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1、外文資料翻譯PLAINCARBONSTEELAnysteelmakingprocessiscapableofproducingaproductthathas0.05%lesscarbon.Withthissmallamountofcarbonthepropertiesapproachofpureironwithmaximumductilityminimumstrength.Maximumductilityisdesirablefromt

2、hestpointofeaseindefmationprocessingserviceuse.Minimumstrengthisdesirablefdefmationprocessing.Howeverhigherstrengthsthanthatobtainablewiththislowcarbonaredesirablefromthestpointofproductdesign.Themostpracticalmeansofincr

3、easingthestrengthisbytheadditionretentionofsomecarbon.Howeveritshouldbefullyunderstoodthatanyincreaseofstrengthoverthatpureironcanbeobtainedonlyattheexpenseofsomelossofductilitythefinalchoiceisalwaysacompromiseofsomedegr

4、ee.Becauseofthedifficultyofcompositioncontroltheadditionaloperationofincreasingcarboncontentthecostofhighercarbonhigherstrengthsteelisgreaterthanoflowcarbon.PlainCarbonSteelsMostUsed.Becauseoftheirlowcostthemajityofsteel

5、susedareplaincarbonsteels.Theseconsistofironcombinedwithcarbonconcentratedinthererangesclassedaslowcarbonmediumcarbonhighcarbon.Withtheexceptionofmanganeseusedtocontrolsulphurotherelementsarepresentonlyinsmallenoughquant

6、itiestobeconsideredasimpuritiesthoughinsomecasestheymayhavemineffectonpropertiesofthematerial.LowCarbon.Steelwithapproximately6to25pointsofcarbon(0.06%～0.25%)areratedaslowcarbonsteelsarerarelyhardenedbyheattreatmentbecau

7、sethelowcarboncontentpermitssolittlefmationofhardmagnesitethattheprocessisrelativelyineffective.Enmoustonnagesoftheselowcarbonsteelsareprocessedinsuchstructuralshapesassheetstriprodplatepipewire.Alargeptionofthemateriali

8、scoldwkedinitsfinalprocessingtoimproveitshardnessstrengthsurfacefinishqualities.thegradescontaining20pointslessofcarbonaresusceptibletoconsiderableplasticflowarefrequentlyusedasdeepdrawnproductsmaybeusedasaductilecefcase

9、hardenedmaterial.Thelowlaincarbonsteelsarerealitybrazedweldedfged.MediumCarbon.Themediumcarbonsteels(0.25%～0.5%)containsufficientcarbonthattheymaybeheattreatedfdesirablestrengthhardnessmachinabilityotherproperties.Thehar

10、dnessofplaincarbonsteelsinthisrangecannotbeincreasedsufficientlyfthematerialtoservesatisfactilyascuttingtoolsbuttheloadcarryingcapacityofthesteelscanberaisedconsiderablywhilestillretainingsufficientductilityfgoodtoughnes

11、s.Themajityofthesteelisfurnishedinthehotrolledconditionisoftenmachinedffinalfinishing.Itcanbeweldedbutismedifficulttojoinbythismethodthanthelowcarbonsteelbecauseofstructuralchangescausedbyweldingheatinlocalizedareas.LOWA

12、LLOYSTRUCTURALSTEELSCertainlowalloysteelssoldundervarioustradenameshavebeendevelopedtoprovidealowcoststructuralmaterialwithhigheryieldstrenghthanplaincarbonsteel.Theadditionofsmallamountofsomealloyingelementscanraisethey

13、ieldstrengthofhotrolledsectionswithoutheattreatmentto30%～40%greaterthanthatofplaincarbonsteels.Designingtohigherwkingstressesmayreducetherequiredsectionsizeby25%～30%atanincreasedcostof15%～50%dependingupontheamountthekind

14、ofalloy.Thelowalloystructuralsteelsaresoldalmostentirelyinthefmofhotrolledstructuralshapes.Thesematerialshavegoodweldabilityductilitybetterimpactstrengththanthatofplaincarbonsteelgoodcrosionresistanceparticularlytoatmosp

15、hericexposure.Manybuildingcodesarebasedonthemeconservativeuseofplaincarbonsteelstheuseofalloystructuralsteeloftenhasnoeconomicadvantageinthesecases.LOWALLOYAISISTEELSImprovedPropertiesatHigherCost.ThelowalloyAmericaniron

16、steelinstitute(AISI)steelsarealloyedprimarilyfimprovedhardenability.Theyaremecostlythanplaincarbonsteelstheirusecangenerallybejustifiedonlywhenneededintheheattreathardenedtemperedcondition.Comparedtoplaincarbonsteelsthey

17、canhave30%～40%higheryieldstrength10%～20%highertensilestrength.Atequivalenttensilestrengthshardnessestheycanhave30%～40%higherreductionofareaapproximatelytwicetheimpactstrength.UsuallyHeatTreated.ThelowalloyAISIsteelsareth

18、osecontaininglessthanapproximately8%totalalloyingelementsalthoughmostcommerciallyimptantsteelscontainlessthan5%.Thecarboncontentmayveryfmverylowtoveryhighbutfmoststeelsitisinthemediumrangethateffectiveheattreatmentmaybee

19、mployedfpropertyimprovementatminimumcosts.Thesteelsareusedwidelyinautomobilemachinetoolaircraftconstructionespeciallyfthemanufactureofmovingpartsthataresubjecttohighstresswear.STAINLESSSTEELSTonnagewisethemostimptantofth

20、ehigheralloysteelsareagroupofthesesteelshavemuchbettermechanicalpropertiesathightemperatures.Thisgroupwasfirstcalledstainlesssteel.Withtheemphasisonhightemperatureusetheyarefrequentlyreferredtoasheatcrosionresistantsteel

21、s.MartensiticStainlessSteel.Withloweramountsofchromiumwithsiliconaluminiumaddedtosomehigherchromiumsteelsthematerialrespondstoheattreatmentmuchasanylowalloysteal.Thegammatoalphatransfmationinironoccursnmallythesteelmaybe

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