cdrw & cdr

1、Disc,概述,CDR,&,CDRW,,CDR Media 的構(gòu)造,CD-R（Compact Disc-Recordable）型光碟片為僅寫(xiě)一次型光碟。讀取原理屬反射式，其碟片較唯讀型多一層有機(jī)染料（organic dye）構(gòu)成的記錄層。,反射層材質(zhì) : Ag (Silver),染料層材質(zhì) : Cyanine dye,,CDR Media 的紀(jì)錄原理(1/2),,,,,,,,,低反射領(lǐng)域,高反射領(lǐng)域,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

2、,,,,,160~180,°,C,溫度,紀(jì)錄膜的色素因高溫起分解作用,,,Disc 迴轉(zhuǎn)方向,Recording Layer,,High-Power laser right,,,CDR Media 的紀(jì)錄原理(2/2),CD-R (Compact Disc-Recordable)，亦是利用訊洞記錄資料， 在相同的原理下讀出訊號(hào)，然該等訊洞卻非由刻版所產(chǎn)生，而是由CD-R在反射層與基板之間多塗佈一層有機(jī)色素染料(DYE) 所產(chǎn)生

3、，此層會(huì)將雷射光吸收後轉(zhuǎn)換成熱能，並造成局部高溫使色素染料軟化變形（燒孔），在預(yù)製溝槽(Pre-Groove)中形成訊洞，利用這些訊洞將資料存入，記錄層—有機(jī)色素染料並無(wú)可逆性，所以?xún)H能記錄一次。,CDRW Media 的構(gòu)造,,CD-RW（Compact Disc-ReWritable）光碟片，是可覆寫(xiě)型系統(tǒng)，指的是資料可重覆寫(xiě)入及擦除，如同軟碟機(jī)及硬碟一般。CD-RW是相變型系統(tǒng)(Phase Change System)。相變型系統(tǒng)

4、是利用雷射加熱的效應(yīng)，使碟片材料結(jié)構(gòu)產(chǎn)生結(jié)晶態(tài)或非結(jié)晶狀態(tài)的變化，而達(dá)到寫(xiě)入與擦除的動(dòng)作。,,CDRW Media 的紀(jì)錄原理(1/4),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Amorphour,Crystal,,徐熱/徐冷,,,(低反射),(高反射),融解/急冷,,Laser Power,(Temperature on the disc),Written Data,On the disc,Cond

5、ition of the disc,(Temperure Cycle),,CDRW Media 的紀(jì)錄原理(2/4),,,,,,,,,3T,3T,11T,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Write EFM,signal,Write Power,Write “1”,Write “0”,= Erase,Written Data,On the Disc,,Amorphous,(

6、Low-reflection),,Writing Data,“Over-Write”,Crystal,(High-reflection),Write mode,Read mode,,,,,11T,,,,CDRW Media 的紀(jì)錄原理(3/4),,,,,,,,,Crystallization,Point,Melting,Point,退火 (Annealing),(晶質(zhì),反射率好),結(jié)晶溫度,熔點(diǎn),溫度,淬火(Quench),(非晶質(zhì),反

7、射率差),寫(xiě)入,讀取,擦拭,時(shí)間,,CDRW Media 的紀(jì)錄原理(4/4),相變化光碟片係利用雷射光束的強(qiáng)度不同，產(chǎn)生熱能加熱記錄層使其在結(jié)晶相與非晶相中轉(zhuǎn)換，由於結(jié)晶相的反射率較非晶相高10%~30%，記錄的資料因此被判讀。 寫(xiě)入階段：cd-rom內(nèi)讀寫(xiě)層的材料原來(lái)為結(jié)晶狀態(tài)，當(dāng)受到功率較大的雷射光照射時(shí)，溫度會(huì)開(kāi)始升高，當(dāng)溫度超過(guò)其熔點(diǎn)時(shí)，讀寫(xiě)層的材料會(huì)開(kāi)始熔化並成液態(tài)狀，當(dāng)雷射光一關(guān)掉後，讀寫(xiě)層的材料即呈非結(jié)晶狀態(tài)，這種變化

8、即是相的變化。 讀取階段：再讀取時(shí)，則使用功率最小的雷射光來(lái)讀取，其原理大致與cd-rom同。 擦拭階段：當(dāng)非結(jié)晶狀態(tài)的讀寫(xiě)層又受到功率稍小的雷射光的照射時(shí)，若溫度超過(guò)重結(jié)晶點(diǎn)(此點(diǎn)溫度比熔點(diǎn)低)時(shí)，此時(shí)讀寫(xiě)層的晶體又會(huì)重新排列，等冷卻後，讀寫(xiě)層又會(huì)變成結(jié)晶狀態(tài)，所以上面的紀(jì)錄就被擦拭回原狀態(tài)。,,CDR & CDRW 紀(jì)錄時(shí)功率示意比較(1/2),CDRW,CDR,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Write,Erase

