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1、,Gulliver’s travels,Jonathan Swift,Jonathan Swift,Jonathan Swift (30 November 1667 – 19 October 1745) was an Anglo-Irish1 satirist, essayist, political pamphleteer (first for the Whigs, then for the Tories), poet and cle

2、ric who became Dean of St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin.2He is remembered for works such as Gulliver's Travels, A Modest Proposal, A Journal to Stella, Drapier's Letters, The Battle of the Books, An Argument A

3、gainst Abolishing Christianity, and A Tale of a Tub. Swift is probably the foremost prose satirist in the English language, and is less well known for his poetry. Swift originally published all of his works under pseudo

4、nyms – such as Lemuel Gulliver, Isaac Bickerstaff, M.B. Drapier – or anonymously. He is also known for being a master of two styles of satire: the Horatian and Juvenalian styles.,Biography,YouthJonathan Swift was born i

5、n Dublin, Ireland. He was the second child and only son of Jonathan Swift (1640-1667) and his wife Abigail Erick (or Herrick), of Frisby-on-the-Wreake. His father, a native of Goodrich, Herefordshire, Ireland to seek the

6、ir fortunes in law after their Royalist father's estate was brought to ruin during the English Civil War. Swift's father died at Dublin before he was born, and his mother returned to England. He was left in the c

7、are of his influential uncle, Godwin, a close friend and confidante of Sir John Temple, whose son later employed Swift as his secretary,Writer,In February 1702, Swift received his Doctor of Divinity degree from Trinity C

8、ollege, Dublin. That spring he traveled to England and returned to Ireland in October, accompanied by Esther Johnson—now twenty years old—and his friend Rebecca Dingley, another member of William Temple's household.

9、There is a great mystery and controversy over Swift's relationship with Esther Johnson nicknamed "Stella". Many[] hold that they were secretly married in 1716.,Maturity,Before the fall of the Tory governmen

10、t, Swift hoped that his services would be rewarded with a church appointment in England. However, Queen Anne appeared to have taken a dislike to Swift and thwarted these efforts. The best position his friends could secur

11、e for him was the Deanery of St Patrick's. With the return of the Whigs, Swift's best move was to leave England and he returned to Ireland in disappointment, a virtual exile, to live "like a rat in a hole&qu

12、ot;.Once in Ireland, however, Swift began to turn his pamphleteering skills in support of Irish causes, producing some of his most memorable works: Proposal for Universal Use of Irish Manufacture (1720), Drapier's L

13、etters (1724), and A Modest Proposal (1729), earning him the status of an Irish patriot.,,Also during these years, he began writing his masterpiece, Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World, in Four Parts, by Lem

14、uel Gulliver, first a surgeon, and then a captain of several ships, better known as Gulliver's Travels. Much of the material reflects his political experiences of the preceding decade. For instance, the episode in wh

15、ich the giant Gulliver puts out the Lilliputian palace fire by urinating on it can be seen as a metaphor for the Tories' illegal peace treaty; having done a good thing in an unfortunate manner. In 1726 he paid a long

16、-deferred visit to London, taking with him the manuscript of Gulliver's Travels. During his visit he stayed with his old friends Alexander Pope, John Arbuthnot and John Gay, who helped him arrange for the anonymous p

17、ublication of his book. First published in November 1726, it was an immediate hit, with a total of three printings that year and another in early 1727. French, German, and Dutch translations appeared in 1727, and pirated

18、 copies were printed in Ireland.,His works,Swift was a prolific writer, notable for his satires. The most recent collection of his prose works (Herbert Davis, ed. Basil Blackwell, 1965-) comprises fourteen volumes. A rec

19、ent edition of his complete poetry (Pat Rodges, ed. Penguin, 1983) is 953 pages long. One edition of his correspondence (David Woolley, ed. P. Lang, 1999) fills three volumes.,Major prose works,Swift's first major pr

20、ose work, A Tale of a Tub, demonstrates many of the themes and stylistic techniques he would employ in his later work. It is at once wildly playful and funny while being pointed and harshly critical of its targets. In it

