論文摘要abstract-nanyang

1、1,,論文摘要Abstract,2,,常見論文的框架結(jié)構(gòu),每種雜志都有自己的征稿簡則（Instructions for Authors)，在投稿前應(yīng)仔細(xì)閱讀，嚴(yán)格按照要求去寫,常見論文的框架一般分為兩類,Introduction,,Experimental,Results & Discussion,,Conclusion,,Theory,,,,（分析化學(xué)、無機(jī)化學(xué)、物理化學(xué)、化學(xué)工程）,Introduction,,Experi

2、mental,Results & Discussion,,（有機(jī)合成、金屬有機(jī)）,3,,正規(guī)論文(Original Research Papers, Full Papers, Articles)、評(píng)論(Review Articles)、快報(bào)(Letters)、簡報(bào)(Short Papers, Short Notes),作為一篇科學(xué)論文必須要有重要的科學(xué)價(jià)值，要報(bào)道新數(shù)據(jù)、新方法、新設(shè)備、新觀點(diǎn)，要有創(chuàng)新。,數(shù)據(jù)全且內(nèi)容豐富，可投

3、Paper 數(shù)據(jù)不全或內(nèi)容單薄，應(yīng)壓縮成Short Note或Letter Review Article不接受自由投稿，一般由編輯部特約，邀請(qǐng) 某一領(lǐng)域的專家執(zhí)筆。如果你在某一領(lǐng)域有了多年的研究， 且公開發(fā)表了許多文章，對(duì)該領(lǐng)域的來龍去脈了如指掌， 愿意寫評(píng)論性文章，也一定要先和編輯部取得聯(lián)系，得到 許可后再寫,4,,摘要是論文的精華，但并不概括論文的全部，只要求簡明扼要、準(zhǔn)確無誤地報(bào)道本文所

4、獲得的成果、數(shù)據(jù)或結(jié)論，比要時(shí)可以說明所采用的方法及手段。字?jǐn)?shù)也有嚴(yán)格地限制，一般為100~200個(gè)單詞。 摘要可分為描述性摘要和寫實(shí)性摘要兩種。 描述性摘要多用于專論、評(píng)論、綜述、數(shù)學(xué)計(jì)算、理論推導(dǎo)等方面的文章。它所描述的是論文的性質(zhì)、內(nèi)容和覆蓋面，而很少傳遞具體數(shù)據(jù)。它只告訴讀者本文采用了什么方法，討論了什么問題，得出了什么結(jié)論，也就是說，只告訴讀者本文完成了什么事情，預(yù)知詳情需看原文。 在摘要中通常不要引用文獻(xiàn)。,5,,Ex

5、1. The progress of analytic chemistry during the period 1910~1970 is reviewed. Topics considered are: the volume of the relevant literature, the country in which the work was done, the language in which the paper were w

6、ritten, the literature of analytic chemistry, broad trends in the subject, methods used, and the analytical chemistry of individual elements. Some tentative conclusions are made about future short-term trends.,6,,Ex2. S

7、electing an appropriate experimental procedure and a suitable laboratory reactor is crucial for evaluating the kinetics of a catalytic process. In this paper, practical guidelines are suggested for carrying out a kinetic

8、 study for a given reaction system. Comparison of various laboratory reactors is presented and some of the pitfalls and limitations are discussed. The influence of transport phenomena due to the flow, the catalyst and th

9、e reactor geometry is analyzed and the criteria for their absence are given in a convenient form.,7,,Ex3. This paper is critical and thorough (but not exhaustive) review of the literature of catalytic hydroprocessing re

10、actions. It includes data characterizing thermodynamics, reactivities, reaction networks, and kinetics of hydrogenation of aromatic hydrocarbons, hydrodesulfurization, hydrodenitrogenation, and hydrodeoxygenation. The su

11、bject is organized by reaction type, and there are separate sections on competitive reaction and inhibitions effects. The results summarized are judged to be the most reliable and useful available to guide process modeli

