多媒體課件_財(cái)務(wù)會(huì)計(jì)雙語(yǔ)_本_04周

1、Chapter 2,,,Measuring Income toAssess Performance,Learning Objectives,After studying this chapter, you should be able to:Explain how accountants measure income.Use the concepts of recognition, matching, and cost recov

2、ery to record revenues and expenses.Prepare an income statement and show how it is related to a balance sheet.Calculate operating cash flows and show how cash flow differs from income.,Learning Objectives,After studyin

3、g this chapter, you should be able to:Account for cash dividends and prepare a statement of retained income.Compute and explain earnings per share, price-earnings ratio, dividend-yield ratio, and dividend-payout ratio.

4、,Introduction to Income Measurement,Income is a measurement of accomplishment or a means of evaluating performance.All income should be measured in the same way following a common set of rules.Using a common set of rul

5、es allows decision makers to compare the performance of one company with that of other companies because measurement is the same in all companies.,Operating Cycle,Operating cycle - the time span during which cash is used

6、 to acquire goods and services, which in turn are sold to customers, who in turn pay for their purchases, with cash,,,,Cash$100,000,MerchandiseInventory$100,000,AccountsReceivable$160,000,,Buy,Sell,,,,,Collect,The A

7、ccounting Time Period,Companies need a way to measure performance over discrete time periods.The most popular period for measuring income is the calendar year, but many companies use a fiscal year, which is a year that

8、ends on a date other than December 31, usually at the low point in annual business activity.Companies also prepare statements for interim periods, generally on a quarterl

9、y or monthly basis.,Revenues and Expenses,Revenues (sales) - gross increases in owners’ equity arising from increases in assets received in exchange for t

10、he delivery of goods or services to customersExpenses - decreases in owners’ equity that arise because goods or services are delivered to customers,Revenues and Expenses,Income (profit) - th

11、e excess of revenues over expensesRevenues - Expenses = ProfitRetained income - additional owners’ equity generated by income or profitsRevenues increase owners’ equity.Expenses decrease owners’ equity.,Accrual Basis

12、 and Cash Basis,The most common ways of measuring income are the accrual basis and the cash basis.Accrual basis - recognizes the impact of transactions for the time periods when revenues and expenses occur even if no ca

13、sh changes handsCash basis - recognizes the impact of transactions only when cash is received or disbursed,Accrual Basis and Cash Basis,Under the accrual basis:Revenues are recorded when earned.For example, a sale on

14、account is recorded as revenue when the transaction takes place even though the seller receives no cash at that moment.Expenses are recorded when incurred.For example, a purchase on account is recorded as an expense wh

15、en the transaction takes place even though the buyer disburses no cash at that moment.,Accrual Basis and Cash Basis,Under the cash basis:Revenues are recorded when a sale is made for cash at the time when the cash chang

16、es hands.Expenses are recorded when a purchase is made for cash at the time when the cash changes hands.,Accrual Basis and Cash Basis,The accrual basis is the current standard for the measurement of income.Presents a m

17、ore complete summary of what happened during the yearRecognizes revenues when they are earned and expenses when they are incurredMatches costs to revenues,Recognition of Revenues,Recognition - a test to determine wheth

18、er revenues should be recorded in the financial statements for a given periodTo be recognized, revenue must be:Earned - goods are delivered or a service is performedRealized - cash or a claim to cash (credit) is rece

19、ived in exchange for goods or services,Recognition of Revenues,For most retailers, revenue recognition is straightforward – revenue is earned and realized at the point of sale, which is when the customer pays and takes p

20、ossession of the goods.,Recognition of Revenues,For other companies, revenue may be earned and realized at different times.Magazine subscriptions are received in advance, but the revenue is not earned until the issues a

21、re delivered.Supplies are sent to customers throughout the month, but the cash is not received until the customer formally promises to accept the supplies and pay for them.,Matching and Cost Recovery,Two types of expens

22、es:Product costs - those linked with revenue earned in the same period Cost of goods sold or sales commissionsWithout sales there is no cost of goods sold or sales commissions.Period costs - those linked with the ti

23、me period itselfRent or other administrative expensesRent is paid even if no sales are made.,Matching and Cost Recovery,Matching - recording of expenses in the same time period as the related revenues are recognizedCo

24、st recovery - concept by which some purchases of goods or services are recorded as assets and “expired” later because the costs are expected to be recovered in future periodsAn example is rent for one year paid in advan

25、ce.,Matching and Cost Recovery,Another example of matching and cost recovery is depreciation.Depreciation - the systematic allocation of the acquisition cost of long-lived assets or fixed assets to the expense accounts

26、of particular periods that benefit from the use of the assetsAssets wear out or are used up over a period of time, so more and more of their original costs are transferred from asset accounts to expense accounts.,Recogn

27、ition of Expired Assets,Assets such as inventory, prepaid rent, and equipment may be considered costs that are stored to be carried forward to future periods and recorded as expenses in the future.If these costs are use

28、d up immediately, they are expensed immediately rather than being carried as assets for such a short period of time.,Recognition of Expired Assets,The income statement is really just a way of explaining changes that occu

29、r between one balance sheet date and another.The balance sheet equation can be manipulated to show that revenues and expenses are subparts of owners’ equity.The income statement collects the changes and combines them i

