unit 3 詞語選擇、引申與褒貶

1、Unit 3 詞語選擇、引申及褒貶 The Extended and Affactive Meaning of Words,“Good” 與“好的”,Yet, as it sometimes happens that a person departs his life, who is really deserving of the praises the stonecutter carves over his bones; who

2、 is a good Christian, a good parent, a good child, a good wife or a good husband; who actually does have a disconsolate family to mourn his loss. --------------(W.M. Thackeray,Vanity Fair),不過偶爾也有幾個死人當(dāng)?shù)闷鹗晨淘谒麄冃喙?/p>

3、上的好話，真的是虔誠的教徒，慈愛的父母，孝順的兒女，賢良的妻子，盡職的丈夫，他們家里的人也的確哀思綿綿地追悼他們 -----（W.M.薩克雷《名利場》，楊必譯,Diction means the proper choice of words and phrases in translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original. A noted lin

4、guist said, “the meaning of a word is its use in the language and each word, when used in a new context, is a new word.,Story,1) The play is really a love story.2) This war is becoming the most important story of this g

5、eneration.3) Some reporters who were not included in the meeting broke the story.4) The story about him became smaller and by and by faded out from the American TV.,5) Don’t tell stories again, Tom. I don’t believe you

6、r stories.6) It is quite another story now.(故事，事件，內(nèi)情，報道，謊言，情況）,A word in different collocations or context.Example:Like charges repel; unlike charges attract.相同的電荷相斥，不同的電荷相吸。He likes mathematics more than Englis

7、h. 他喜歡數(shù)學(xué)勝于喜歡英語。Like knows like.英雄識英雄。The two pictures are very like. Like attracts like. 物以類聚。Like cures like.以毒攻毒。Like for like. 以牙還牙。,1. Correspondence at word level,(1)   word-for-word correspondence

8、 eg. Marxism 馬克思主義 激光 laser aspirin 阿斯匹林(2)   one---multiple equivalents of the same meaning wife: 妻子，愛人，夫人，老婆，老伴，媳婦，堂客，內(nèi)人，賤內(nèi) potato: 馬鈴薯，洋芋，土豆、山藥蛋,人：human being, man, people, person,

9、---犬：dog, hound, pointer (獵犬) , puppy3） one word----several equivalents of different meaningscousin: 堂兄，堂弟，表姐，表妹，堂姐，堂妹---president：總統(tǒng)，總裁，主席，董事長，會長，校長，院長，---carry, 搬，運，提，拎，挑，擔(dān)，摟，抱，舉，端，夾---,笑：smile, giggle(傻笑), l

10、augh, ridicule, deride, guffaw (laugh very loudly)走：walk, saunter, stride, trudge, amble（4）words without equivalents陰: the soft inactive female principle or force in the world,teenagersclock-watcher: 老是看鐘等下班的人alibi

11、: 不在犯罪現(xiàn)場的證據(jù)Yellow publications: 品位較低的出版物 pornography,2. Choice of the meanings,1) Judging from the part of speech:A. “round”There are several round tables in the dinning-room. (adj. 圓的)Come round and see me tomorrow

12、. (adv. 到某處)He had a tour round the world. (prep.在---周圍)She rounded up the boys. (v. 集合),One more example:,B. “but”He knows some methods but he doesn’t know how to apply them. （連詞，但是）There are no buts about it.（

13、名詞）The word occurs in the last line but one. （介詞，除去）There was not a single person there but was moved to tears（關(guān)系代詞，who not）,judging from the context,A. Verbal context:Eg. We hope Mr. White will not forget himself,

14、gone are the days when a representative of a large country in UN may do whatever he likes. We hope that our most respected Secretary General will not forget himself, his poor health is known to everybody.(忘乎所以；過于操勞，忘我

15、工作),B. PlaceThe boy is drawing a cart. It’s time to go aboard.C. timeHis son went to London last autumn.D. topic： Shuttle; carrierE. code (語碼：話語所使用的語言變體）First floor (En, 二樓； Am， 一樓）Are you through? (En 接通了嗎； Am，打

16、完了嗎）F. medium ( 交際方式）He wrote a letter to his friend.Premier Wen wrote a letter to American President.,3) Judging from collocation,Delicate skinDelicate childDelicate vaseDelicate differenceDelicate sense of smell

17、Delicate food,嬌嫩的皮膚,容易生病的小孩,容易碰碎的花瓶,微妙的差別,靈敏的嗅覺,美味的食物,Continued)Heavy weather; heavy cropsHeavy fogheavy trafficHeavy artilleryheavy soilHeavy skyheavy bombardmentHeavy stormheavy newsHeavy roadhe

18、avy fireHeavy heartheavy foodheavy handheavy smokersHeavy applauseheavy lookHeavy tongueheavy fightingHeavy rain/snowheavy drinkingHeavy marketheavy money,continued,He is the last man to come.He