12、ng for hydroprocessing of heavy fossil fuels. The review is designed for use as a reference; most of the quantitative results are summarized in tables and figures, and a table of contents and a chart with names and struc

13、tures of the organic compounds are also included.,8,,Ex4. Adsorption equilibrium is calculated for slit-like pores of various sizes using lattice density functional theory (LDFT). It is shown that LDFT can predict adsor

14、ption isotherms with hysteresis loops and that different types of hysteresis loops can be obtained by varying energies of adsorbate-adsorbate and adsorbate-adsorbent interactions for different widths and lengths of slit-

15、like pores. LDFT also predicts hysteresis loops with multiple steps. Though such behavior has not been part of the characterization of isotherms with hysteresis loops, there are experimental data that exhibit steps withi

16、n hysteresis loops.,9,,Ex5. A model for external wetting efficiency of the catalyst in trickle-bed reactors was developed based on 1-D force-balance equations incorporating drag forces in a three-phase system. The gas-l

17、iquid interfacial drag was considered, as well as the tortuosity effect. The overall model was tested with major experimental data of a 15.2-cm-dia. trickle-bed reactor using a radioisotope tracer technique. Five catalys

18、t packings, different in shape and size, were used in the experiment. External wetting efficiency was calculated from the square root of the ratio of the effective diffusivities in two-shape and liquid-filled operation.

19、The model was also compared with other experimental data available in the literature. The predictions were within an average confidence limit of ± 15 %.,10,,Ex6. The paper describes the preparation and characterizat

20、ion of porous calcium carbonate microparticles with an average size of 5μm and their use for encapsulation of biomacro-molecules. The average pore size of about 30-50 nm enables size selective and time-dependent permeati

21、on of different macromolecules. Layer-by-Layer adsorption of polyelectrolytes into these particles followed by core dissolution leads to formation of interconnecting networks (matrix-like structure) made of polyelectroly

22、te complexes. The structure can be used for accumulation of biomacromolecules, mainly proteins. The adsorption of biomacromolecules inside the porous calcium carbonate particles is presumably regulated by electrostatic i

23、nteractions on the microparticle surface within pores and protein-protein interactions.,11,,在描述性摘要中，作者僅僅告訴讀者本文做了什么工作，如測定了什么，討論了什么，評(píng)論了什么等等，也就是說只告訴讀者這是一篇什么性質(zhì)的論文，文章中涉及什么內(nèi)容，但并沒有傳遞具體的信息，在時(shí)態(tài)上多采用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)被動(dòng)語態(tài)或一般過去時(shí)被動(dòng) 語態(tài)，簡明扼要。,寫實(shí)性摘要

24、的著眼點(diǎn)放在具體條件和數(shù)據(jù)上，每句話之間沒有嚴(yán)格的聯(lián)系，只報(bào)道論文的精華，以及重要的數(shù)據(jù)。對(duì)于同行來說，讀了這類文摘，基本上可以了解論文的重要結(jié)果。,12,,Ex1. Mesoporous zirconia molecular sieve was synthesized successfully in a non-aqueous solvent, namely absolute ethanol, by using zirconium

25、nitrate as zirconium source and surfactant CTAB as structural template. The effects of CTAB dosage, pH, triethanolamine dosage, precrystallizing temperature and time, crystallizing temperature and time on structure of mo

26、lecular sieves were studied. Under optimal synthesis conditions: n(CTAB): n(Zr) = 0.18, pH = 9, n(TEAH): n(Zr) = 0.2, precrystallizing temperature 90 oC and time 4 h, crystallizing temperature 120 oC and time 48 h, the m

27、esoporous zirconia molecular sieve was obtained after calcination at 450 oC. BET specific surface area, pore diameter and pore volume of the synthesized molecular sieves were 197 m2/g, about 4.8 nm and 0.23 cm3/g, respec