30、n one place.,Recognition of Expired Assets,Expansion of the balance sheet equation:Assets = Liabilities + Owners’ EquityAssets = Liabilities + Paid-in Capital + Retained IncomeAssets = Liabilities + Paid-in Capital

31、 + Revenues - Expenses,,,,,The Income Statement,Income Statement - a report of all revenues and expenses pertaining to a specific time periodNet income - the remainder after all expenses (including income taxes) have b

32、een deducted from revenueOften seen as the “bottom line”Net loss - the excess of expenses over revenues,The Income Statement,DANIELS COMPANYIncome Statementfor the Year Ended June 30, 2002Sales$98,600Exp

33、enses: Wages expense$45,800 Rent expense 12,000 Utilities expense 6,500 Depreciation expense 5,000 Total expenses 69,300Net Income$29,300==============,The

34、 Income Statement,The income statement must always indicate the exact period covered (month ended, quarter ended, year ended) because statements are often prepared for different time periods.Decision makers inside and o

35、utside the company use the income statement to assess the company’s performance over a span of time.By tracking net income from period to period, decision makers can evaluate the success of the period’s operations.,Rela

36、tionship Between Income Statement and Balance Sheet,The balance sheet provides a snapshot of an entity’s financial position at an instant in time.The income statement provides a movi

37、ng picture of events over a span of time and explains the changes that have taken place between balance sheet dates.,Statement of Cash Flows,Income does not measure an entity’s performance in generating cash, especially

38、if the income is measured using the accrual basis.In a way, accountants use both the accrual and cash bases.The accrual basis is used in the income statement.The cash basis is used in the statement of cash flows.,Stat

39、ement of Cash Flows,Statement of cash flows - reports the cash receipts and cash payments of an entity during a particular periodIt summarizes activity over a period of time, so it must be labeled with the exact period

40、covered.It details the changes in the cash account, much like the income statement which shows changes in retained earnings.,Accounting for Dividendsand Retained Income,Revenues and expenses are recorded in the Retaine

41、d Income account.Net income increases retained income.Net losses decrease retained income.,Cash Dividends,Cash dividends - distributions of cash to stockholders (owners) that reduce retained incomeCompanies pay div

42、idends to provide stockholders a return on their investments.Although cash dividends decrease retained income, they are not treated as expenses.Retained income can be described as the cumulative lifetime earnings of th

43、e company, less its cumulative lifetime losses and dividends.,Cash Dividends,Cash dividends are limited by the amount of cash on hand or available.Some companies do not pay cash dividends.These companies retain the cas

44、h for financing future growth.The board of directors decides if and when cash dividends will be paid to stockholders.,Retained Income and Cash,Although the existence of cash and retained income enables the payment of di

45、vidends, these accounts are not necessarily related.Retained income is a residual claim.If the company went out of business and all assets were sold for cash, the owner would receive only what was left over (residual)

46、 after all debts are paid.,Statement of Retained Income,Statement of retained income - lists the beginning balance in Retained Income, followed by a description of any changes that occurred (usuallynet income and div

47、idends) during the period covered by the statement, and the ending balance in Retained Income,Statement of Retained Income,DANIELS COMPANYStatement of Retained Incomefor the Year Ended June 30, 2002Reta

48、ined income, July 1, 2001$108,600Net income for the year 29,300 Total$137,900Cash dividends declared 10,000Retained income, June 30, 2002$127,900===============,Statement o

49、f Retained Income,Often, the statement of retained income is added to the bottom of an income statement to produce the statement of income and retained income.This statement can be anchored to the balance sheet equation

50、 as follows:Assets = Liabilities + Paid-in Capital + Retained Income,,,,,Beginning Balance,+ Revenues - Expenses - Dividends,Statement of Retained Income,DANIELS COMPANYStatement of Income and Retained Incomefor the Y

51、ear Ended June 30, 2002Sales $ 98,600Expenses: Wages expense$45,800 Rent expense 12,000 Utilities expense 6,500 Depreciation expense 5,000 69,300Net income

52、$ 29,300Retained income, July 1, 2001 108,600Total$137,900Dividends declared 10,000Retained income, June 30, 2002$127,900==============,Four Popular Financial Ratios,Literally

53、hundreds of ratios can be calculated from a set of financial statements.Four widely used financial ratios:Earnings per Share (EPS)Price-Earnings (P-E) RatioDividend-Yield RatioDividend-Payout Ratio,Earnings per Sha

54、re (EPS),EPS is shown on the face of the income statement.Earnings per share is the net income per common share of stock outstanding during a period.,Price-Earnings (P-E) Ratio,The P-E ratio measures how much investors

55、 are willing to pay for a chance to share the company’s potential earnings.,Price-Earnings (P-E) Ratio,A high P-E ratio indicates that investors predict that the company’s net income will grow rapidly.The ratio is dete

56、rmined by the marketplace because the market price of the stock is used to compute the ratio.,Dividend-Yield Ratio,The dividend-yield ratio measures dividends paid for a period compared to the market prices of the stock

57、 on a given day.,Dividend-Yield Ratio,Dividend-Payout Ratio,The dividend-payout ratio measures the percentage of earnings per share distributed in the form of cash dividends.,Dividend-PayoutRatio,The Language of Account

58、ingin the Real World,Organizations use different terms to describe the same concept or account.Net IncomeNet EarningsProfitRetained IncomeRetained EarningsReinvested EarningsEarnings retained fo