哈里伯頓-水平井增產(chǎn)措施-surgifrac presentation - 中文

1、SurgiFracSM(Surgical Fracturing外科手術(shù)一樣的壓裂)外部壓裂Horizontal Well Stimulation水平井增產(chǎn)措施,Outline,What is Surgifrac? —什么是Surgifrac ？Challenges of Horizontal fracturing—水平壓裂的挑戰(zhàn)Overview of Technology - How it works—技術(shù)概述-工作流程

2、Case Histories – Proof that it works—實(shí)例-證明其作用Questions—問題,SurgiFrac – What is it ?什么是分段壓裂？,A patented method to accurately place many fractures in a well (horizontal or vertical) often without required mechanical seals

3、(packers)—在井內(nèi)進(jìn)行精確壓裂的專利方法（水平或垂直）通常不要求機(jī)械密封（封隔器）Sealing done dynamically using velocity (Bernoulli)—?jiǎng)恿γ芊庥盟俣萒he only method usable in Pre-perforated liners—唯一可用于射孔前尾管的壓裂方法All perforations communicate to the fracture—所有射孔通

4、道和和壓裂裂縫相連,Proppant or acid fracs—支撐劑或酸化壓裂Coiled Tubing or Jointed Pipe—連續(xù)油管或連接管Instantaneous downhole fluid concentration modification from surface即時(shí)從地面改變濃度Multiple Fracs in Multilaterals—多底井中多次壓裂,Common Assumption Ass

5、ociated with Horizontal Completions: 與水平完井作業(yè)相關(guān)聯(lián)的假定,,“Completing with long horizontal laterals will avoid the need for expensive stimulation treatments…”—水平井有長的水平井段可免除昂貴的增產(chǎn)措施…,or“In open hole horizontals, current fract

6、uring technology is too expensive or has very limited effectiveness…”—在裸眼水平井中，現(xiàn)時(shí)壓裂技術(shù)太昂貴或作用很有限…,Challenges挑戰(zhàn),Damage Removal移除損害Vertical Permeability垂直滲透性Depletion能量損失程度Complexity/Risk復(fù)雜性/風(fēng)險(xiǎn)Cost費(fèi)用,1600 max,Typical Impl

7、ementations典型實(shí)施,Multi-Lateral,Idealistic Concept of Result for Longitudinal Hydraulic Fractures (Along Wellbore Axis)縱向液壓壓裂結(jié)果的理想概念（井眼軸同平行）,Idealistic Concept of Result for Transverse Hydraulic Fractures (Perpendicular

8、to Wellbore)橫向液壓壓裂結(jié)果的理想概念（與井眼垂直）,This is What You Want這是你想要的,Most Common Result for Openhole Hydraulic Fracturing—最常用裸眼井液壓壓裂,Transverse Hydraulic Fractures(Perpendicular to Wellbore)橫向液壓壓裂（與井眼垂直）,,,,,Time時(shí)間,,Wellbore

9、Pressure井眼壓力,,,Pump Rate泵級,Prop Conc.,,,,,,Frac BH Pressure Behavior—壓裂BH壓力性能,,Conventional Frac Initiation Pressure Response常規(guī)壓裂初始壓力反應(yīng),,Six SurgiFrac Waterfracs performed consecutively for an Openhole Chart horizonta

10、l well bore—裸眼井水平井眼六種連續(xù)外部水力壓裂,0.72 psi/ft,0.98 psi/ft,Fracture Initiation Pressure & Stress壓裂初始壓力-應(yīng)力,,,,,,Creation of Longitudinal and Dominant Transverse Fractures徑度增長和顯性橫向壓裂,,2 holes2 diam,2 holes4 diam,Multipl

11、e holes多眼10 diam,1 hole,2 holes1 diam,Observed Breakdown Pressures觀測破裂壓力,Horizontal Well Test Conclusions:—水平井測試結(jié)論It is easier to initiate Longitudinal Fractures—更容易啟動(dòng)縱向裂縫This leads to complex paths from the wellbor

12、e to the dominant transverse fracture perpendicular to minimum horizontal stress—這會導(dǎo)致復(fù)雜的壓裂通道，從井眼到主要橫向裂縫，垂直于最小水平應(yīng)力的方向。,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Dominant Transverse Frac主要橫向裂縫,Short, Longitudinal Fracs短縱向裂縫,High-Rate Unce

