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1、PATHOGENRISKLIST(December2005)PurposeInfmationisprovidedabouttheriskofpathogenstodevelopresistancetofungicidesunderspecificagronomicconditions.IntroductionBecausenoscientificcriteriaareavailabletoaccuratelydeterminetheri
2、skofapathogentodevelopresistanceourclassificationisbasedonexperiencereptedresistanceclaimsoverthelast40years.Generallytheriskincreaseswhenapathogenundergoesmanyshtdiseasecyclesperseasonthedispersalthroughspesovertimespac
3、eishighsexualrecombinationismatyinthediseasecyclethecompetitiveabilityofresistantindividualisatleastashighasthatofthewildtype(intheabsenceofionpressure).Furthermetheriskisconsideredashighwhenresistanceevolvedalreadyafter
4、fewyearsofproductuse.ExamplestoillustratepathogenriskItisquiteeasytodetectsingleisolatesofapathogenwithreducedsensitivitytoagivenfungicidebutonlytheirfrequencyovertimespacewilldecidewhetherproductperfmancewillbeaffecteds
5、ignificantly.Therefeweconsiderthepathogenriskasmediumtohighonlyifresistancewasreptedincommercialsituationsfmethanonefungicideclass.Wheatpowderymildewisconsideredashighriskpathogenbecauseresistanceevolvedtosixdifferentche
6、micalclasseswithin2to5yearswhereaswheatbrownrustisalowriskpathogenbecausenoresistanceevolvedtothemajfungicideclasses(DMIsQoIsmpholines)usedagainstthispathogenevennotafter25year(DMIs).Eyespotinwheatbearsamediumriskresista
7、nceevolvedtoMBCsprochlaz(DMIs)onlyafter10to15years.AninterestingcaseisPhytophthainfestansthatdevelopedresistancequiterapidlytothephenylaefungicidesbutnotatalltodimethomphiprovalicarbfluazinamcymoxanilazoxystrobinfenaone(
8、QoIfungicides)cyazofa(QiIfungicide)propamocarbganotins.TherefewereclassifiedP.infestansashighriskpathogenftheRNA1Table2:PlantpathogensacceptedasshowingamediumriskofdevelopmentofresistancetofungicidesPathogenCropDiseaseBr
9、emialactucaelettucedownymildewCercospaspp.sugarbeetpeanutsvariousleafspotsGibberellafujikuiricebakanaeMoniliniaspp.variousMoniliarotMycosphaerellagraminicola(Septiatritici)wheatleafspotMycosphaerellamusicolabananayellows
10、igatokaPeronospaspp.variousdownymildewsPhytophthainfestans(targetoutsideRNApolymerase)potatotomatolateblightPyrenophateresbarleyblotchRhynchospiumsecalisbarleyleafblotchscaldSclerotiniaspp.(especiallyhomoeocarpasclerotiu
11、m)various(turfoilseedrape)SclerotiniadiseasesdollarspotTapesiaspp.wheatbarleyeyespotUncinula(=Erysiphe)necatgrapevinepowderymildewTheEPPOGuidelineliststhesepathogensashighriskpathogensofwhichbaselinesensitivityisnmallyre
12、questedInsomecasesthefinancialoutlayinestablishingbaselineswillnotbejustifiedbythesmallmarketsinvolvedirrespectiveoftheirriskofresistancedevelopment.TypicalpathogensdiseasesaregiveninTable3.Pathogensinthisgroupareoflocal
13、imptancebutincommercialmarkettermsareconsideredasminpathogens.Decisionsonbaselineproductionmustbemadeonacasebycasebasis.Fcertainpathogens(e.g.Phytophthainfestans)resistanceoccurredonlytoonechemicalclass(phenylaes)butnott
14、ootherstherefethepathogenisconsideredaslowriskpathogen.Table3:PlantpathogenswithlowriskofdevelopmentofresistancetofungicidesofmincommercialimptancePathogenCropDiseaseAlternariaspp.variousleafspotsColletotrichumspp.variou
15、santhracnoseFusariumrelatedspp.variousFusariosesHemileiavastatrixcoffeerustLeptosphaera(=Stagonospa)nodumwheatleafspotPhytophthaspp.(soilbne)variousdampingoffPodosphaeraleucotrichaapplepowderymildewPucciniarelatedrustspp
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