英譯漢理論與實(shí)踐教程程永生-安徽理工大學(xué)

1、英譯漢理論與實(shí)踐教程程永生,Translation from English into Chinese:Theory and PracticeCheng Yongsheng,說 明,2006年申報省級精品課程時將本課程教學(xué)課件的全部內(nèi)容掛到網(wǎng)上。由于已經(jīng)運(yùn)行了相當(dāng)長的一段時間，這次更新時做了較大的修改，但考慮到不能太多地擠占網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間，這次僅章僅選2個例子掛到網(wǎng)上，以便收到舉一反三的效果。,作者簡介：,程永生，男，1946年生

2、，安徽潛山人。本科畢業(yè)于安徽大學(xué)外語系英語專業(yè)，曾留學(xué)新西蘭，研究生畢業(yè)于坎特伯雷大學(xué)英語系，獲優(yōu)碩士學(xué)位(MA with honors)。安徽理工大學(xué)教授；安徽大學(xué)兼職教授、碩士生導(dǎo)師。研究方向?yàn)檎Z言學(xué)和翻譯理論與實(shí)踐。作者近期的主要著述有：《描寫交際翻譯學(xué)》、《漢譯英理論與實(shí)踐教程》、《國內(nèi)現(xiàn)當(dāng)代研究翻譯理論之概況》（國家十五重點(diǎn)圖書出版規(guī)劃項(xiàng)目《中國翻譯通史》的一部分，共11章），還發(fā)表了十多篇有關(guān)翻譯研究方面的論文。,目錄,前言

3、第一章 報刊文章選段漢譯第二章 美國總統(tǒng)就職演說漢譯第三章 英國名家演說漢譯 第四章 英美小說漢譯第五章 美國文學(xué)史選段漢譯第六章 國外翻譯理論著作選段漢譯,前言,我校1996年建立英語專業(yè)，成立外語系，我1998年開始從事英譯漢和漢譯英教學(xué)。從一開始，便立足于自己選編材料，從理論與實(shí)踐兩個方面jiao教授英譯漢和漢譯英。開始，選用的材料很多，真正上課時用得較少。三年之后，對如何開設(shè)英譯漢、如何開設(shè)漢

4、譯英便漸漸胸中有數(shù)。 于是決定，將段落作為講解英譯漢的材料單位，從文體的角度劃分教學(xué)時段，將簡略的翻譯理論介紹穿插在教學(xué)過程之中。于是便籌劃編寫《英譯漢理論與實(shí)踐教程》油印本。,前言（續(xù)）,油印本于2003年初具規(guī)模，分八章，其中前六章與這里使用的相同，另外還有英語戲劇漢譯和英語詩歌漢譯兩章。每章20個選段，其中名家演說分英國的和美國的兩章，每章各10個選段，八章共140個選段。由于英語戲劇和詩歌漢譯，對本科生來說比較生疏，上課

5、的時間也未必夠用，因此，我們這里就沒有選用這兩章，而只用六章，100個選段。,前言（續(xù)）,在我看來，翻譯的成功與否，很大程度上取決于譯者對原文的看法與理解。由于是本科教學(xué)，看法問題不宜展開討論，而理解問題即使在傳統(tǒng)譯學(xué)中也是十分強(qiáng)調(diào)的。而在課堂上講解理解，又不能僅憑借老師對這個問題的感悟。也就是說，要將理解講得頭頭是道，就得訴諸于對原文的分析。于是，我在實(shí)踐中結(jié)合自身?xiàng)l件摸索出了語法分析和文體分析相結(jié)合的路子。具體地說就是，從語法的角度

6、分析原文,前言（續(xù)）,各個句子，看它們是簡單句還是復(fù)合句，是主從復(fù)合句還是并列復(fù)合句，是并列并列復(fù)合句還是并列主從復(fù)合句，是主從并列復(fù)合句還是主從主從復(fù)合句，等等。另外，還注重構(gòu)成句子復(fù)雜性的其他因素如看一個句子是以主語開頭還是以其它成分開頭，有沒有插入成分、同位成分以及這些成分中有沒有鑲嵌其他成分等。,前言（續(xù)）,文體是一個很復(fù)雜的課題。我們僅選用了其中的五個參數(shù)，即從整句與散句、句子復(fù)雜程度、平行結(jié)構(gòu)、銜接手段和詞句正式程度的角度，

