第三講英譯漢翻譯方法

1、英譯漢常用方法和技巧,,方法和技巧（一）,詞義的選擇詞義的引申詞義的褒貶詞類轉(zhuǎn)譯法增詞法重復(fù)法省略法正、反表達法,詞義的選擇,根據(jù)詞在句中的詞類選擇確定詞義根據(jù)詞在句中的搭配選擇確定詞義根據(jù)上下文聯(lián)系選擇確定詞義,record,I record all my thoughts in a notebook. 我在筆記本上記下我所有的想法。I'll bring you some records next tim

2、e.下次我給你帶一些唱片來。,a good Christiangood gold good matchgood eggs　 good land　 good look　 good excuse,,Tension is building up.(1) 形勢緊張起來。(2) 張力在增大。(3) 電壓在增加。(4) 壓力在增強。(5) 血壓在增高。

3、,help,He helped sweep the floors of the waiting rooms. 他幫助打掃了候車室。The government needs to help the needy. 政府要救濟窮人。Trade helps the development of industry.貿(mào)易促進工業(yè)的發(fā)展。I couldn't help crying.我忍不住哭了。This organizati

4、on may be able to help you with such information.這個組織也許能為你提供這類信息。Maybe it would help if you took some adult education courses. 你要是學點成人教育課程也許會有好處。This room is so depressing — I suppose new curtains would help. 這房間讓人覺

5、得壓抑——我想換上新窗簾會覺得好些。Humor often helps a tense situation. 幽默常能緩和緊張局面。,story,(1) This war is becoming the most important story of this generation.(2) It is&

6、#160;quite another story now.(3) Some reporters who were not included in the session broke the story.(4) The girl’s story i

7、s one of the saddest.(5) A young man came to Scotti’s office with a story.(6) …, but officials refused to confirm 

8、;the story.(7) The story about him became smaller and by and by faded out from the American TV.,Home:I’ll see her home tonight.He’s

9、at home with the classics. New homes are for sale. She’s at home where she is. Maternity home costs in America have gone up sharply. Much is produced here for home market. He looks on London as his home.,killHe kil

10、led the man.They killed the proposal. Please kill the engine. She kills her child with kindness. He took a snack to kill his hunger.He killed time every day at the park. The news killed their hope. He killed three

11、 bottles of whisky in a week.,,Rain R is roaring thunderA is amazing lighteningI is incredible downpourN is nothing to do.雨雨是咆哮的雷鳴雨是駭人的閃電雨是難以置信的大雨傾盆雨意味著百無聊賴。,,詞義的引申 Semantic extensions of concepts,The words do n

12、ot have meanings; people have meanings for words.（一）通過抽象化加以引申（二）通過具體化加以引申（三）專有名詞普通化引申,通過抽象化加以引申,They have their smiles and tears.他們有自己的歡樂與悲哀。 We insist that international trade should not be a one-way street.我們堅持主

13、張國際貿(mào)易不應(yīng)是有來無往。 I have no head for mathematics.我沒有數(shù)學方面的天賦。 He managed to make a living with his pen． 他靠寫作維持了生計。 The pen is mightier than the sword． 筆誅勝于劍伐。,Instead，an assassin’s bullet erased in the minds of American

14、s any faults he had． 事實正好相反，一個刺客的暗殺行徑反而使美國人忘卻了他所有的毛病。 The engine has given a constantly good performance．這臺發(fā)動機性能一直良好。 That’s a long story．You are getting me into deep water．Phil． 說來話長啊，你問到我難以啟齒的話題了，菲兒。 Arabs rub sh

15、oulders with the Jews and have been doing so since the earliest settlement of this territory． 阿拉伯人與猶太人比鄰而居，而且有人在此地定居以來一直如此。,通過具體化加以引申,The car in front of me stopped, and I missed the green.我前面的車停住了，我錯過了綠燈。 Perhaps the

16、 only trouble with copper is that it is not hard enough for some uses.就某些用途來說，銅的唯一缺點也許是硬度不夠。 Dobbin had been in the coffee room for an hour or more. He had tried all the papers but could not read them． 杜賓在咖啡室少說也待了一個鐘頭