13、mented Liner —高流量未固井的尾管(Ported Sub - Limited Entry),High-Rate Waterfracs -- Open Hole高速水力壓裂—裸眼井,Barnett Shale Horizontal - Map View巴尼特頁巖水平線-地圖,All Stages,,Barnett Shale Horizontal - Side View巴尼特頁巖水平線- 側(cè)視圖,All Stages,

14、Cemented Liner固井的尾管,Run Liner 下尾管Cement Liner 固井尾管TCP Perforate TCP射孔Frac 壓裂Bridge Plug 橋塞Repeat perforate-frac-BP 重復(fù)射孔－壓裂－橋塞 Drill-out BP’s 鉆橋塞Produce Well 投產(chǎn),$$$$$$,What If We Could….我們能做的……,Place fractures whe

15、re we want 在需要壓裂處進(jìn)行壓裂Initiate fractures into a specific direction 在特殊方向產(chǎn)生裂縫Place as many fractures as desired 盡量造多的裂縫Place fractures without the need of mechanical isolation devices such as packers or bridge plugs 壓裂無

16、須使用機(jī)械隔離裝置如封隔器或橋塞… and even use different fluid systems in one well at the same time 在一口井內(nèi)同時(shí)使用多種流體系統(tǒng),SurgiFrac,,SurgiFrac Mechanics外部壓裂力學(xué),,,,,,,,,,,6,500 psi,7,000 psi,,,Tubing Rate (a function of # of Jets)油管級別,,,Berno

17、ulli’sequation:v2/2 + p/? = C,Annulus Rate 環(huán)空速度(a function of Leakoff),50,000 HHP,How SurgiFrac Works...外部壓裂工作流程,Jet places perforation tunnels in the frac plane 射流將射孔隧道置于壓裂平面Stagnation pressure plus annulus pressur

18、e creates the fracture 穩(wěn)定的地面壓力加環(huán)空壓力產(chǎn)生裂縫Boost pressure plus annulus pressure extends the fracture 增壓加環(huán)空壓力增大裂縫Bernoulli effect maintains fracture entry point to have the lowest pressure in the well bore 伯努利作用保持住壓裂入口點(diǎn)以在最低

19、壓力井眼Annular flow supplements frac growth 環(huán)空增大流量加大裂縫增長,,Hydra-Jet Perforating 液壓噴射射孔,Hydra-Jetting Perforations 射流射孔,Eroded Perf Tunnels 受沖蝕射孔隧道Reduced Near-Wellbore Fracture Entry Issues 減小的井眼附近的裂縫入口High Concentration

20、 of Proppant at the Perforations 高度集中的射孔孔道Reduced Proppant Flowback 減小的支撐劑回流,,,Schematic of Jet Stream in a Hydra-jetted Perforation Tunnel 射孔中噴流圖示,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Jet Stream Divergence and Full Returns噴流散度和無漏失回流,,,

21、,,10 “,Penetration vs TimeFull Returns射孔－時(shí)間無漏失回流,SPE 421Abrasives Velocities, Full Returns SPE421,SPE – August,1960Threshold Erosion VelocitiesSPE—1960年八月 沖蝕速度,Schematic of Jet Stream in a Hydra-jetted Perforation T

22、unnel with Induced Fracture水力壓裂誘導(dǎo)的裂縫噴流射孔圖解,,,,,,,6 ft,Penetration 孔道長度(Erosion)沖蝕Distance 距離Full,全部Partial, 部分&No Returns 無回返A(chǔ)PI 906-5-NMarch 1960,Jetting into a Fracture,,,Laboratory Evidence of Fracturing u

23、sing SurgiFrac 分段壓裂實(shí)驗(yàn)室數(shù)據(jù),FRACTURE,,SurgiFrac Concept – Phase 1 分段壓裂概念-第一階段,StartJetting,Pump DownAnnulus泵送環(huán)空,,,SurgiFrac Concept – Phase 2 分段壓裂概念-第二階段,Sand pill hitsand creates cavity,Annulus pressure is ~200 psi

24、below FIP,,,SurgiFrac Concept – Phase 3 分段壓裂概念-第三階段,Initially, jettingfluid back flushesinto annulus,Pressure onbottom of cavity Increases孔底部壓力上升,,,SurgiFrac Concept – Phase 4 分段壓裂概念-第四階段,Fluid becomes trappedcau

25、sing pressureto exceed FIP,Pressure onbottom of cavity increases even more,,,SurgiFrac Concept – Phase 5 分段壓裂概念-第五階段,Annular Fluid is“pulled” intocavity by jet,Fracturestarts toinitiate; fluidcan enter formati