7、分析原文的文體。通過語法文體分析，學(xué)生與教師對原文會有更深刻的理解。當(dāng)然，由于兩種語言和與之相對應(yīng)的兩種文化之間的差異，通過翻譯之后，如果將原文和譯文比較一下，哪怕是與直譯的譯文比較一下，就會發(fā)現(xiàn)，原文的許多語法特征、文體特征都已經(jīng)喪失。這是翻譯的本質(zhì)使,前言（續(xù)）,然，而不是譯者的過失。從這里，我們也可以更深刻地理解翻譯的本質(zhì)和傳統(tǒng)譯論中關(guān)于翻譯文體風(fēng)格的做法的可行性和理論闡述的真理性。在翻譯教學(xué)中，我不太喜歡使用“你應(yīng)該這樣譯，不

8、應(yīng)該那樣譯”、“你翻譯的比他翻譯更忠實(shí)于原文”、“譯文質(zhì)量全靠譯文的對等程度”之類的規(guī)定性話語，而喜歡用描寫性話語。加上，如果說在過去的課堂上，三句話不離“信達(dá)雅”的話，現(xiàn)在的課堂上則三句話不離“直譯與意譯”、 “歸化與異,前言（續(xù)）,化“。因此，我們在翻譯教學(xué)中提倡分階段翻譯。具體地說就是，分三個階段、用三種方法翻譯原文。第一階段，采用異化譯法，從詞匯到結(jié)構(gòu)直譯原文；第二階段，采用異化加歸化的方法翻譯原文，在直譯的基礎(chǔ)上對原文做局部調(diào)

9、整，但一般不重組原文的結(jié)構(gòu)；第三階段，采用歸化方法翻譯原文，基本上是在熟讀原文的基礎(chǔ)上，將原文的意義領(lǐng)悟在胸，然后按照漢語的行文習(xí)慣，下筆抒詞。三種方法生產(chǎn)出三種不同的產(chǎn)品，但,前言（續(xù)）,我們認(rèn)為，這些都是正確的譯文。第一種譯文，可能就是魯迅先生所說的“容忍多少的不順”的那種。這樣的譯文，有時不太妨礙理解，有時如果你學(xué)過外文，通過嘴嚼，也能領(lǐng)略作者的意圖；第二種譯文基本上是文從字順的，但在行文和意義表達(dá)的地道性上尚欠火候；第三種譯文實(shí)

10、際上就是寫作，但我們不主張拋開原文太遠(yuǎn)，因?yàn)楫吘故怯⒄Z專業(yè)本科生的課堂教學(xué)。,前言（續(xù)）,按照這樣的思路，我將六章材料基本上寫成了一本《英譯漢理論與實(shí)踐教程》。但有些地方看來還需要調(diào)整，編成教材后，如何使用書中的材料等問題還沒有考慮得十分成熟，所以本書雖于2003年完成了初稿，至今尚沒有出版。但2005年在申報省級精品課程《翻譯理論與實(shí)踐》時已經(jīng)將書稿掛到網(wǎng)上了。,前言（續(xù)）,由于還沒有正式出版，所以教學(xué)時，只將原文選段包括各章后面的練

11、習(xí)印發(fā)給學(xué)生，供他們預(yù)習(xí)、復(fù)習(xí)、完成課后作業(yè)之需。 本人在使用本書時，一般每節(jié)講解三個選段。第一個選段由老師做示范講解，第二選段供學(xué)生自己課堂研討，第三個選段老師用于總結(jié)。另外兩個選段，在時間允許的時候，要求學(xué)生上黑板翻譯，由老師講評。,第一章 報刊文章選段漢譯,第一節(jié)第二節(jié)第三節(jié)第四節(jié),Original 1:,Outside the United Nations, human rights matters have

12、 been discussed with the Group of 7 major industrialized countries and the Non-Allied Movement at their summit meetings, as well as with the Organization of American States, the Organization of African Unity, the Associa

13、tion of South-East Asian Nations, European Union, the Commonwealth of Independent States, the Rio Group and in other important regional and subregional forums.,1) Analysis of the original:,A) Grammatical analysisB) Styl

14、istic analysis,A) Grammatical analysis:,(1) Sentence structure(2) Additional complication,(1) Sentence structure:,The selection consists of an unusually long simple sentence, whose backbone structure could be reduced to