9、,Read,Bias,,,,,,,,OverDrive,Write,Read,,,,,,,,,,CDR & CDRW 紀(jì)錄時(shí)功率示意比較(2/2),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Write,Read,OFF,ENABLE,OUTENR,OUTEN3,OUTEN4,,,,,,OUTEN2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

10、,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Write,Read,OFF,ENABLE,OUTENR,OUTEN3,OUTEN4,,,,,,OUTEN2,Erase,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,CDR,CDRW,＊,＊,＊,,CDR & CDRW Wobble,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Track centre,,,Laser Spot,,,Groove wobble,,

11、,,1/22.05 kHz,含 ATIP (Absolute Time In Pre-groove),提供燒錄器定址及碟片特性參數(shù),由.,此也可找到所對(duì)應(yīng)的廠商.,,,,,,General Parameters of ATIP,,ATIP signal,22.05±1kHz,,,,,,,,Modulation,Frequency,Information,Base on Digital,Modulation

12、 : FM,Carrier Frequency : 22.05kHz(1X),Deviation : 1kHz ± 10%,Digital modulation : Bi-phase Mark,Data bit-rate : 3150 bits/sec,Frame length : 42 bit

13、s,Frame frequency : 75 Hz,Error protection : 14 bits CRC,Data contents : 3 bytes,(Min/Sec/Frames,1 byte each),,Time-code information of ATIP (1),4 8 8

14、 8 14,Sync Minutes Seconds Frames CRC remainder,,,,,Number of bits,Data,Frame synchronization,Frame format (1),If the preceding cell = 0,,,,,,,1 1,,,,1 0,1

15、 0,,0 0,1,1,0,0,0,,,If the preceding cell = 1,,,,,,0 0,,,,0 1,0 1,,1 1,1,1,0,0,1,,,,,Bi-phase violation’s Technique,Bi-phase Mark’s Technique,,,,,,,,,,,,,Sync-bits,,1,5,13,21,29,42,,Time-code information of ATIP (2),Dat

16、a format:,Minutes : 2 digits BCD (0~59),Msbit on posittion 5,Seconds : 2 digits BCD (0~59),Msbit on posittion 13,Frames : 2 digits BCD Msbit on posittion 21,Identification of the extra informatio

17、n in the Lead-in area,0XXX,XXXX 0XXX,XXXX 0XXX,XXXX : Timecode in Program Area and Lead-out Area,1XXX,XXXX 1XXX,XXXX 0XXX,XXXX : Special Information 2,bit 5 13

18、 21,0XXX,XXXX 0XXX,XXXX 1XXX,XXXX : Additional Information 1,0XXX,XXXX 1XXX,XXXX 0XXX,XXXX : Additional Information 2,0XXX,XXXX 1XXX,XXXX 1XXX,XXXX : Additional Information 3,1XXX,XXXX 0XXX,XXX

19、X 0XXX,XXXX : Timecode in PCA,PMA and Lead-in Area,1XXX,XXXX 0XXX,XXXX 1XXX,XXXX : Special Information 1,1XXX,XXXX 1XXX,XXXX 1XXX,XXXX : Special Information 3,,M1,,S1,,F1,,Time-code information of A

20、TIP (3),Special Information 1:,Write Power at Reference Speed, Reference Speed,,Application code,disc type identification.,Special Information 2:,Start time of Lead-in Area.(M1,S1,F1=110),Special Information 3:,Last poss

21、ible start time of Lead-out Area. (M1,S1,F1=111),Additional Information 1:,Speed range, OPC parameters and erase power at,Reference Speed.,Additional Information 2:,Write power at Low and High Speed, OPC parameters,And e

22、rase power at Low and High Speed.,Additional Information 3:,Not used, reserved for extensions.,M1 to be replaced by M1=1,S1 to be replaced by S1=0,F1 to be replaced by F1=0,M1 to be replaced by M1=0,S1 to be replaced by

23、S1=0,F1 to be replaced by F1=0,,Recording Power/Disc Application,Minutes,Secondes,Frames,5678 9012,1xxx,xxxx,3456 7890,0xxx,xxxx,1234 5678,1xxx,xxxx,Bit 5 = 1 : Lead-in Area,Bit 6,7,8 Optimum recording

24、 power in,mW for λ =785nm,T=25 ºC,= 000 : 4.0mW,= 001 : 4.4,= 010 : 4.9,= 011 : 5.4,= 100 : 5.9,= 101 : 6.6,= 110 : 7.2,= 111 : 8.0,Bit 9,~,12 = 0000 : reserved,,,

