詞類轉(zhuǎn)換,自然流暢

1、詞類轉(zhuǎn)換，自然流暢,詞是構(gòu)成語言的基本單位。詞性是詞的一大特性，它直接決定詞在句中的功能。 由于語言和語言之間的差異—詞匯用法不同、句子結(jié)構(gòu)不同、語言邏輯不同、表達(dá)方式不同等，我們在翻譯過程中很難找到漢英兩種語言詞性完全相通，詞義完全一樣詞匯進(jìn)行翻譯。 于是，為了使譯文既不失原意又符合漢語/英語的要求，我們在翻譯過程中就不得不采用各種方法，其中之一是詞類轉(zhuǎn)換，自然流暢。,例1. Mistakes are an es

2、sential part of education. 從錯(cuò)誤中吸取教訓(xùn)是教育極為重要的一部分。,例2.In her habits, she was a living personification of order, method, and exactness. 她的生活習(xí)慣體現(xiàn)了她的為人：做事井井有條，按部就班，一絲不茍。,例3.Soon the train started to move and the passe

3、ngers were settled to fruit, periodicals and business letters.很快火車開動(dòng)了，乘客們安靜下來，有的吃水果，有的看期刊，有的則看起商業(yè)書信來。,例4He owed his popularity to his simplicity.他之所以人緣好，完全歸功于他為人坦率誠懇。例5The mighty Pacific washes the shores of five

4、continents.太平洋氣勢磅礴，滾滾波濤拍打著五洲海岸。,例6The ocean was filled with turtles and fish, ready for the net.海洋里魚鱉成群，張網(wǎng)可得。例7住在樓上的人家得提著水桶去樓下的水龍頭那里打水。Families upstairs have to carry pails to the taps downstairs for water.,一、各種詞類轉(zhuǎn)

5、換成漢語的動(dòng)詞,1）名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞 A science must not be a selfish pleasure. Those who have the good fortune to be able to devote themselves to scientific pursuits must be first to place their knowledge at the service of humanity.科學(xué)

6、絕不是一種自私的享樂。有幸能夠致力于科學(xué)研究的人，首先應(yīng)該拿自己的 學(xué)識為人類服務(wù)。,Scientist is a person who has deep love in truth, for honesty is the main merit of scientists.科學(xué)家是熱愛真理的人。因?yàn)檎\實(shí)是科學(xué)家主要的美德。There was no joke on his face.他臉上一點(diǎn)也看不出開玩笑的意思

7、。,2）介詞轉(zhuǎn)換為動(dòng)詞 Everyone in the room was greatly surprised at what he said.聽他一說，房間里的每個(gè)人都大吃一驚。 Party officials worked long hours on meager food, in cold caves, by dim lamps.黨的干部每天長時(shí)間工作，吃的是粗茶淡飯，住的是冰冷的窯洞，點(diǎn)的是黯淡的油

8、燈。,The boys nudged each other aside for a better view.男孩們你擠我，我擠你，都想占一個(gè)能看得更清楚的位置。Along the way I took pleasure in a bird’s song, a tree’s sway, and a cloud’s contortion.一路上，小鳥放聲歌唱，樹枝迎風(fēng)擺動(dòng)，乃至云朵舒展變化，都使我心曠神怡。,3) 形容詞、副詞轉(zhuǎn)換成動(dòng)

9、詞Cultivation to the mind is as necessary as food for the body. 學(xué)習(xí)對于頭腦如同食物對于身體，不可缺少。 One thorn of experience is w

10、orth a whole wilderness of warning. 一次痛苦的經(jīng)驗(yàn)抵得上千百次的告誡。,The two bodies are so far apart that the attractive force between them is negligible.這兩個(gè)物體相距甚遠(yuǎn)，它們之間的吸引力可以忽略不計(jì)。The book will be out soon. 那本書很快就出版了。In this case t

11、he temperature in the furnace is up.在這種情況下，爐溫就升高。,No Thoroughfare 禁止通行No Admittance Except on Business 閑人免進(jìn)No Parking 禁止停車No photographing 禁止攝影No passing 禁止超車Under Construction 正在施工For persons over

12、 18 Years of Age 未滿18歲禁止入內(nèi) No Money Down 免付定金,No Hawkers 不準(zhǔn)在此設(shè)攤兜售Authorized Cars Only未經(jīng)許可，車輛不可入內(nèi)A Drink on the House 本店免費(fèi)提供飲料Compliments of This Establishment敝店竭誠服務(wù)Satisfaction or your money back 包您滿意

13、，不滿退款,Full 3 Months Unconditional Service Guaranteed保證免費(fèi)維修三個(gè)月Easy Job. Good Wages. No Experience Necessary.工作容易，報(bào)酬優(yōu)厚，無需經(jīng)驗(yàn)。Big Bucks the Easy Way!輕輕松松掙大錢！Good to the last drop. 滴滴香濃，意猶未盡。（麥斯威爾咖啡）,Benjamin Frankli

14、n, an American statesman, writer and scientist, once established 13 principles for himself:To help myself live without fault, I made a list of what I considered the 13 virtues. These virtues are: 為了使自己生活不犯錯(cuò)誤，特制訂出我認(rèn)為可行的

15、十三條守則，這些守則是：,1)Temperance2) Self-control3) Silence4) Order5) firmness6) Savings7) Industry8) Honesty9) Justice10) Cleanliness11) Calmness12) Morality13) Humbleness,,節(jié)制飲食,自我克制,沉默寡言,有條不紊,堅(jiān)定信念,勤儉節(jié)約,工作勤奮,忠誠老實(shí),辦事公