15、…h(huán)uman rights matters have been discussed with … as well as with … .,(2) Additional complication：,The sentence begins with a prepositional phrase.,B) Stylistic analysis:,(1) Periodicity(2) Structural complication(3) Pa

16、rallel structure(4) Cohesive device(5) Structural and lexical formality,(1) Periodicity ：,The selection consists of a single simple sentence only and it is a periodic sentence, beginning with a prepositional phrase. By

17、 the way, the selection sounds exotic to the Chinese ear with so many names of international organizations.,(2) Structural complication：,The selection is structurally complicated with the two coordinate prepositional phr

18、ases at the end of the sentence.,(3) Parallel structure：,In the selection, parallel structures are frequently used, for example, with …, as well as with…; the Group of 7 major industrialized countries and the Non-Allied

19、Movement; the Organization of American States, the Organization of African Unity, the Association of South-East Asian Nations, European Union, the Commonwealth of Independent States, the Rio Group; and regional and subre

20、gional.,(4) Cohesive device：,In terms of cohesive device, examples could be found as follows: the pattern … discussed with … and with …is used to reinforce the coherence of the whole passage; parallel structures are used

21、 throughout the selection; the possessive pronoun their is used to refer to Group of 7 major industrialized countries and the Non-Allied Movement; names of international organizations are listed one after another; subreg

22、ional and regional are used as partial repetitions, and so on.,(5) Structural and lexical formality：,Structurally, the selection is formal for all the sentences it contains are grammatically complete and free from colloq

23、uial structures. Lexically, the selection is also formal for the frequent employment of such formal words, including nominalizations, as matter, discuss, major, industrialize, summit, movement, organization, association,

24、 commonwealth, independent and others.,2) Staged translation,A) Translation 1 with commentsB) Translation 2 with commentsC) Translation 3 with comments,A) Translation 1:,聯(lián)合國之外，人權(quán)方面的事務(wù)已經(jīng)討論過了，和七個主要工業(yè)國集團(tuán)、不結(jié)盟運(yùn)動，在它們的峰會上；也已經(jīng)

25、討論過了，同美洲國家組織、非洲統(tǒng)一組織、東南亞國家聯(lián)盟、歐洲聯(lián)盟、獨(dú)立國共同體、里約集團(tuán)以及在其他重要的地區(qū)和次地區(qū)的論壇上。,Comments:,Such a translation is awkward in that in the case of expressing similar ideas as the selection contains, the usual Chinese way will be: 某某問題已經(jīng)在某某地

26、點(diǎn)和某某、某某以及某某討論過了. If the discussion partner list is too long, the Chinese might turn to such expression as 某某問題已經(jīng)在某某地點(diǎn)和某某與某某討論過了，也已經(jīng)在某某地點(diǎn)和某某、某某……等討論過了，……. The alternative Chinese patterns point to the necessity that such

27、phrases as和七個主要工業(yè)國集團(tuán)、不結(jié)盟運(yùn)動; 在它們的峰會上; 同美洲國家組織、非洲統(tǒng)一組織、東南亞國家聯(lián)盟、歐洲聯(lián)盟、獨(dú)立國共同體、里約集團(tuán)以及在其他重要的地區(qū)和次地區(qū)的論壇上should be fronted or reorganized.,B) Translation 2:,在聯(lián)合國之外，人權(quán)問題已經(jīng)在峰會上同七大工業(yè)國集團(tuán)、不結(jié)盟運(yùn)動討論過了，也已經(jīng)同美洲國家組織、非統(tǒng)組織、東南亞國家聯(lián)盟、歐洲聯(lián)盟、獨(dú)立國共同體和里約

28、集團(tuán)討論過了，在其他地區(qū)性和次地區(qū)性的論壇上也已經(jīng)討論過了。,Comments:,The present translation is different from the previous in that by repeating 同……討論過了with 在……也已經(jīng)討論過了as a reinforcement, all the discussion participants are now well organized in an

29、orderly pattern. However, abbreviations could have been used for the names of the international organizations, and other measures could also be taken.,C) Translation 3:,人權(quán)問題在聯(lián)合國內(nèi)外都已經(jīng)討論過了。例如，在聯(lián)合國機(jī)構(gòu)之外，在七國集團(tuán)和不結(jié)盟運(yùn)動的峰會上，在美洲國家

