本科教學(xué)與質(zhì)量控制

1、學(xué)業(yè)指導(dǎo)Academic Guidance for Undergraduates,南京工業(yè)大學(xué)教務(wù)處2012-08,,幾個(gè)值得注意的現(xiàn)象,有些人剛剛明白大學(xué)是怎么回事，就已經(jīng)畢業(yè)了；有些人還沒有明白，就糊里糊涂畢業(yè)了；有些人最后終于明白了，不過沒能畢業(yè)；還有些人一直沒明白，也沒能畢業(yè)。,課程說明,課程之目標(biāo)從總體上探討何謂大學(xué)、大學(xué)學(xué)什么和如何學(xué)的問題為此，從三方面展開認(rèn)識(shí)大學(xué)——回答什么是大學(xué)的問題（1講）感受大學(xué)

2、——了解我們的大學(xué)（學(xué)生以自我體驗(yàn)方式完成）成就大學(xué)——討論學(xué)什么和如何學(xué)的問題（2講）課程實(shí)施——講課（3）+學(xué)生體驗(yàn)（1）+討論（1）課程團(tuán)隊(duì)——陳新民、孫蕓、鄭樂、費(fèi)翔（聯(lián)系方式：58139182，jwcjy@njut.edu.cn）,大家對課程的預(yù)期是什么,,？,認(rèn)識(shí)大學(xué),——什么是大學(xué),學(xué)業(yè)指導(dǎo)-1 Academic Guidance for Undergraduates,思考？,何謂大學(xué)？如何認(rèn)識(shí)大學(xué)？我們的

3、認(rèn)識(shí)路徑,認(rèn)識(shí)大學(xué)的兩條路徑,從中學(xué)與大學(xué)的比較中認(rèn)識(shí)大學(xué)——橫向從大學(xué)的發(fā)展歷史中認(rèn)識(shí)大學(xué)——縱向,思考？,大學(xué)與中學(xué)有何不同？,中學(xué)與大學(xué)之區(qū)別,FOLLOWING THE RULES IN HIGH SCHOOLGOING TO HIGH SCHOOL CLASSESHIGH SCHOOL TEACHERSTESTS IN HIGH SCHOOLGRADES IN HIGH SCHOOL,CHOOSING RESPON

4、SIBLY IN COLLEGESUCCEEDING IN COLLEGE CLASSESCOLLEGE PROFESSORSTESTS IN COLLEGEGRADES IN COLLEGE,中學(xué)與大學(xué)之區(qū)別-1,FOLLOWING THE RULES IN HIGH SCHOOLCHOOSING RESPONSIBLY IN COLLEGE,中學(xué)與大學(xué)之區(qū)別-1,High school is mandatory and

5、usually free.College is voluntary and expensive.,中學(xué)與大學(xué)之區(qū)別-1,Your time is structured by others.You manage your own time.,中學(xué)與大學(xué)之區(qū)別-1,You need permission to participate in extracurricular activities.You must decide wh

6、ether to participate in co-curricular activities.,中學(xué)與大學(xué)之區(qū)別-1,You can count on parents and teachers to remind you of your responsibilities and to guide you in setting priorities.You must balance your responsibilities an

7、d set priorities. You will face moral and ethical decisions you have never faced before.,中學(xué)與大學(xué)之區(qū)別-1,Most of your classes are arranged for you.You arrange your own schedule in consultation with your adviser. Schedules t

8、end to look lighter than they really are.,中學(xué)與大學(xué)之區(qū)別-1,You are not responsible for knowing what it takes to graduate.Graduation requirements are complex, and differ from year to year. You are expected to know those that

9、apply to you.,中學(xué)與大學(xué)之區(qū)別-1,Guiding principle: You will usually be told what to do and corrected if your behavior is out of line.Guiding principle: You are expected to take responsibility for what you do and don't do,

10、 as well as for the consequences of your decisions.,中學(xué)與大學(xué)之區(qū)別-2,GOING TO HIGH SCHOOL CLASSESSUCCEEDING IN COLLEGE CLASSES,中學(xué)與大學(xué)之區(qū)別-2,Classes generally have no more than 50 students.Classes may number 100 students or m

11、ore.,中學(xué)與大學(xué)之區(qū)別-2,You may study outside class as little as 0 to 2 hours a week, and this may be mostly last-minute test preparation.You need to study at least 2 to 3 hours outside of class for each hour in class.,中學(xué)與大學(xué)之區(qū)