21、s main thread, the Tale recounts the exploits of three sons, representing the main threads of Christianity, who receive a bequest from their father of a coat each, with the added instructions to make no alterations whats

22、oever. However, the sons soon find that their coats have fallen out of current fashion, and begin to look for loopholes in their father's will that will let them make the needed alterations. As each finds his own mea

23、ns of getting around their father's admonition, they struggle with each other for power and dominance. Inserted into this story, in alternating chapters, the narrator includes a series of whimsical "digressions&

24、quot; on various subjects.,,,Gulliver’s travels,A possible reason for the book's classic status is that In terms of storytelling and construction the parts follow a pattern:A satirical view of the state of European

25、government, and of petty differences between religions. An inquiry into whether men are inherently corrupt or whether they become corrupted. In terms of storytelling and construction the parts follow a pattern The cause

26、s of Gulliver's misadventures become more malignant as time goes on — he is first shipwrecked, then abandoned, then attacked by strangers, then attacked by his own crew Gulliver's attitude hardens as the boo

27、k progresses — he is genuinely surprised by the viciousness and politicking of the Lilliputians but finds the behaviour of the Yahoos in the fourth part reflective of the behaviour of people. Each part is the rever

28、se of the preceding part — Gulliver is big/small/wise/ignorant, the countries are complex/simple/scientific/natural, forms of government are worse/better/worse/better than England's Gulliver's viewpoint bet

29、ween parts is mirrored by that of his antagonists in the contrasting part — Gulliver sees the tiny Lilliputians as being vicious and unscrupulous, and then the king of Brobdingnag sees Europe in exactly the same lig

30、ht; Gulliver sees the Laputians as unreasonable, and his Houyhnhnm master sees humanity as equally so. No form of government is ideal — the simplistic Brobdingnagians enjoy public executions and have streets infest

31、ed with beggars, the honest and upright Houyhnhnms who have no word for lying are happy to suppress the true nature of Gulliver as a Yahoo and are equally unconcerned about his reaction to being expelled,,Each part is th

32、e reverse of the preceding part — Gulliver is big/small/wise/ignorant, the countries are complex/simple/scientific/natural, forms of government are worse/better/worse/better than England's Gulliver's viewpo

33、int between parts is mirrored by that of his antagonists in the contrasting part — Gulliver sees the tiny Lilliputians as being vicious and unscrupulous, and then the king of Brobdingnag sees Europe in exactly the s

34、ame light; Gulliver sees the Laputians as unreasonable, and his Houyhnhnm master sees humanity as equally so. No form of government is ideal — the simplistic Brobdingnagians enjoy public executions and have streets

35、 infested with beggars, the honest and upright Houyhnhnms who have no word for lying are happy to suppress the true nature of Gulliver as a Yahoo and are equally unconcerned about his reaction to being expelled,Plot summ

36、ary,Part 1 :A voyage to LilliputPart 2 :A voyage to BrobdingnagPare 3 :A voyage to Laputa, Balnibarbi, Luggnagg, Glubbdubdrib, and JapanPart 4 :A voyage to the Country of the Houyhnhnms,,,Epitaph,Hic depositum est Cor

37、pusIONATHAN SWIFT S.T.D.Hujus Ecclesiæ CathedralisDecani,Ubi sæva IndignatioUlteriusCor lacerare nequit,Abi ViatorEt imitare, si poteris,Strenuum pro viriliLibertatis Vindicatorem.Obiit 19º Die

38、Mensis OctobrisA.D. 1745 Anno Ætatis 78º.,,The literal translation of which is: "Here is laid the Body of Jonathan Swift, Doctor of Sacred Theology, Dean of this Cathedral Church, where fierce Indignation

39、 can no longer injure the Heart. Go forth, Voyager, and copy, if you can, this vigorous (to the best of his ability) Champion of Liberty. He died on the 19th Day of the Month of October, A.D. 1745, in the 78th Year of hi