28、tively.,13,,Ex2. The solubility and mass-transfer coefficient for hydrogen and carbon monoxide have been determined in a Fischer-Tropsch slurry with use of a modified continuously stirred tank reactor. Experiments were p

29、erformed at 528 K and 1-3 MPa in n-octacosane. The solubility coefficients were found to be similar to those reported for industrial waxes. The presence of solids does not affect the solubilities. The effect of stirrer s

30、peed on the mass-transfer coefficients was found to be significant between 250 and 1750 rpm.,14,,Ex3. A CoMo/Al2O3 hydrotreating catalyst has been sulfided in different ways: (i) by conventional in situ sulfiding in a

31、high-pressure reactor with a H2S/H2 or dimethyldisulfide (DMDS) /H2 mixture at 350 oC and 4 MPa; or (ii) by a preliminary presulfida-tion with di-tert-nonyl or di-tert-dodecyl pentasulfides followed by one of the above c

32、onventional in situ sulfidations. The pre-sulfidaton was performed in two steps: impregnation of the oxidic catalyst with the polysulfide and then thermal treatment under flowing nitrogen at 130 oC. The catalysts were ev

33、aluated for their catalytic properties at 280-350 oC and 4 MPa for the simultaneous hydrodesulfurization of thiophene and hydrogenation of cyclohexene. Compared to H2S/H2, in situ DMDS/H2 sulfiding of the CoMo/Al2O3 cata

34、lyst enhanced the C-S hydrogenolysis at 280 oC but not the hydrogenation; however, the apparent activation energy for hydrogenation was markedly increased. …,15,,寫實(shí)性摘要主要報(bào)道文章的研究成果、數(shù)據(jù)和結(jié)論，對(duì)于最佳條件，成功的數(shù)據(jù)及誤差范圍，結(jié)論及適用范圍如實(shí)給出；可用一般

35、現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)來敘述，文字簡明準(zhǔn)確，很少用修飾語。句子之間沒有必然的聯(lián)系，一句話說明一件事。,摘要通常不包含討論和推理，而是僅僅陳述所得結(jié)果。由于只報(bào)道文章的最新成果，因而摘要中無需引用參考文獻(xiàn)。,會(huì)議論文集的摘要一般比較長，通常為A4紙一頁或兩頁，可以有少量參考文獻(xiàn)，也可以由少量圖表。順序與正常論文大體相同，先簡要說明為什么要進(jìn)行該項(xiàng)研究及有關(guān)該課題的背景材料，如果文章重點(diǎn)不是討論實(shí)驗(yàn)方法，也可將實(shí)驗(yàn)部分一筆帶過，重點(diǎn)敘

36、述實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果和結(jié)論。,特邀大會(huì)報(bào)告的摘要一般由會(huì)議組織者和作者直接商定，寫法和字?jǐn)?shù)都不受限制。,16,,摘要中的第一句話常見有： A brief survey of … is given … A new approach is proposed to … A novel method was developed for … A mathematical model

37、is derived from … A new technique is described … This paper describes … … was studied … … was prepared by … … was synthesized using … … was determined with …,17,,常用的謂

38、語動(dòng)詞有：report,study,investigate present,develop,discussshow,evaluate,illustratedetermine,examine,recorddescribe,prepare,synthesizeseparate,isolate,introduceobserve,obtain,exhibitex

39、plore …,18,,以一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)為主，也使用一般過去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 說法一：從理論上講： 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 通過科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)取得的研究結(jié)果、結(jié)論，揭示自然界的客觀規(guī)律 一般過去時(shí) 在一定范圍內(nèi)所觀察到的自然現(xiàn)象的規(guī)律性認(rèn)識(shí)，這種認(rèn)識(shí)也許有一定的局限性 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 表明過程的延續(xù)性，雖某事件（或過程）發(fā)生在過去，但強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)所產(chǎn)生的影響,時(shí) 態(tài),19,,說法二： EI數(shù)據(jù)庫建議：用過去時(shí)態(tài)敘述作者工作；用現(xiàn)

