生理學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)題大題英文版humanphysiologyquestions_第1頁
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1、1.ImptanceofHomeostasis1).Itcanmaintainthecompositionofthebodyinfairlystrictlimits.(ionconcentrationspHbloodgassesT℃etc).2).Itresultsinnmalfunctions.2.HowisthehomeostasisachievedThisisdonebyseveralregulationmechanisms，pa

2、rticularlythefeedbackcontrol.3.3patternsofregulation:NervousRegulation（神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)（神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié))HmonalRegulation（體液調(diào)節(jié)）（體液調(diào)節(jié)）Autegulation（自身調(diào)節(jié)）（自身調(diào)節(jié)）4.NervousRegulationacteristics:①Itresponsesfast.②Itactsexactly.③Durationissht.5.HmonalR

3、egulationacteristics:①Itresponsesslowly.②Itactsextensively.③Itlastsflongtime.6.Autoregulationacteristics:①Amplitudeofitseffectissmallerthanothertwotypes.②Extensionofitseffectissmallerthanothertwotypes.Role:onlyasupplemen

4、ttotheactionsofothertwotypesofregulations.7.NegativefeedbackSignificance:Reverseeffectofiginalstimulus.Preventsmallchangesfrombecomingtoolarge.Helpmaintainhomeostasis.Thisisthemostcommonimptantcontrolmechanisminthebody.8

5、.PositivefeedbackSignificance:amplifychangesresponseenhancereinfceactionofiginalstimulussoastopromoteanactivitytofinish.sometimeusefulButsometimeitisknownasviciouscycle（惡性循環(huán)）becauseitcanleadtoinstabilityevendeath!9.Inter

6、actionbetweentwotypesoffeedbackNmallythenegativefeedbackcanovercomethepositivefeedbackthusaviciouscirclefailstodevelop.10.FeedFwardControlSignificanceItmakeshumanbodytofeseeadapttheenvironmentpromptlyexactly.anadaptiveco

7、ntrol11.SummaryofControlofBodyFunction①Homeostasisiskeptbyfeedbackcontrol.②Negativefeedbackminimizesthechanges，leadingtostability.③Positivefeedbackdoesnotfavstability.Butitcanpromoteactivityuseful.?Themagnitudeofconcentr

8、ationgradient.–Drivingfceofdiffusion.?Permeabilityofthemembrane.–Lipidsolubility.–Molecularweight–ged?Temperature.–Highertemperaturefasterdiffusionrate.?Surfaceareaofthemembrane.–Microvilliincreasesurfacearea.20.Facilita

9、tedDiffusion[Mechanism]1.bychannelprotein2.bycarrierprotein[Types]A.FacilitateddiffusionviacarrierB.FacilitateddiffusionviachannelFacilitatedDiffusionviaCarrier[Definition]diffusioncarriedoutbycarrierprotein.[Substances]

10、glucoseaminoacid.[Mechanism]a“ferry”“shuttling”process.[acteristics]①Downconcentrationgradient②Chemicalspecificity③Saturation④CompetitiveinhibitionFacilitatedDiffusionviaChannel[Substances]ions:NaKCa2Cl[Definition]diffus

11、ioncarriedoutbychannelproteinChannelalsocalledionchannelchannelproteinsItisoneoftheintegralproteinswithaqueouspethroughwhichionscanflowinout.gateaqueouspathwayaqueouspe[acteristicsofthechannel]1)Ionicivity:ionchannelareo

12、ftenivelypermeabletocertainsubstancesNachannelKchannelCa2channelClchannel2)Gatingchannel:manyofthechannelscanbeopenedclosedbygatesVoltagegatedchannelThemolecularconfmationofthegaterespondstotheelectricalpotentialacrossth

13、ecellmembranethistypeofchanneliscalledvoltagegated(dependent)channel.ChemicallygatedchannelSomeproteinchannelgatesareopenedbythebindingofanothermoleculewiththeproteinthiscausesaconfmationalchangeintheproteinmoleculethato

14、pensclosesthegate.Thistypeofchanneliscalledchemicallygated(dependent)channelMechanicallygatedchannelSomeproteinchannelgatesmaybeopenedbythemechanicaldefmationofthecellmembrane.Thistypeofchanneliscalledmechanicallygatedch

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