17、。他翻遍了所有的報紙，可什么也沒看進去。,,The first step might be to bring about an efficacious UN presence in the area． 第一步也許應(yīng)該在該地區(qū)設(shè)立聯(lián)合國有效的辦事機構(gòu)。 Even when we reduce salt to a fine powder，it still tastes salty． 鹽搗成粉末仍是咸的。At 22，he had fi

18、rst learned what it is to a Negro． 22歲那年，他第一次嘗到了做黑人的滋味。(或“了解了黑人的境遇”),專有名詞普通化引申,I want to be TV’s Czar of script and grammar． 我真想成為電視這一行的霸主，所有節(jié)目我說了算。 Churchill，a bent Pickwick in blue uniform，looked up at him with maje

19、stic good humor… 邱吉爾身著藍裝，背有點駝，儼然一個好老頭，抬頭望著他(羅斯福)，顯得莊重而又親切，…… This summer vacation，I had a quixotic adventure on the railroad trip． 今年暑假我乘火車旅行，有一次匡扶正義，保護弱小之舉。,,詞義的褒貶Commendatory and derogatory words:,Many people think

20、that he is one of the most ambitious politicians of our times.很多人認為他是現(xiàn)今最有野心的政客之一。Although he is very young, he is very ambitious in his research work.他雖然很年輕，但是在研究工作中很有雄心壯志。They incited him to go into further investig

21、ation他們鼓勵他做進一步的調(diào)查。The plotters incited the soldiers to rise against their officers.陰謀家煽動士兵們造軍官的反。The enemy killed one of our comrades and we killed an enemy agent.敵人殺了我們一個同志，我們宰了一個敵特。An aggressive country is always

22、 ready to start a war.一個好侵略的國家總是準備挑起戰(zhàn)爭。An aggressive young man can go far in this firm.一個富有進取心的年輕人在這家公司前途無量。,,詞類轉(zhuǎn)譯法conversion,轉(zhuǎn)譯成動詞（名-動、介-動、形-動、副-動）轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成形容詞其他詞類轉(zhuǎn)譯,,轉(zhuǎn)譯成動詞,1、名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動詞 1）由動詞派生的名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動詞。 In China, t

23、here is a lot of emphasis on politeness.在中國，人們非常注重講禮貌。The operation of a machine needs some knowledge of its performance.操作機器需要懂得機器的一些性能。,2）含有動作意味的名詞往往可以轉(zhuǎn)譯成動詞。 The appearance of the book on the market caused a sensat

24、ion.這本書一上市就引起了轟動。A glance through his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and Lincoln Memorial.從他的辦公室窗口可以一眼看到華盛頓紀念碑和林肯紀念館的全景。A careful study of the original text will give you a better tr

25、anslation.仔細研究原文，你會翻譯得更好。 The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.看到我們的噴氣式飛機，聽見隆隆的轟鳴聲，我特別神往。,3）英語中有些加后綴-er的名詞。He is a good singer.他唱歌唱得好。He is no smoker, but his father is a chain-smoker

26、.他不抽煙，但他的父親卻是煙鬼。He was a regular visitor.（名詞）他以前經(jīng)常來。（動詞）Those small factories are also lavish consumer and waster of raw materials.那些小工廠也在極大的消耗和浪費原材料。,4）作為習語主體的名詞往往可以轉(zhuǎn)譯成動詞。They took a final look at the tower, still

27、 intact in the darkness. 他們最后看了塔一眼---它依舊安然無恙地聳立在黑暗中。The next news bulletin, shorter than usual, made no mention of the demonstration. 下一個新聞節(jié)目比通常短，沒有提到游行。Too much exposure to TV programs will do great harm to the eyes

28、ight of children. 孩子們過多地看電視會大大地損壞視力。You must be tired. Why don’t you take a rest?你一定很累了，為什么不休息一會呢?,Practice,1. Unfortunately, he was also a bit bossy, and he wasn't a very good listener. 2. Talking with his son,

29、the old man was the forgiver of the young man's past wrong doings. 3. A successful scientist must be a good observer. 4. In some cases, deserts are the creation of destruction of virgin forest.,,2、英語前置詞轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語動詞go

30、by bike 騎自行車去a present for Mary （送）給瑪麗的禮物a letter written in English 一封用英語寫的信This computer is of high sensibility.這臺計算機具有很高的靈敏度。The shaft turns about its axis.軸圍繞它的軸心轉(zhuǎn)動。I shall be with you in a few minutes. 我一