19、is the last man to do it.He is the last person for such a job.He should be the last to blame.He is the last man to consult.This is the last place where I expected to meet you.This is a question of the last import

20、ance.,最不配,絕對不會,最后一個,怎么也不該,根本不宜,非常重要,怎么也沒想到,Ambivalent words 對立詞,Please pay attention to some ambivalent words:Fireman CleaveOverhearOverlookAmbition王寅，《語義理論與語言教學(xué)》，（2001：251），上海外語教育出版社。,消防員；火夫,劈開；粘住,偷聽；偶然聽到,細(xì)看；不看,抱

21、負(fù)；野心,exercise,There stands a house on the hill. The cups stand on the top shelf.The room stands idle. The house always has water standing in the backyard. That library will stand into the next century.He stands fir

22、st in his class.They stand opposed to this act.She stood as the party’s candidate in the election. You should check your answers again and again before you hand in your paper. I have not checked my luggage yet.Mr. P

23、orter did not check in until yesterday. The guest must check out of the room before noon.,3. 引申,A．詞義的引申

24、 It

25、is regrettable that our appeal remains a dead letter. 遺憾的是，我們的呼吁沒有得到響應(yīng)。(1)    具體含義的引申(generalization)They have their smiles and tears. Every life has its roses and thorns. During the war, he was an e

26、mbryo surgeon, and joined the mobile medical team.I was not one to let my heart rule my head. There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists.,歡樂與悲哀,有苦又有甜,胚胎---初出茅廬的,情感—理智,殘暴—狡猾,動物的隱喻性意

27、義： 由于人們對日常生活中常見的動物比較熟悉和了解，語言中用動物來作隱喻的例子很多。猴子：豬：貓：狗：狐貍：虎：母老虎：孔雀：,精明；靈活；瘦小,笨；懶惰；貪吃；臟；,輕手輕腳；嘴饞,奴性；兇惡；走狗，狗頭軍師；狼心狗肺；狗東西,狡猾,兇狠；有生氣；虎視眈眈；龍騰虎躍；,霸道；兇；無理,美麗、驕傲,(2)抽象概念的引申(specification)A nice enough young fellow,

28、you understand, but nothing upstairs. （腦子里是一張白紙）The Iraqi War makes all the international morality or international laws become impossible.（失去作用）There are three steps which must be taken before we graduate from the i

29、ntegrated circuit technology. （完全掌握）The Great Wall is a must for most foreign visitors to Beijing.必不可少的參觀游覽項目,B. 比喻的引申: 如果英語的比喻在內(nèi)容、形式、形象上與漢語相近似，可以相互借用，不用引申。如：The man is as stubborn as a mule. 犟得像頭牛。I am only

30、a small potato in this office. 小人物Don’t put your finger into another’s pie. 別管他人閑事。,漢語中沒有相似的比喻，需要引申：Last night, I heard him driving his pigs to market. She is as busy as a bee recently.（特別忙）Old Mr. Jones

31、kicked the bucket last week.（嗚呼哀哉）Don’t cross the bridge before you get to it.（不必?fù)?dān)心太早）,C. 典故的引申：希臘神話She is as fair as Helen. 她是個絕世美人。In spite of the Herculian efforts made by the enemy, the plot ended in a fiasco.

32、 盡管敵人費了九牛二虎之力，其陰謀卻以失敗告終。 (靳梅琳，P96, 《英漢翻譯概要》),,希臘神話中眾神之父：--宙斯 在希臘人看來，最初的宇宙是一片混沌，然后有了天地之分。地母蓋婭是眾神和萬物之源，她生了天神烏拉諾斯，天神和地母結(jié)合再生眾神及萬物。第一代主宰烏拉諾斯被自己的兒子克洛諾斯閹割了，克洛諾斯與自己的妹妹瑞亞結(jié)合（這可能是最早的族內(nèi)通婚時期的印記）生下了6兒6女，宙斯是他們最小的兒子?？寺逯Z斯害怕自

33、己也像父親一樣被兒子閹割推翻，決定吞食自己所有的子女，瑞亞生一個他就吃一個。當(dāng)宙斯出生時，瑞亞瞞過丈夫，只身逃到克里特島上，生下了宙斯。,（續(xù)）宙斯長大以后，把那些受到父親壓制的天神組織起來，推翻了克洛諾斯的統(tǒng)治，救出那些已被吞食的兄弟姐妹，建立新的神界秩序，自立為神界無上主宰。希臘人所信奉的新神就是從宙斯開始的。宙斯建立以他為首的奧林帕斯山諸神的統(tǒng)治，奧林帕斯山成為希臘城邦宗教信仰和活動的核心。葉孟理，《歐洲文明的源頭——古希臘

34、、羅馬文明》，北京：華夏出版社，2000。,Helen— (Greek Myth)—daughter of Zeus. Her matchless beauty and charms drew towards to her many heroes from all parts of Greece. She was the wife of Menelaus, King of Sparta. She eloped with Paris an