12、別-2,You seldom need to read anything more than once, and sometimes listening in class is enough.You need to review class notes and text material regularly.,中學(xué)與大學(xué)之區(qū)別-2,You are expected to read short assignments that are

13、 then discussed, and often re-taught, in class.You are assigned substantial amounts of reading and writing which may not be directly addressed in class.,中學(xué)與大學(xué)之區(qū)別-2,Guiding principle: You will usually be told in class w

14、hat you need to learn from assigned readings.Guiding principle: It's up to you to read and understand the assigned material; lectures and assignments proceed from the assumption that you've already done so.,中學(xué)與

15、大學(xué)之區(qū)別-3,HIGH SCHOOL TEACHERSCOLLEGE PROFESSORS,中學(xué)與大學(xué)之區(qū)別-3,Teachers check your completed homework.Professors may not always check completed homework, but they will assume you can perform the same tasks on tests.,中學(xué)與大學(xué)

16、之區(qū)別-3,Teachers remind you of your incomplete work.Professors may not remind you of incomplete work.,中學(xué)與大學(xué)之區(qū)別-3,Teachers approach you if they believe you need assistance.Professors are usually open and helpful, but mo

17、st expect you to initiate contact if you need assistance.,中學(xué)與大學(xué)之區(qū)別-3,Teachers are often available for conversation before, during, or after class.Professors expect and want you to attend their scheduled office hours.,中

18、學(xué)與大學(xué)之區(qū)別-3,Teachers have been trained in teaching methods to assist in imparting knowledge to students.Professors have been trained as experts in their particular areas of research.,中學(xué)與大學(xué)之區(qū)別-3,Teachers provide you with

19、information you missed when you were absent.Professors expect you to get from classmates any notes from classes you missed.,中學(xué)與大學(xué)之區(qū)別-3,Teachers present material to help you understand the material in the textbook.Pro

20、fessors may not follow the textbook. Instead, to amplify the text, they may give illustrations, provide background information, or discuss research about the topic you are studying. Or they may expect you to relate the c

21、lasses to the textbook readings.,中學(xué)與大學(xué)之區(qū)別-3,Teachers often write information on the board to be copied in your notes. Professors may lecture nonstop, expecting you to identify the important points in your notes. When p

22、rofessors write on the board, it may be to amplify the lecture, not to summarize it. Good notes are a must.,中學(xué)與大學(xué)之區(qū)別-3,Teachers impart knowledge and facts, sometimes drawing direct connections and leading you through the

23、 thinking process.Professors expect you to think about and synthesize seemingly unrelated topics.,中學(xué)與大學(xué)之區(qū)別-3,Teachers often take time to remind you of assignments and due dates.Professors expect you to read, save, an

24、d consult the course syllabus (outline); the syllabus spells out exactly what is expected of you, when it is due, and how you will be graded.,中學(xué)與大學(xué)之區(qū)別-3,Teachers carefully monitor class attendance.Professors may not fo

25、rmally take roll, but they are still likely to know whether or not you attended.,中學(xué)與大學(xué)之區(qū)別-3,Guiding principle: High school is a teaching environment in which you acquire facts and skills.Guiding principle: College is a

26、 learning environment in which you take responsibility for thinking through and applying what you have learned.,中學(xué)與大學(xué)之區(qū)別-4,TESTS IN HIGH SCHOOLTESTS IN COLLEGE,中學(xué)與大學(xué)之區(qū)別-4,Testing is frequent and covers small amounts of

27、 material.Testing is usually infrequent and may be cumulative, covering large amounts of material. You, not the professor, need to organize the material to prepare for the test. A particular course may have only 2 or 3

28、 tests in a semester.,中學(xué)與大學(xué)之區(qū)別-4,Teachers frequently rearrange test dates to avoid conflict with school events.Professors in different courses usually schedule tests without regard to the demands of other courses or ou

29、tside activities.,中學(xué)與大學(xué)之區(qū)別-4,Teachers frequently conduct review sessions, pointing out the most important concepts.Professors rarely offer review sessions, and when they do, they expect you to be an active participant,

30、 one who comes prepared with questions.,中學(xué)與大學(xué)之區(qū)別-4,Guiding principle: Mastery is usually seen as the ability to reproduce what you were taught in the form in which it was presented to you, or to solve the kinds of proble