26、on,,,,,SurgiFrac Concept – Phase 6 分段壓裂概念-第六階段,Annular fluidcontinues to be “pulled” intocavity by jet,Highest pressure location,Fracturecontinues toextend,,,,,Kinetic & Potential Energy 動(dòng)力學(xué)-潛在能量,Furthermore,

27、Bernoulli assumed that provided the liquid was ideal and incompressible, then at any two points along a tube, the sum of these three forms of energy is constant. Mathematically, we can state this as, 此外，伯努利假定液體是理想的不可壓縮的，

28、在油管的任兩點(diǎn)三種形式的能量是不變的。從數(shù)學(xué)角度看我們可以把它看作，An important consequence of this Bernoulli equation is the experimental observation made by Bernoulli that the pressure in a flowing liquid is least where the speed of flow is great

29、est.伯努利方程的一種重要結(jié)論就是伯努利通過實(shí)驗(yàn)觀察得出流動(dòng)速度最快的地方流體壓力最小。,Velocity & Pressure 速率-壓力,To summarize Bernoulli‘s equation, which applies to liquids and gases, we can state that where the velocity of a fluid is high, the pressure is

30、 low and where the velocity is low, the pressure is high. 總結(jié)針對液體和氣體的伯努利方程，我們可得出流體速度快的地方壓力低，流體速度慢的地方壓力高。,Jet Pump Technology 射流泵技術(shù),The art of transforming kinetic energy of one fluid stream to a pressure energy of a mixtu

31、re of two or more fluid streams 將一種液體流的動(dòng)能轉(zhuǎn)成兩種或更多液體流的壓力能的技術(shù)Boost pressure: The incremental pressure increase achieved by the low energy fluid 加壓：低能量流體使壓力增量增高Used in artificial lift, mixing systems 用于人工舉升，混合系統(tǒng),,Well Site

32、 Equipment 井場設(shè)備,Possible SurgiFrac Completions外部壓裂完井可能性,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Sandstone砂巖,,,,show of hydrocarbon碳?xì)浠衔?,,Limestone石灰?guī)r,Surface & BHA Equipment 地面-BHA 設(shè)備,SurgiFrac Tool壓裂工具,Ball sub球座接頭,Hydrill,,S

33、lick Water注入水,BOP’s --- Pipe RAM’s防噴器,Cross-Linked Prop-Laden Fluid or Acid,Wellhead and BHA 井口和BHA,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Upper Ball sub上球座接頭,,,Well Control 井控,Fig. 1. BOP Assembly,Fig. 2. Bladder type BOP,Fi

34、g 3. Stripper Rubber,Tubing back pressure valve油管回壓閥,,Uses high pressure jetting to force fluid into the wellbore walls. 高壓射流迫使流體進(jìn)入井眼。Primarily for coil tubing use, since continuous pipe movement is expected (about 3-1

35、0 ft/min) 起初用連續(xù)油管應(yīng)用，因?yàn)橛凸芤粩噙\(yùn)動(dòng)（約3-10FT/分）Annulus is pressurized at pressure gradient of 0.55 . 環(huán)空壓力打壓梯度為0.55 Jetting fluid is acid, mixed with foaming agents 射流流體為與發(fā)泡劑混合的酸Annular fluid is (and not limited to) gaseous f

36、luids, e.g. CO2, N2, foams, and binary foams 環(huán)空流體（不受限）是氣態(tài)流體，如CO2, N2, 泡沫和二元泡沫Fluids mixes into a homogeneous foam 流體與泡沫均質(zhì)混合Small, microfractures created 小的微觀破裂出現(xiàn)Acid penetrates surface and creates wormholing 酸穿透地面產(chǎn)生酸蝕

37、孔洞,SurgiFrac NWB 分段壓裂NWB,Conclusions 結(jié)論,Place fractures where we want 在需要壓裂處壓裂Capable of using different fluid systems in one well at the same time 在一口井內(nèi)同時(shí)使用多種流體系統(tǒng)Place as many fractures as desired 盡可能多壓裂Can sometimes

38、 reduce fracturing cost 有時(shí)可減少壓裂費(fèi)用Place fractures without the need of mechanical isolation devices such as packers or bridge plugs 壓裂無須機(jī)械隔離裝置如封隔器或橋塞,Equals 等于,Increased Production 增產(chǎn)Optimized Reservoir Recovery 優(yōu)化油層采收