAirqualityAdaptationASearchfExcellencePresentthermalcomftstards(CENISO7730ASHRAE55)acknowledgethatthereareconsiderableindividualdifferencesbetweenpeople’sthermalsensationtheirdiscomftcause

7、dbylocaleffectsi.e.byairmovement.Inacollectiveindoclimatethestardsprescribeacompromisethatallowsfasignificantnumberofpeoplefeelingtoowarmtoocool.Theyalsoallowfairvelocitiesthatwillbefeltasadraughtbyasubstantialpercentage

8、oftheoccupants.PMVmodeltheadaptivemodelThePMVmodelisbasedonextensiveAmericanEuropeanexperimentsinvolvingoverathoussubjectsexposedtowellcontrolledenvironments(Fanger1970).Thestudiesshowedthatthethermalsensationiscloselyre

9、latedtothethermalloadontheeffectmechanismsofthehumanthermegulatysystem.ThePMVmodelpredictsthethermalsensationasafunctionofactivityclothingthefourclassicalthermalenvironmentalparameters.Theadvantageofthisisthatitisaflexib

10、letoolthatincludesallthemajvariablesinfluencingthermalsensation.ItquantifiestheabsoluterelativeimpactofthesesixfactscantherefebeusedinindoenvironmentswithwidelydifferingHVACsystemsaswellasfdifferentactivitiesdifferentclo

11、thinghabits.ThePMVmodelhasbeenvalidatedinclimatechamberstudiesinAsia(deDearetal.1991Tanabeetal.1987)aswellasinthefieldmostrecentlyinASHRAE’swldwideresearchinbuildingswithHVACsystemsthatweresituatedincoldtemperatewarmclim

12、ateswerestudiedduringbothsummerwinter(Cenaetal.1998Doninietal.1996deDearetal.1993aSchilleretal.1988).ThePMVisdevelopedfsteadystateconditionsbutithasbeenshowntoapplywithgoodapproximationattherelativelyslowfluctuationsofth

13、eenvironmentalparameterstypicallyoccurringindos.ImmediatelyafteranupwardstepwisechangeoftemperaturethePMVmodelpredictswellthethermalsensationwhileittakesaround20minattemperaturedownsteps(deDearetal.1993b).Fieldstudiesinw

14、armclimatesinbuildingswithoutairconditioninghaveshownhoweverthatthePMVmodelpredictsawarmerthermalsensationthantheoccupantsactuallyfeel(BragerdeDear1998).Fsuchnonairconditionedbuildingsanadaptivemodelhasbeenproposed(deDea

15、rBrager1998).Thismodelisaregressionequationthatrelatestheneutraltemperatureindostothemonthlyaveragetemperatureoutdos.Theonlyvariableisthustheaverageoutdotemperaturewhichatitshighestmayhaveanindirectimpactonthehumanheatba

16、lance.Anobviousweaknessoftheadaptivemodelisthatitdoesnotincludehumanclothingactivitythefourclassicalthermalparametersthathaveawellknownimpactonthehumanheatbalancetherefeonthethermalsensation.Althoughtheadaptivemodelpredi

17、ctsthethermalsensationquitewellfnonairconditionedbuildingsofthe1900’slocatedinwarmpartsofthewldthequestionremainsastohowwellitwouldsuitbuildingsofnewtypesinthefuturewheretheoccupantshaveadifferentclothingbehaviouradiffer

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