31、會兒就來陪你。 Colonel House was between the sheets by twelve.12點的時候，豪斯上校已經(jīng)睡在被窩里了。,The police are after you. 警察正在追捕你。 They went out after new mineral resources. 他們外出尋找新的礦源。 Jim was named after his father. 吉姆的名字是以他父親的名字而命

32、名的。 He is a man after my own heart. 他是一個合我心意的人。"Coming!" Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda and onto the porch. “來啦！” 她蹦蹦跳跳地穿過草地，跑上小徑，跨上臺階，經(jīng)過走廊，進了門廊。,Practice,1. T

33、he road to development is long but we are firmly on it. 2. It is our goal that the people in the undeveloped areas will be finally off poverty. 3.The company has advertised in the newspaper for electronic experts

34、. 4. The teacher entered into the classroom，book in hand. 5. Ivy Baker Priest, the treasurer of the United States, is from a poor miner family. 6. Your behavior was against the rules of the hospital.,,3、形容詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動詞If

35、we were ignorant of the structure of the atom, it would be impossible for us to study nuclear physics.如果我們不知道原子的結(jié)構(gòu)，我們就不可能研究核子物理學。The fact that she was able to send a message was a hint. But I had to be cautious.她能夠給我?guī)?/p>

36、個信兒這件事就是個暗示。但是我必須小心謹慎。They are quite content with the data obtained from the experiment.他們對于實驗中獲得的數(shù)據(jù)非常滿意。Scientists are confident that all matter is indestructible.科學家們都深信，所有的物質(zhì)都是不滅的。 Don’t be afraid of those who mi

37、ght have a better idea or who might even be smarter than you are.不要恐懼那些想法可能比你高明，或者頭腦可能比你更聰明的人。,4、副詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動詞She opened the window to let fresh air in.她把窗子打開，讓新鮮空氣進來。After careful investigation they found the design behin

38、d.經(jīng)過仔細研究之后，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)這個設(shè)計落后了。 What film will be on this evening?今晚放映什么影片？In those years the republicans were in.那些年是共和黨執(zhí)政。Double windows are fixed to keep the cold out.雙層窗是用來御寒的。,,轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞,1、名詞派生的動詞 To them, he personifie

39、d the absolute power.在他們看來，他就是絕對權(quán)威的化身。 The development of scientific research in China is characterized by the integration of theory with practice.中國科學研究發(fā)展的特點是理論聯(lián)系實際。2、有些英語被動式句子中的動詞，可以譯成“受(遭)到……+名詞”、“予(加)以+名詞”這類結(jié)構(gòu)。

40、He was treated very shabbily by the press during this period.在這期間，他受到了新聞界極不公正的對待。 Satellites, however, must be closely watched, for they are constantly being tugged at by the gravitational attraction of the sun, moon a

41、nd earth.由于經(jīng)常受到太陽、月亮和地球引力的影響，人們必須密切觀察衛(wèi)星活動。,Practice,1.The book did not impress me at all. 2. Harry aims to become a computer expert. 3. Your work is characterized by lack of attention to detail. 4. The machi

42、ne weighs about five hundred kilograms. 5. The youths always dream fondly of their future. 6. When light falls on certain things, it bounces back, which we say the light is reflected.,3、形容詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞 英語中有些形容詞加上定冠詞表示某一類

43、的人，漢譯時常譯成名詞。 They did their best to help the sick and the wounded.他們盡了最大的努力幫助病號和傷員。 Both compounds are acids, the former is strong and the latter is weak.兩種化合物都是酸。前者是強酸，后者是弱酸。 有時候根據(jù)情況，可以靈活處理，把有些形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換成名詞來翻譯。 He was

44、eloquent and elegant—but soft.他有口才、有風度，但性格軟弱?！is whole family were religious.他全家都是教徒。Obedience is obligatory on a soldier.服從命令是軍人的天職。They were considered insincere.他們被認為是偽君子。,轉(zhuǎn)譯成形容詞,1)名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯：The pallor of her face

45、 indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment.她蒼白的臉色清楚地表明了她當時的情緒。He talked for some time with Bundy, and his questions reflected the enormity of his doubts.他同邦迪談了一會兒，他提出的問題反映出他有很大的懷疑。I recognized the absurdity