35、d thus the most beautiful woman of the world at the time kindled the flame of the Trojan War and brought utter destruction on the city of Troy. She has been considered the type of female beauty.,Hercule----the strongest

36、and the most famous Greek hero. He was the son of Zeus and Alcmene. He was a hero of superhuman physical strength. He is represented as brawny, muscular, short-necked, and of huge proportions. In a fit of madness, he sle

37、w his wife and children, and as penance, he was ordered by Apollo to serve for 12 years of the Argive king who imposed upon him 12 tasks of great difficulty and danger. He was famous for his great strength and for the ha

38、rd tasks he performed.,,He does a lot of good jobs and is considered to be the salt of the world.鹽是飲食中不可缺少的調(diào)味品，人體若缺鹽，健康就會受到影響，出現(xiàn)種種疾病。鹽還有殺菌、解毒、消炎、除污等多種功用，它既是“百藥之王”，又是工業(yè)之母，確是值得珍視的東西。在許多民族的習(xí)俗匯總，鹽被當(dāng)作敬客的高貴禮品。,The Salt of the

39、 Earth一詞出自《圣經(jīng)》，據(jù)《新約。馬太福音》（Matthew）第5篇記載：耶穌對他的門徒說:“Ye are the salt of the earth:but if the salt have lost his savor, wherewith shall it be salted? ” 在這里，salt用于轉(zhuǎn)義，表示flavor；of the earth即of the world。這是耶穌登山垂訓(xùn)論“福”，所講福音結(jié)尾的話，他把

40、門徒比做“世上的鹽”，這是極高的稱贊。這句話在后世不斷引用變成了一個典故性成語，轉(zhuǎn)義為the most valuable members of society;the finest type of humanity;a person or a group of people having the best character 之意 。,4.詞義的褒貶(the affective meaning) 語言本身雖沒有階級性，但在具體使用

41、時不可能不為一定的階級服務(wù)。為了忠實于原文的思想內(nèi)容，翻譯時必須正確理解原作者的基本政治立場和觀點，然后選用適當(dāng)?shù)恼Z言手段來加以表達(dá)。encourage: 鼓勵、慫恿，be enchanted: 極為喜歡、被盅惑make every effort 盡一切努力、挖空心思,(1). 英語中有些詞本身就有褒貶意義，漢譯時就應(yīng)相應(yīng)地表達(dá)出來，如：1) He was a man of high renown .

42、他是位有名望的人。（褒）2) As a demanding boss, he excepted total loyalty and dedication from his employees. 他是個苛刻的老板，要求手下的人對他忠心耿耿，鞠躬盡 瘁。（貶）,3) Those who do not remember the past are condemned to relive it.凡是忘掉過去的人注定要重蹈

43、覆轍。（貶）4）"He was polite and always gave advice willingly," she recalled. 她回憶說，“他彬彬有禮，總是誨人不倦?！保ò?(2). 根據(jù)上下文來確定其褒貶意義,5）The adoption of new policies will surely lead to some striking results. 采取各項新政策必將帶來顯著成

44、果。6) There would have been more painful result but for the drastic measures. 若不是采取了嚴(yán)厲措施，那將會出現(xiàn)的更痛苦的后果,請翻譯如下六個句子：The enemy’s scheme went bankrupt. We have mapped out a nice scheme.　They incited him to go into furthe

45、r investigation. The soldier was shot for inciting his comrades to rise against their officers. It is the champion of the colonial regime and of apartheid. Mr. Smith has stepped into the vintage year.,ＨＯＭＥＷＯＲＫ,1. His

46、achievement in his study was the envy of all his classmates. 2. They say such scandalous things about you out of envy. 3. London is a city invaded by tourists. 4. Guangzhou boasts an enormous airport. 5. He had l

47、ied to me and made me the tool of his wicked deeds.,6. John’s father sent him to the university and was eager to have him distinguish himself. 7. His plane developed engine trouble only seven miles after takeoff. 8.

48、Modern aircraft are so heavy that the wings must develop a very large lift force in order to sustain the aircraft. 9. Inspired by these ideas, in 1752 Franklin developed a practical lightning rod. 10. Most of the mon

49、ey came from selling the secret of a new type of potato he had developed.,11. Unfortunately, he developed tuberculosis. 12. In Sichuan, people are developing the rich resources which can make them rich. 13. It was a gi

50、rl with good manners.14. These were all labeled as good eggs.15. Dogs are often regarded as man’s good friends. 16. He was told, when complaining that he could not follow Nasser’s moves, that Nasser was a good chess p

51、layer.,17. yet, as it sometimes happens that a person departs his life, who is really deserving of the praises the stone-cutter carves over his bones; who is a good Christian, a good parent, a good child, a good wife or

52、 a good husband; who actually does have a disconsolate family to mourn his loss; …(W. M. Thackeray, Vanity Fair) ……,18. The prospect is for more and more undernourishment, progressive deterioration of the environment an