16、正,衣履整潔,平心靜氣,品行高尚,謙虛恭順,二、各種詞類轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語的名詞,英語中有些詞，如含義較抽象的動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞等，翻譯過程中有時(shí)候需要轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語的名詞。1)把英語中的動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語名詞In the field of sports you are more or less accepted for what you do rather than what you are. 在體育領(lǐng)域，你或多或少得到承認(rèn)的原因是你的作為，而

17、不是你的身份。,A teacher affects eternity; he can never tell where his influence stops.教師的影響是永恒的；無法估計(jì)他的影響會有多深遠(yuǎn)。The design aims at automatic operation, easy regulation, simple maintenance.設(shè)計(jì)的目的在于自動(dòng)操作，調(diào)節(jié)方便，維護(hù)簡易，生產(chǎn)率高。,2)把英語中的形容

18、詞轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語名詞The more you study, the more you will find yourself ignorant. 學(xué)，然后知不足。在日常翻譯中，“the +形容詞”表示“……的人或事”，常譯成名詞。They offered the beautiful to the dying.他們把一切美的感受給予了瀕臨死亡的病人。,The new contract would be good for ten ye

19、ars.新的合同有效期為10年。He is physically weak but mentally sound.他身體雖弱，但思想健康。,3)把英語中的副詞轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語名詞Oxygen is one of the most important elements in the physical world, and it is very active chemically. 氧是物質(zhì)世界最重要的元素之一 ，其化學(xué)性很活潑。Th

20、e device is shown schematically in fig.2. 這種裝置的簡圖，示于圖2中。,4)把英語中的代詞轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語名詞The unit of weight is the gram, that of length is the meter, and that of capacity is the liter.重量的單位是克，長度的單位是米，容積的單位是升。The great hate failure;

21、they will conquer it and rise above it.偉人們憎惡失敗，他們要戰(zhàn)勝失敗，超越失敗。,三.各種詞類轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語的副詞,1)把英語中的形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語副詞Literature flourishes best when it is half a trade and half an art.當(dāng)文學(xué)一半成為貿(mào)易一半成為藝術(shù)時(shí)，就是它最繁榮的時(shí)期。There is real constitutional

22、peculiarity in this race.這個(gè)種族確實(shí)有其體質(zhì)上的特點(diǎn)。,A helicopter is free to go almost anywhere.直升機(jī)幾乎可以自由地飛到任何地方。Only when we study their properties can we make better use of the materials.只有研究這些材料的特性才能更好地利用它們。,2)把英語中的其他詞類轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語副

23、詞The three foundations of learning: seeing much, suffering much, and studying much. 求學(xué)的三個(gè)基本條件：多觀察、多磨礪、多研究。 （名詞轉(zhuǎn)換副詞）People tend to read those books easy and funny to understand. 人們往往會讀容易理解、又逗樂的書籍。（動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換副詞）,四、轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語的形容詞,

24、1)把英語中的名詞轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語形容詞A teacher affects eternity; he can never tell where his influence stops.教師的影響是永恒的；無法估計(jì)他的影響會有多深遠(yuǎn)。Reading is a necessity to keep well informed. 閱讀對信息靈通是必要的。,2)把英語中的動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語形容詞I write for no o

25、ther purpose than to add to the beauty that now belongs to me. 我寫作只是為了增加自身的美。 No one can prove to be perfectly prescient. 沒人會具有完全的先見之明。,漢譯英的詞類轉(zhuǎn)換,在漢語的句式中，動(dòng)詞的運(yùn)用頻率大大超過英語。因此，漢譯英的詞類轉(zhuǎn)換主要是如何將漢語中的動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換成英語的其他詞類。例：如果你能陪我一塊兒去，我一

26、定會很高興。 Of course I shall be glad of your company on the journey. 要使譯文符合英語的習(xí)慣表達(dá)，就需要將漢語中的大量動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換為名詞、形容詞、介詞、副詞、各種非謂語動(dòng)詞等等。,1.將動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換為名詞、形容詞、介詞、副詞等1）徐悲鴻畫馬畫得特別好。Xu Beihong’s drawings of horses are exceptionall

27、y good.2）林則徐認(rèn)為，要成功地制止鴉片買賣，就得首先把鴉片焚毀。Lin Zexu believed that a successful ban of the trade in opium must be preceded by the destruction of the drug itself.,3）鄧小平在“十一大”上說：“一定要少說空話，多做工作。”Deng Xiaoping said at the 11th Par

28、ty Congress, “ There must be less empty talk and more hard work.”4) 絕對不許違反這個(gè)原則。No violation of this principle can be tolerated.5) 獲悉貴國遭受地震，我們極為關(guān)切。We are deeply concerned at the news that your country has been

29、 struck by an earthquake.,6）這種人鬧什么呢？鬧名譽(yù)，鬧地位，鬧出風(fēng)頭。What are these people after? They are after fame and position and want to be in the limelight.7）他們不顧一切困難、挫折，堅(jiān)持戰(zhàn)斗。They kept on fighting in spite of all difficulties and

30、 setbacks.,2.除動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換之外，漢譯英也涉及其他一些詞類之間的轉(zhuǎn)換。1）街中的一切逐漸消失在灰暗的暮色里。Everything in the street was gradually disappearing into a pall of gray.2) 我們的教育方針，應(yīng)該使受教育者在德育、智育、體育幾方面都得到發(fā)展，成為有社會主義覺悟、有文化的勞動(dòng)者。Our educational policy must enab

31、le everyone who receives an education to develop morally, intellectually and physically and become a worker with both socialist consciousness and culture.,以上只是探討了英漢翻譯中詞性轉(zhuǎn)換的基本規(guī)律，我們可望從中領(lǐng)悟到詞性轉(zhuǎn)換的基本原理。但無論怎樣轉(zhuǎn)換都必須忠實(shí)于原文