25、Bit 13 = 0,Bit 14~20 : Disc Application Code.,= 000,0000 : General Purpose Disc.,= 0,others : Special Purpose Disc.,= 100,0000 : Disc for unrestricted use.,= 1,others : reserved,Bit 21 = 1,Bit 22~28,=000,0000

26、 : reserved,,,CD-R/RW 的組成,PCA,,PMA,Lead-in,Program Area,Lead-out,,光碟片圓心,,t1,,t2,,t3,,t4,,t5,t3 : Lead-in 開(kāi)始時(shí)間 = Encoded in ATIP,t1 : PCA 開(kāi)始時(shí)間 = t3 – 00:35:65 = Test Area 開(kāi)始時(shí)間,Count Area 開(kāi)始時(shí)間 = t3 – 00:15:05,t2 : PMA 開(kāi)始時(shí)

27、間 = t3 – 00:13:25,t4 : Lead-in 結(jié)束時(shí)間 = 99:59:74,Program Area 開(kāi)始時(shí)間 = 00:00:00,t5 : Last possible start time Lead-out Area = Encoded in ATIP,,CD-R/RW Example,Channel-bit(1) 1011001011010101 0101001101001101 0011001

28、100110011,Example:,在Lead-in 有兩筆資料如上,可得資訊如下:,Channel-bit(2) 1010101011001100 1010110011010010 1011001011010010,,,,Minutes,Seconds,Frames,Data-bit(1):10010111 11001001 00000000,Data-bit(2):11110000 11000101 1001010

29、1,M1,S1,F1=110=Special information 2,Replaced =10010111 01001001 00000000,=97:49:00(Start time of Lead-in Area),M1,S1,F1=111=Special information 3,Replaced =01110000 01000101 00010101,=70:45:15(last possible start time o

30、f Lead-out Area),,CDR & CDRW 光碟片資料結(jié)構(gòu)(1),PCA,PMA,Lead-in,Program Area,Lead-out,Writing modes:,Disc At Once(DAO):,Session At Once(SAO):,,,用這種方式製作的片子，軌與軌之間沒(méi)有GAP；用這種方式複製的光碟與母片容量一致。但是如果燒錄途中發(fā)生問(wèn)題，因?yàn)?Lead-in 區(qū)已經(jīng)做完，所以片子剩餘空間也無(wú)

31、法再利用( DIR時(shí)各目錄都存在，但是資料位於燒錄失敗以後區(qū)域的目錄無(wú)法進(jìn)入).,類(lèi)似DAO方式，但是SAO與DAO不同的是，每寫(xiě)一次增加Lead-in & Lead-out,在資料的前後,軌與軌間一樣沒(méi)有GAP產(chǎn)生。SAO還可以再寫(xiě)入資料，DAO不行.,,CDR & CDRW 光碟片資料結(jié)構(gòu)(2),Track At Once(TAO):,PCA,PMA,Lead-in,Pre-Gap,Track,Post-Gap,Tr

32、ack 2…N,Lead-out,Lead-in,,,,,,指燒錄光碟片時(shí)，可以多次寫(xiě)入，但是軌與軌之間會(huì)有GAP產(chǎn)生。此種方式複製出的碟片容量會(huì)大於母片，尤其不利於複製演唱會(huì)或是歌劇的音樂(lè)CD，因?yàn)樵摲NCD雖然有許多音軌，卻是連續(xù)播放不中斷，用TAO方式複製後，每軌之間多了的空白。,PCA,PMA,Lead-in,Program Area,Lead-out,Lead-in,Program Area,Lead-out,,,,,Sessi

33、on1,,Session2,,CDR & CDRW 光碟片資料結(jié)構(gòu)(3),2. PMA :,(Program Memory Area) 程式記憶區(qū),紀(jì)錄已寫(xiě)入完畢,Track 之開(kāi)始及結(jié)束時(shí)間.,1. PCA :,(Power Calibration Area) 能量校正區(qū),可試寫(xiě)碟片100次,,求取最佳寫(xiě)入功率.,,PCA = Test Area + Count Area,,,,Test Area,Count Area,,,,

34、,,PCA (Power Calibration Area,,CDR & CDRW 光碟片資料結(jié)構(gòu)(4),3. Lead-in :,指最前頭的識(shí)別區(qū)域，記載光碟目錄(TOC),包含起始位置…等相關(guān)資訊.,5. Lead-out :,指用來(lái)識(shí)別碟片結(jié)束的區(qū)域，接在燒錄資料區(qū)的後面.,4. Program Area :,光碟片實(shí)際存放資料的位置(內(nèi)容依CD-DA,CD-ROM,CD-ROM XA…等格式),6. Pre-gap :,