社區(qū)規(guī)劃 —理論與實踐

1、社區(qū)規(guī)劃與設(shè)計(2) —計劃經(jīng)濟模式下的住房規(guī)劃與設(shè)計,Community Planning &DesignTheory & Practice0101049,policy,Do ask for permission if you need help!Welcome your participation. You will be awarded if answer questions

2、 on your own /actively.,城市規(guī)劃原理 P:484-553,城鄉(xiāng)住區(qū)規(guī)劃，read relevant literature critically?How many from urban community? 多少來自商品房住區(qū)？多少來自福利房住區(qū)？,Comments,雖然改革30多年了，新版教材基本仍然是計劃經(jīng)濟的陳舊的“硬”規(guī)劃內(nèi)容；不能適應(yīng)當(dāng)前的市場經(jīng)濟要求；硬規(guī)劃

3、 軟規(guī)劃,Community Planning & Design under Command Economy,Demand estimationHukou systemimmigration controlPlan of recruitment, employment,Planning & Design (1）Comprehensive Planning level,Demand estimation

4、 Population Growth Rate 人口增長率，機械和自然增長率land use planning, emphasizing layout and two-dimensional physical structure, R2, all public housing, standards firmly controlled by the gov.. “十一五”時期，針對房價攀升的問題，國家住建部多次發(fā)文要求編制住

5、房規(guī)劃，但當(dāng)前市場經(jīng)濟條件下 how?,Planning & Design (2）Detailed Planning & Design,Demand estimation，計劃Principles of LayoutCollective lifestyle under socialismEquipped with education (kindergarten, primary school, middle sc

6、hool, high school), retail (food, vegetable, cloth etc), postal, recreation and medical services.What is the difference of lifestyles under market system from those under socialism?emphasesPhysical environment,國家規(guī)范與標(biāo)準

7、,means minimum requirements仍然是計劃經(jīng)濟觀念、意識和模式，城市居住區(qū)規(guī)劃設(shè)計規(guī)范(2002) changing居住區(qū)(3-5萬)居住小區(qū)(1.0-1.5萬）居住組團（1000-3000）,,Layout Structure （1）,居住區(qū)居住小區(qū),,,,,,,,,,,,,Layout Structure （2）,居住區(qū)居住組團,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Layout Structure （

8、3）,居住區(qū)居住小區(qū) 居住組團,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,居住區(qū)用地構(gòu)成,住宅用地、公建用地、道路用地和綠化用地用地比例？公建配置？Changing?綠地與公共空間，Useful?,住宅布置方式,1. 行列式 p5052. 院落式/周邊式P5063. 混合式P5074. 自由式P507,理念？實踐,原則（“性”）：整體性、經(jīng)濟性、科學(xué)性、生態(tài)型、地方性與時代性、超前性與靈活性、領(lǐng)

9、域性與社會性、健康性；“以人為本”，Who?社會、經(jīng)濟和環(huán)境效益的統(tǒng)一；布局 pragmatic? 重點在于物質(zhì)環(huán)境的營造，過分強調(diào)軸線布局、景觀、平面構(gòu)圖 ，見物不見人；對“人”的生活方式、行為、習(xí)慣等漠不關(guān)心 ；,實例,布局開放空間的效用,Housing Reform in China,3 stagesThe first stage (79-88) an experiment stage when changes we

10、re carried out in a piecemeal fashion tested in a few selected cities; the sale of new housing at construction costs in 1979, and extended to old public housing in 1980 with share ownership (82-85). More attributes: land

11、 acquisition, compensation and provision of local public facilities; halted in 1985.The second stage (89-98) Large-sale housing reform, investment, management and distributionThe third stage: (98-),Housing Reform in Ch

12、ina,3 stagesThe second stage (89-98) Large-sale housing reform, investment, management and distribution, privatization of public housing, rental reform, housing finance.In October 1991, a major national housing reform

13、conference was held in Beijing. The conference resolution, On Comprehensive Reform of the Urban Housing System, compiled by the State Council’s Housing Reform Steering Group, was issued in November 1991. This resolution