30、組織、非統(tǒng)、東盟、歐盟、獨(dú)聯(lián)體、里約集團(tuán)中，在重要的地區(qū)與次地區(qū)論壇上，都已經(jīng)討論過了。,Comments:,In the present version, abbreviations are used, the repetition of 討論過了is avoided by repetition of 在….上（中）three times, and addition of人權(quán)問題在聯(lián)合國內(nèi)外都討論過了and 例如 for the cl

31、arity of the ideas, coherence of the text and improvement on the structure of the translation as a whole. The addition of 在聯(lián)合國內(nèi)外, together with the repetition of 討論過了, is meaningful in that first, the implied meaning is

32、made explicit while the discussion participants are made implicit; second, the translation now assumes an explicit deductive pattern of development, that is, development from general to specific.,Original 2:,Parallel to

33、this, the High Commissioner has initiated and vigorously pursued the restructuring of the Centre for Human Rights with the aim of ensuring a secretariat capable of providing the highest standards of work to respond effec

34、tively to an ever-growing number of mandates and human rights challenges around the world. The Commission on Human Rights is a unique world forum with primary objective being to make the enjoyment of human rights a reali

35、ty for all people. This can only be achieved by translating principles and norms into concrete deeds affecting the way people live. In doing so, the Commission on human rights can also give greater impetus to the initiat

36、ives being undertaken by the High Commissioner. It is essential that the Commission, as the most important forum dedicated to human rights, accord the High Commissioner the support needed for forging greater determinatio

37、n in promoting and protecting all human rights.,1) Analysis of the original:,A) Grammatical analysisB) Stylistic analysis,A) Grammatical analysis:,(1) Sentence structure(2) Additional complication(3) Notes,(1) Sentenc

38、e structure:,The selection consists of five sentences in all, and of the five sentences, the first is a simple sentence; the second is also a simple sentence but with an absolute nominal construction embedded; the next t

39、wo are also simple sentences but the last is a complex sentence, composed of a main clause and a subject clause.,(2) Additional complication：,The first sentence begins with an adjective phrase and it could be reduced to

40、such a backbone structure as…the High Commissioner has initiated and pursued… with the aim of….,(3) Notes：,In the first sentence, a secretariat capable of…means a secretariat that is capable of…. And also in the sentence

41、, …provide… to… means to …provide in order to…. In the second sentence, …with primary objective being to make the enjoyment… is an absolute nominal construction. Again in the second sentence, …make … a reality for all pe

42、ople assumes the structure of make + object + object complement. In It is essential that… in the last sentence, the that clause serves as the real subject, and it serves as the formal subject. The clause is in subjunctiv

43、e mood. Also in the sentence, there is a pattern of according somebody something.,B) Stylistic analysis,(1) Periodicity(2) Structural complication(3) Parallel structure(4) Cohesive device(5) Structural and lexical fo

44、rmality,(1) Periodicity ：,Of the five sentences the selection consists of, the first, the fourth and the last are periodic while the other two are loose sentences. The three sentences are regarded as periodic in that the

45、 first sentence begins with an adjective phrase; the fourth begins with a prepositional phrase while the last begins with a formal subject, keeping the real subject further back. Also in the last sentence, there is a par

46、enthetic structure embedded, as discussed in the grammatical analysis.,(2) Structural complication：,all the sentences are structurally complicated to some extent though most of them are complicated at phrasal level rathe

47、r than at sentential level. For example, in the first sentence, the two past participles in the predicate are in coordination; and there are a number of prepositional phrases together with an adjective phrase and an infi

48、nitive phrase. In the second sentence, there is an absolute nominal construction together with other structural complications; and other sentences are complicated in similar ways.,(3) Parallel structure：,Parallel structu

49、res are frequently used, for example, initiated and vigorously pursued; an ever-growing number of mandates and human rights challenges around the world; principles and norms; and promoting and protecting.,(4) Cohesive de

50、vice：,In terms of cohesive device, examples could be found as follows: parallel structures are frequently used; the High Commissioner, commission and human rights are repeated; initiative is used as a partial repetition

51、for initiate; and so on.,(5) Structural and lexical formality：,Structurally, all the sentences are formal for their grammatical completeness and freedom from any colloquial structure. Lexically, the selection is also for

