thesocialrolesofmenandwomen英語(yǔ)論文

1、THESOCIALROLESOFMENWOMENInallsocietiestheobviousbiologicaldifferencebetweenmenwomenisusedasajustificationffcingthemintodifferentsocialroleswhichlimitshapetheirattitudesbehavi.Thatistosaynosocietyiscontentwiththenaturaldi

2、fferenceofsexbuteachinsistsonaddingtoitaculturaldifferenceofgender.Thesimplephysicalfactstherefealwaysbecomeassociatedwithcomplexpsychologicalqualities.Itisnotenoughfamantobemalehealsohastoappearmuline.Awomaninadditionto

3、beingfemalemustalsobefeminine.Howeveroncethecontrastbetweenmenwomenhasbeenincreasedaccentuatedinthisfashionitisusuallytakenasafurthermanifestationofbiologicaldifferenceswhichconfirmtheneedfdifferentsocialroles.toputitano

4、therwaysexdifferencesareusedtocreategenderdifferenceswhicharethenexplainedassexdifferenceswhichinturnrequiregenderdifferencessoon.Thismaybenomethancircularreasoningbutitissociallyveryeffective.Fexampleinourownpatriarchal

5、societymalesenjoyasociallydominantposition.Thusfromanearlyageboysarehelpedtoacquireamulinitythatallowsthemtoassumemaintainthatposition.Bythesametokengirlsaretaughttocultivateasubmissivefemininity.Theresultingdifferencein

6、themalefemaleacteristhendescribedasinbnusedtodefendtheexistingpowerarrangement.Onlythosewhoacceptitarenmalonlytheycanexpecttosucceed.Themalesocialroleisdesignedtorewardmulinemenwhilethefemalesocialroleoffersitsrelativead

7、vantagesonlytofemininewomen.(Theaggressivemanwillrunthebiggerbusinesstheprettyagreeablewomanwillfindthericherhusb.)Inotherwdsmulinityfemininityaregenderqualitieswhicharedevelopedinresponsetosocialdiscrimination.Howeveron

8、cetheyhavebeendevelopedtheyjustifycementit.Themulinefemininegenderrolesmutuallyreinfceeachothertherebyperpetuatetheinequalityonwhichtheyarebased.Obviouslythispsychologicalmechanismcanoperateonlyaslongasthebehaviofmenwome

9、ndoesnottransgressthegenerallyacceptedlimits.Everysocietytriestherefetopreventsuchtransgressionsbycallingthesociallydefinedgenderroles“natural“eternalunchangeable.Anypersonwhorefusestoacceptthemispersecutedasadeviantpuni

10、shedasanoffendernotonlyagainstsocietybutagainst“nature“itself.AnhisticalexampleofsuchdevianceisthecaseofJoanofArcwhoasayounggirlnotonlyledtheFrencharmytovictyovertheEnglishbutalsowemaleclothing.Inherlatertrialshewaspromp

11、tlyaccusedofhavingthusviolatedthelawsofnature.Overthecenturiesmanypeoplehaveofcoursewonderedwhyallegedly“natural“rolesshouldneedsuchrigoussocialenfcement.Afteralliftheyweretrulynaturaltheywould“comenaturally“tobothmenwom

12、en.Howeveritisnotewthythattheadvocatesofthesocallednaturalinequalityofthesexesresentnothingmethanletting“nature“takeitscourse.Yetiftheirargumentsweretruetherewouldbenoneedtodenywomenequalopptunitiessincetheywouldbeunable

13、tocompetewithmen.Ifwomenwere“naturally“inferimenwouldhavenothingtofear.Therefethefactthatmanymendofearsuchcompetitionraisessufficientdoubt“active“two“passive“partnerscanhavearewardingrelationship.Thisdoesnotmeanthatinani

14、dealfutureallhumandifferenceswilldisappear.Indeedoncetheoldstereotypeshavebeendiscardedthedifferencesbetweenindividualswithineachsexarelikelytoincrease.Furthermeunderconditionsofsocialequalitytheseindividualsmayalsohappi

15、lycontinuetoplaydifferentgenderroles.Thereshouldbenoneedtopointoutthatthereisnothingwrongwithgenderdifferencesassuch.Theycangreatlyenrichourlivesaslongasweunderstthatinhumanbeings“different“doesnothavetomeansuperiinferi.

16、Inotherwdsthosewhodemequalrightsfmenwomenarenotaskingfdrabunifmitybutfasocialclimateinwhichvarietycanflourishwithoutbeingexploited.Thefollowingpagesfirstelabatefurtheronthebasicconceptsofsexgenderthenofferabriefdiscussio

17、nofthedifferentmalstardsfmenwomen.Afinalsectiondealswiththewomensmovementitsstrugglefsexualequality.《生命列車》《生命列車》TheTrainOfLife1.1.不久以前，我讀了一本不久以前，我讀了一本書。書中把人生比作一書。書中把人生比作一次旅行。次旅行。2.2.人生一世，就好比是一人生一世，就好比是一次搭車旅行，要經(jīng)歷無(wú)次搭車旅行，要經(jīng)

18、歷無(wú)數(shù)次上車、下車數(shù)次上車、下車時(shí)常時(shí)常有事故發(fā)生有事故發(fā)生有時(shí)是意有時(shí)是意外驚喜，有時(shí)卻是刻骨外驚喜，有時(shí)卻是刻骨銘心的悲傷銘心的悲傷……3.3.降生人世，我們就坐上降生人世，我們就坐上了生命列車。我們以為了生命列車。我們以為我們最先見到的那兩個(gè)我們最先見到的那兩個(gè)人我們的父母，會(huì)我們的父母，會(huì)在人生旅途中一直陪伴在人生旅途中一直陪伴著我們。著我們。4.4.很遺憾，事實(shí)并非如很遺憾，事實(shí)并非如此。他們會(huì)在某個(gè)車站此。他們會(huì)在某個(gè)車站下

19、車，留下我們，孤獨(dú)下車，留下我們，孤獨(dú)1.NotlongagoIreadabookinwhichaman’slifewascomparedtoajourney.2.Thelifeofamanisjustlikeahitchhiking，duringwhichmanytimeswegoupdown.Nowthenthingswillhappenaccidentlysomeofwhicharetobeunexpectedexcitement

20、，whilesomeheartbreakingsrows.3.Whenfirstembracedthewld，wearealreadyonthetrainoflife.Wetakeitfgrantedthatthefirsttwopersonsourparentswhomweareencounteredwithwillaccompanyusalltheway.4.Sadly，thingsdonotgoonaswethought.Ourp