14、led to the large-scale sale of existing public housing at very low prices, particularly to their current occupiers. In 1993, concern about the low-price sales of public housing led government to suspend the housing refor

15、m programme. In 1993 the sale of existing public-sector housing at very low prices had been stopped,Housing Reform in China,establishing: (1) a dual housing provision system with a social housing supply providing econom

16、ic and comfortable housing to middle- and low-income households and a commercial housing supply for high-income families; (2) a public and private housing savings system; (3) housing insurance, finance and loan systems

17、 which would enable both policy-oriented and commercial developments; and (4) a healthy, standardized and regulated market system of property exchange, repair and management.,Housing Reform in China,3 stagesThe third s

18、tage: (98-)The overall timescale was set at the end of 1998. Local authorities were left to decide when the change would take place and the details of subsidy policy. In order to catch the last welfare train, some work

19、units could extend the implementation to the year 2000, and bought housing from commercial developers at market prices to sell or allocate to their employees at discounted prices.The policy aimed to establish a new syst

20、em so that housing consumption is no longer a burden to the state or work units.,Urban Land Use Reform,Land in urban China is owned by the state and administrated directly by municipalities, rural land has been owned col

21、lectively by rural communities since the Chinese Communist Party took power in 1949 (Li, 1999). Municipalities can requisition rural land at its discretion by paying some compensation and transferring related rural resid

22、ents into urban registration. During the pre-reform era (from 1949 to 1979), land users were all public work units, thus land allocation was based on administrative planning, land was nominally worthless and the acquisi

23、tion of the land was nothing more than a bureaucratic arrangement.,Land Use Rights System(LURS),The Land Use Rights system, literally the “paid transfer of land-use rights” (tudi youchang zhuanran), was made official by

24、adding the statement “The right of land use can be transferred in accordance with the relevant legislation” to the Constitution (Li, 1999). Land still belongs to the State, making land use rights acceptable on the basis

25、of the socialist doctrine.,Land Use Rights System(LURS),Land Use Rights (LURs) are separated from ownership rights and become tradable in the market by private treaty, negotiation and auction (Li, 1999). LURs are rights

26、with time limits for different kinds of land use. The longest leasehold term is 70 years for residential, 50 years for industrial, 50 years for educational/cultural and 40 years for commercial/office according to the 199

27、0 Provisional Regulations on the Conveyance, Granting and Transferring of the State LUR in Cities and Towns. Within the leasehold period, LURs can be transferred and traded with the permission of the government. At the e

28、nd of this contract period, the land and all its attachment would automatically revert to the state without payment and compensation, but the land users could renew the contract after paying for extension,Commercial Hous

29、ing Provision,DevelopersInternationalPublic-owned companiesPrivate companiesDevelopment ProcessLand market (two tiers)Planning permission,Affordable Housing Provision,The Economy Habitable Housing (EHH) planAnju P

30、rojectIncome system?Submarket boundaries,Home Mortgages,Home mortgages in China, where available at all, usually require large downpayments and high monthly installments that few workers can afford (Rosen and Ross, 2

31、000). The relatively few Chinese citizens who have taken out these mortgages were largely private business owners or employees of foreign-funded enterprises that offered special incentives to enable their workers to buy

32、a home.Only three Chinese banks (ICBC, ABC and CCB) were authorised to provide home mortgages prior to 1998.,Hedonic model,In the hedonic model formally rendered by Rosen (1974), a housing unit is described by a vector

33、of n objectively measurable characteristics. The housing unit (a bundle of characteristics) commands a price in the market. Various bundles and their associated prices reveal the implicit prices of the characteristics, k

34、nown as hedonic prices.,Hedonic model,Although there is no consensus in the literature regarding the variables to be included into the hedonic price function, characteristics in three categories are generally considered

35、appropriate (Bowen, et al., 2001): housing structural characteristics (S), social and environmental attributes of the neighbourhoods in which dwelling is located (N), and other locational characteristics such as accessib

36、ility to CBD, employment and services etc (L). Given appropriately measured variables in these three categories, it is generally agreed that proper specification of the hedonic price function accordingly expresses the ma