31、ms you were shown how to solve.Guiding principle: Mastery is often seen as the ability to apply what you've learned to new situations or to solve new kinds of problems.,中學(xué)與大學(xué)之區(qū)別-5,GRADES IN HIGH SCHOOLGRADES IN C

32、OLLEGE,中學(xué)與大學(xué)之區(qū)別-5,Grades are given for most assigned work.Grades may not be provided for all assigned work.,中學(xué)與大學(xué)之區(qū)別-5,Consistently good homework grades may raise your overall grade when test grades are low.Grades on

33、 tests and major papers usually provide most of the course grade.,中學(xué)與大學(xué)之區(qū)別-5,You may graduate as long as you have passed all required courses with a grade of D or higher.You may graduate only if your average in classes

34、 meets the departmental standard--typically a 2.0 or C.,中學(xué)與大學(xué)之區(qū)別-5,Guiding principle: "Effort counts." Courses are usually structured to reward a "good-faith effort. " Guiding principle: "Resul

35、ts count." Though "good-faith effort" is important in regard to the professor's willingness to help you achieve good results, it will not substitute for results in the grading process.,,從中學(xué)與大學(xué)的比較中認(rèn)識(shí)大學(xué)—

36、—橫向從大學(xué)的發(fā)展歷史中認(rèn)識(shí)大學(xué)——縱向,大學(xué)的理念,關(guān)于大學(xué)的思想、觀念，是純粹理性的概念。如：霍爾丹勛爵：“大學(xué)是民族靈魂的反映”。 亞伯拉罕·弗萊克斯納：“保存知識(shí)和觀念、解釋知識(shí)和觀念、追求真理、訓(xùn)練學(xué)生以‘繼承事業(yè)’”。關(guān)于大學(xué)的理想，是對大學(xué)的價(jià)值、目的、使命等的認(rèn)識(shí)與追求。 如：伯頓·克拉克：“進(jìn)行科研和研究生教育的探究的場所”。 克拉克·

37、;克爾：“社會(huì)服務(wù)站”。,三種具有影響的大學(xué)理念,1.紐曼(John Herry Newman,1801-1890)的大學(xué)理念：《大學(xué)的理想》大學(xué)是一個(gè)提供博雅教育（liberal education），培育紳士的地方（雖然他也認(rèn)為大學(xué)可以訓(xùn)練職業(yè)人才）。大學(xué)的目的在于“傳授”學(xué)問，而不是“發(fā)展”知識(shí)?！叭绻髮W(xué)的目的在于科學(xué)與哲學(xué)的發(fā)明，那么，我看不出為什么大學(xué)應(yīng)該有學(xué)生”。大學(xué)是一個(gè)教育機(jī)構(gòu)，是培養(yǎng)人才的機(jī)構(gòu)。,三種具有影

38、響的大學(xué)理念,2.弗萊克斯納(Abraham Flexner, 1866-1959)的大學(xué)理念：《現(xiàn)代大學(xué)論》洪堡的柏林大學(xué)辦學(xué)理念：大學(xué)是研究中心。大學(xué)重在發(fā)展知識(shí)而不是傳授知識(shí)，當(dāng)然，通過教學(xué)來傳授知識(shí)也是一個(gè)任務(wù)。發(fā)展知識(shí)是為了更好地傳授知識(shí)。大學(xué)應(yīng)該是一個(gè)“有機(jī)體”，應(yīng)該探討“物理世界”、“社群世界”等方面的知識(shí)。大學(xué)不應(yīng)該訓(xùn)練“實(shí)務(wù)人才”，不應(yīng)該開設(shè)職業(yè)訓(xùn)練課程。大學(xué)應(yīng)該注意創(chuàng)造學(xué)校和社會(huì)文化。研究在大學(xué)的出現(xiàn)被

39、看作是“現(xiàn)代”的標(biāo)志。,三種具有影響的大學(xué)理念,3.克爾(Clark Kerr)的大學(xué)理念：《大學(xué)的功用》美國贈(zèng)地學(xué)院的出現(xiàn)，大學(xué)積極參與到社會(huì)發(fā)展進(jìn)程中。學(xué)術(shù)與市場結(jié)合，大學(xué)成為社會(huì)的“服務(wù)站”。“多元巨型大學(xué)”的稱謂。大學(xué)就是一個(gè)完整的社會(huì)，是一個(gè)“知識(shí)性的社會(huì)”?？藸栒f：紐曼心目中的大學(xué)是“鄉(xiāng)村”，弗萊克斯納心目中的大學(xué)是“市鎮(zhèn)”，當(dāng)代的大學(xué)是“城市”。,大學(xué)之變,大學(xué)從培養(yǎng)貴族（傳統(tǒng)大學(xué)）到培養(yǎng)學(xué)者（德國現(xiàn)代大學(xué)）到