40、在時(shí)態(tài)敘述作者結(jié)論。,20,,說法三: 論文是通過科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)揭示客觀真理。所取得的結(jié)果，無論是過去，還是現(xiàn)在或?qū)矶际侨绱?。故常用現(xiàn)在時(shí)表達(dá)。 過去時(shí)“表達(dá)一件過去發(fā)生過的事，而且現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)完結(jié)了?！比缥闹兄赋霭l(fā)生的日期和時(shí)間是寫文章之前，必須用過去時(shí)，例：This was first known in 1930. 許多論文，雖然是作者過去做的工作和得到的結(jié)論，然而這些工作和結(jié)論并

41、不是達(dá)到“完結(jié)了”的階段，而是還會(huì)有人，也可能是作者本人，繼續(xù)研究下去，從而產(chǎn)生進(jìn)一步的改進(jìn)和完善。從這一角度出發(fā)，可以用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)來描述已做過的工作，以表達(dá)這種延續(xù)性。例：Man has not yet discovered an effective cure for the common cold.（人類至今尚未發(fā)現(xiàn)一種有效治療感冒的方法。）句中隱含著估計(jì)一段時(shí)間后也不會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，但是將來能否會(huì)有，尚有待事實(shí)來說明。,21,,一般過去時(shí)

42、及其被動(dòng)語態(tài) All kinetic parameters of the curing reaction were calculated and reported. Dynamic and isothermal DSC yielded different results. An explanation was offered in terms of different curing mechanism which pre

43、vail under different curing conditions. A mechanism scheme was proposed to account for various possible reactions during cure.,22,,現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)及其被動(dòng)語態(tài) The partial molar enthalpies of mixing of NaHSO4 and KHSO4 have bee

44、n measured at 528K by dropping samples of pure compounds into molten mixtures of NaHSO4 and KHSO4 in Calvet calorimeter. From these values the molar enthalpy of mixing has been deduced. The phase diagram of thi

45、s system has been confirmed by conductometric and thermal analysis methods. By an optimization method the excess entropy of the liquid mixtures was also calculated.,23,,應(yīng)理解為上述時(shí)態(tài)是撰寫摘要時(shí)常用的幾種時(shí)態(tài)，有時(shí)很難區(qū)分它們在含義上的嚴(yán)格差異。這只是從語法功能的

46、角度將其概念化，實(shí)際寫作英文摘要時(shí)，這幾種時(shí)態(tài)并非完全不可互易。,24,,概括起來：作者告訴讀者論述怎樣的主題，可用現(xiàn)在時(shí)。用過去時(shí)及其被動(dòng)語態(tài)敘述實(shí)驗(yàn)方法與過程,表示實(shí)驗(yàn)前業(yè)已完成的動(dòng)作（過去的過去），用過去完成時(shí)。例如： The crystallized samples had been polished before they were etched in a 0.5% HF solution at 25 ℃

47、for 2 s.對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果可用現(xiàn)在時(shí)（表示客觀真理）或現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)（已取得的階段性成果）。,25,,目前，英文摘要仍以被動(dòng)語態(tài)居多，這種語態(tài)可以在主語部分集中較多的信息，起到信息前置，語義鮮明突出的效果。  主動(dòng)語態(tài)也偶有出現(xiàn)，并有增長的趨勢。主動(dòng)語態(tài)表達(dá)的語句文字清晰、簡捷明快，表現(xiàn)力強(qiáng)，動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者和動(dòng)作的承受者一目了然，往往那給人一種干凈利落、涇渭分明的感覺。,語 態(tài),26,,主動(dòng)語態(tài)舉例 We

48、report rheological data on anionic polyelectrolyte solutions of variable chain length and concentration, …… We have studied the dehydration under atmospheric pressure for …, NiNa4(PO3)·6H2O, between 25 and 700℃ by