46、 of dealing with them through intermediaries. 我認識到,通過中間人跟他們打交道是愚蠢的.,,2)名詞加不定冠詞作表語時，往往可以轉(zhuǎn)譯成形容詞：He is a stranger to the operation of the electronic computer.他對電子計算機的操作是陌生的。The blockade was a success.封鎖是成功的。3)副詞：由

47、于動詞變?yōu)槊~，原來修飾動詞的副詞相應(yīng)地變?yōu)樾稳菰~：In engineering, it is of great importance to state the laws and principles accurately.工程學方面，對定律和原理的正確敘述是非常重要的。The wide application of electronic computers affects tremendously the development

48、 of science and technology.電子計算機的廣泛應(yīng)用，對科學技術(shù)的發(fā)展有極大的影響。,,其他詞類轉(zhuǎn)譯,1)adj. & adv.He was in a clear minority.他顯然屬于少數(shù)。 He didn't succeed in ringing her up, for he dialed the wrong number. 他沒有給她打通電話,因為他撥錯了號碼. Can y

49、ou give an accurate translation of the sentence? 你能確切地把這句話譯出來嗎?,2)n. & adv.名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯為副詞：When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor.只要一發(fā)現(xiàn)有可能反對他的人，他就本能地要用他

50、的魅力和風趣將這人爭取過來。He had the kindness to show me the way. 他好意地給我指路。The new mayor earned some appreciation by the courtesy of coming to visit the city poor.新市長彬彬有禮地走訪了城市貧民，獲得了他們的一些好感。副詞轉(zhuǎn)譯為名詞：He is physically weak but me

51、ntally sound.他身體雖弱，但思想健康。He had the honor to attend the conference. 他榮幸地出席了這次會議.,增譯法Amplification,（1）Mary washes before meals．（2）Mary washes before going to bed．（3）Mary washes after getting up. （4）Mary washes for

52、a living．（5）Mary washes in a restaurant．瑪麗飯前洗手?，旣愃跋茨_。瑪麗起床后洗臉?，旣惪肯匆露热铡，旣愒陲埖晗赐搿?,根據(jù)意義上或修辭上的需要,1. 增加動詞2. 增加形容詞3. 增添必要的連接成分 4. 增加名詞5. 增加表示名詞復(fù)數(shù)的詞6. 增加表示時態(tài)的詞7. 增加語氣助詞8. 增加量詞9. 增加概括詞10．重復(fù)性增詞,增加動詞,1) Matter can

53、be changed into energy, and energy into matter. 物質(zhì)可以轉(zhuǎn)化為能量，能量也可以轉(zhuǎn)化為物質(zhì)。2) In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communiqué .

54、晚上在參加宴會、出席音樂會、觀看乒乓球表演以后，他還得起草最后公報。3）There were no speeches, no foreign diplomats，no “ordinary Chinese” with paper flags and banquets of flowers。 沒有發(fā)表講話，沒有各國外交官到場，也沒有“普通中國人”揮舞紙旗、花束歡迎的熱鬧場面。,4) Air pressure decreases with

55、 altitude. 氣壓隨海拔高度的增加而下降。5) They build roads, houses, bridges, ships, pipelines, and canals.他們修路、蓋房、架橋、造船、鋪管道、挖運河。6）Rostow was about to become，for lack of anyone or anything better，a very influential intellectual—the

56、 very wrong man at the wrong place with the wrong idea。 因為找不到比他更合適的人，也沒有更好的辦法，于是，羅斯托就要成為一個很有影響的知識分子，這真是在錯誤的地方任用錯誤的人去實行他的錯誤主張。,,增加形容詞,1）With what enthusiasm the Chinese people are building socialism。 中國人民正在以多么高的熱情建

57、設(shè)社會主義??！ 2）The plane twisted under me，trailing flame and smoke。 （敵人的）飛機在下面螺旋下降，拖著濃煙烈焰掉了下去。,,增添必要的連接成分,1) Heated, water will change into vapor.水如受熱，就會汽化。2) Since air has weight, it exerts force on any object immerse