40、最后培養(yǎng)公民（美國近現(xiàn)代大學(xué)）大學(xué)從象牙塔(ivory tower) 模式變成社會(huì)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī) (social engine) 模式，再到成為服務(wù)站 (the community service station) 和創(chuàng)業(yè)型 (entrepreneurial university) 模式,大學(xué)的內(nèi)涵,大學(xué)是思想庫，精神文明的輻射源，社會(huì)發(fā)展的智慧源大學(xué)是知識(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)的輻射源大學(xué)培養(yǎng)的是“大”人才，而不是一般的工匠、技師大學(xué)所要解答的總是帶

41、有根本性的問題 大學(xué)是培養(yǎng)通才，給學(xué)生發(fā)放不同價(jià)值文憑的學(xué)府,大學(xué)的品味,人們主要是通過大學(xué)校園文化的特征來識(shí)別大學(xué)所屬的品味等級(jí)，即是以大學(xué)里所有可以看見的事物和可以聽到的話語、自然流露出來的信息所傳遞的格調(diào)來評(píng)判大學(xué)的品味的。 大學(xué)物質(zhì)文化的品味：“意”大學(xué)行為文化的品味：“雅”大學(xué)制度文化的品味：“和”大學(xué)精神文化的品味：“真”,意,事物流露的情態(tài)——如春意校園物質(zhì)文化的實(shí)用性校園物質(zhì)文化的哲學(xué)沉思、科學(xué)物理、倫理

42、規(guī)范、科學(xué)追求崇尚廣博、自然、深邃,雅,“大學(xué)人”應(yīng)作為一個(gè)相對獨(dú)立的文化精英(而非社會(huì)精英，不屬于政治學(xué)意義上的官僚，也不屬于經(jīng)濟(jì)上豐盈的“上層階級(jí)”和“新中產(chǎn)階級(jí)”) 群體而存在崇尚創(chuàng)造性和個(gè)性風(fēng)格，追求思想的獨(dú)立性、倫理的嚴(yán)肅性與藝術(shù)的完美性不同于體制文化的正統(tǒng)趣味和大眾文化的流行趣味,和,應(yīng)具有包容和吸納各種學(xué)問的胸懷和氣魄教師和學(xué)生在教與學(xué)的過程中應(yīng)主動(dòng)打破壁壘分明的系科限制，主動(dòng)探討，相互辯難，以汲取各種文化知識(shí)的營

43、養(yǎng)， 使自己盡可能多地接觸universal knowledge 的分支， 成為真正意義上的“大學(xué)人”,真,大學(xué)是探求高深學(xué)問的殿堂，高深學(xué)問忠實(shí)于真理哈佛大學(xué)的校訓(xùn)：“與柏拉圖相知，與亞里士多德相知， 更重要的是與真理相知”Let Plato be your friend, and Aristotle, but more let your friend be truth.,大學(xué)之“大”,大學(xué)之“大” ，因有“大家”而謂大大學(xué)之“

44、大” ，因有“大師”而謂大大學(xué)之“大” ，因有館藏豐富的圖書館和濃郁的校園文化氛圍而謂大大學(xué)之“大”，因?qū)χR(shí)探究的高深與博大而謂大。大學(xué)之“大”，因有“大學(xué)生”而大……,學(xué)生,學(xué)者,學(xué)長,學(xué)時(shí),學(xué)期,學(xué)年,學(xué)制,學(xué)籍,學(xué)歷,學(xué)位,學(xué)分,學(xué)子,學(xué)問,學(xué)識(shí),學(xué)費(fèi),學(xué)風(fēng),學(xué)界,學(xué)科,學(xué)派,學(xué)術(shù),大學(xué)之“學(xué)”,歡迎咨詢與討論,郵箱：jwc@njut.edu.cn網(wǎng)址：jwc.njut.edu.cn地址：南京工業(yè)大學(xué)江浦校區(qū)教務(wù)處