52、mal in that formal words, including nominalizations, can be easily located such as commissioner, initiate, vigorously, pursue, restructuring, and many others.,2) Staged translation:,A) Translation 1 with commentsB) Tran

53、slation 2 with commentsC) Translation 3 with comments,A) Translation 1:,與此平行，高級專員已經(jīng)啟動了并不遺余力地追求人權(quán)中心改組，目的是確保書記處能夠提供最高的工作標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，以有效地回應(yīng)不斷增長的官方要求和世界范圍內(nèi)的人權(quán)挑戰(zhàn)。人權(quán)專署是世界上唯一的論壇，其主要目的是讓享受人權(quán)成為所有的人的一種現(xiàn)實(shí)。這個目的的達(dá)到，只有通過將原則和規(guī)范轉(zhuǎn)換成影響人們生活方式的具體的做

54、法。在這樣做的時候，人權(quán)專署也可以提供更大的動力，為正在采取的啟動行動的高級專員。下面的做法是有必要的，專署，作為致力于人權(quán)工作的最重要的論壇，必須為高級專員提供支持，為他更加增強(qiáng)決心來促進(jìn)和保護(hù)所有的人權(quán)。,Comments:,The translation of the first three sentences, though word for word, sentence for sentence, are basically

55、acceptable. For in the translating process, what should be fronted and readjusted has been fronted and readjusted already. However, those of the last two sentences are acceptable against Chinese norms. Instead, in expres

56、sing the similar ideas, the following two are preferred: 在這樣做的時候，人權(quán)專署也可以為……提供更大的動力; and 作為……，專署必須為……提供更多的支持，以便他……。這樣做是很有必要的. This analysis points to the necessity for improvement to be made on the translation. In additio

57、n, 與此平行at the very beginning is not a typical Chinese expression; 這個目的的達(dá)到，只有通過將原則和規(guī)范轉(zhuǎn)換成影響人們生活方式的具體的做法could be readjusted, and so on.,B) Translation 2:,同樣，高級專員已經(jīng)啟動并正在竭力追求重組人權(quán)中心，以確保書記處能夠提供最好的工作標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來有效地回應(yīng)日益增長的官方指令和世界范圍內(nèi)的人權(quán)挑戰(zhàn)。

58、人權(quán)專署是唯一的世界論壇，其主要目的是將人人都享有人權(quán)變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實(shí)。這個目標(biāo)，只有通過將原則和規(guī)范都轉(zhuǎn)換成影響人們的生活方式的具體行動，才能達(dá)到。這樣做，人權(quán)專署就能為高級專員做好正在啟動的工作提供更大的動力。作為致力于人權(quán)工作的最重要的論壇，專署必須為高級專員提供必要的支持，以便他在促進(jìn)和維護(hù)所有的人權(quán)事務(wù)中能下定更大的決心。,Comments:,Improvements have been made in terms of readab

59、ility, coherence and authenticity with the proper words and sentence patterns substituted for the previous. For example, the patterns proposed in the above comments are now used; 同樣is substituted for 與此平行; and readjustme

60、nts are made in accordance with what is previously commented on in other aspects. Consequently, the translation, now without any foreignized structure, is much more readable, coherent and authentic.,C) Translation 3:,與此同

61、時，高級專員已經(jīng)啟動并孜孜以求于改組人權(quán)中心，以便秘書處能以最高工作標(biāo)準(zhǔn)去有效應(yīng)對聯(lián)合國官員日益增長的要求和世界范圍的日益增長的挑戰(zhàn)。專署是世界上唯一的人權(quán)論壇，主要致力于實(shí)現(xiàn)人人享有人權(quán)。這個目標(biāo)，只有通過將原則和規(guī)范變?yōu)橛绊懭藗兊纳罘绞降木唧w行動，才能實(shí)現(xiàn)。在實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)的過程中，人權(quán)專署就能進(jìn)一步推動高級專員做好正在啟動的工作。作為最重要的人權(quán)論壇，專署必須為高級專員提供必要的支持，以便他痛下決心，來推進(jìn)和保護(hù)一切人權(quán)。,Comme

62、nts:,Improvements are further made in terms of authenticity and coherence by using such expressions as 與此同時；以便；主要在于，and so on; and by employing the sentence pattern這個目標(biāo)，只有……，才能實(shí)現(xiàn)and by substituting主要致力于實(shí)現(xiàn)人人享有人權(quán)and在實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)的過