58、d in it.因為空氣具有重量，所以處在空氣中的任一物體都會受到空氣的作用力。3）In the films of those days，all too often it was the same one：boy tractor driver meets girls tractor driver；they fall in love and drive tractor together。 那時的電影情節(jié)總是老一套：男拖拉機手和女

59、拖拉機手先是相遇，然后相愛，最后就肩并肩開拖拉機了。,,增加名詞,在不及物動詞后面增加名詞 ：1）Mary washed for a living after her husband died of acute pneumonia?，旣愒谡煞蚧技毙苑窝兹ナ篮?，靠洗衣維持生活。2）Day after day he came to his work—sweeping，scrubbing，cleaning。 他日復(fù)一日地干著這些活—

60、—掃地，擦地板，收拾房間。3）First you borrow，then you beg。 頭一遭借錢，下一遭就討飯。,在形容詞前增加名詞 ：1）This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine。這部打字機真是價廉物美。2）A new kind of aircraft—small，cheap，pilotless—is attracting increasing attention。一種新

61、型的飛機正越來越引起人們的注意——這種飛機體積不大，價錢便宜，無人駕駛。3）These early cars were slow, clumsy, and inefficient.早期的汽車速度緩慢，行動笨拙，效率不高。,,1）After all preparations were made ，the planes were flown across the United States to San Francisco.

62、一切準備工作就緒以后，飛機就飛越美國去舊金山。2) In the summer of 1969, the Administration urged an easing of tensions with China.一九六九年夏天，當局極力主張緩和與中國的緊張關(guān)系。3) Oxidation will make iron and steel rusty.氧化作用會使鋼鐵生銹。4) Recourse to arms is not t

63、he best solution to a quarrel between countries.國與國之間的爭端訴諸武力，并不是最好的解決方法。,在抽象名詞后增加名詞,persuasion 說服工作backwardness 落后狀態(tài)tension 緊張狀況arrogance 自滿情緒madness 瘋狂行為antago

64、nism 敵對態(tài)度,1）Tess is queer. 苔絲脾氣古怪。2）He felt the patriot rise within his breast。他感到一種愛國熱情在胸中激蕩。3）He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge，and declared his own son guilty。他作為法官的責任感戰(zhàn)勝父子私情，而判決他兒子有罪。,

65、,在具體名詞后增加名詞：,增加表示名詞復(fù)數(shù)的詞,增加重疊詞表示復(fù)數(shù)：1）Flowers bloom all over the yard. 朵朵鮮花開滿了庭院。2) Newsmen went flying off to Mexico. 記者紛紛飛到墨西哥去了。3) There were rows of houses which he had never seen before. 一排排的房子都是他從來沒有見過的。4）F

66、ogs hide the mountain peaks. 云霧遮蔽了重重峰巒。5）I saw bubbles rising from under the water. 我看到一個個氣泡從水底升起。6) He stretched his legs which were scattered with scars. 他伸出雙腿，露出腿上的道道傷痕。,增加數(shù)詞或其它詞表示復(fù)數(shù) ：1) The lion is the king of

67、animals. 獅是百獸之王。2）The very earth trembled as with the tramps of horses and murmur of angry men. 連大地都震動了，仿佛萬馬奔騰，千夫怒吼。3) Most were absorbed into the Russian empire through colonial expansion under the Tsars.

68、大部分是在歷代沙皇統(tǒng)治下，通過殖民擴張而并入俄羅斯帝國的。,,增加表示時態(tài)的詞,對某種時間概念作強調(diào)時，往往要加一些詞。 1）Britain’s railway system is being improved. 英國的鐵路系統(tǒng)正日益完善。2）The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him.老頭兒教會了孩子捕魚， 所以孩子很愛他。強調(diào)時間上的對比時，往往

69、需要加一些詞。1 ) I had never thought I would be happy to find myself considered unimportant. But this time I was. 以往我從未想過，當我發(fā)覺人們認為我無足輕重時，我會感到高興。但這次情況確實如此。2 ) The high-altitude plane was and still is a remarkable bird。這種高空飛

70、機過去是現(xiàn)在仍是一種了不起的飛機。,增加語氣助詞,1）Don’t take it seriously. I’m just making fun of you. 不要認真嘛！我不過開開玩笑罷了。2) As for me, I didn’t agree from the very beginning. 我呀，從一開始就不贊成。3) They (the eyes) were the same color as the sea.